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Fulltext A qualitative study on parents' reasons and recommendations for childhood vaccination refusal in Malaysia

Rumetta J, Abdul-Hadi H, Lee YK

J Infect Public Health, 2020 Feb;13(2):199-203.
PMID: 31431420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.07.027

BACKGROUND: Vaccine-related diseases are increasing in developing countries. This study aimed to explore parents' reasons for refusal of childhood vaccinations in Malaysia and their recommendations on addressing their concerns.
METHODS: A qualitative study design involving individual both face-to-face and online in-depth interview was used. The topic guide was developed from the Health Belief Model theoretical framework. Seven face-to-face and seven online interviews were conducted with parents in the Klang Valley (an urban area) who had refused childhood vaccination. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and checked. Thematic approach was used to analyze the data. Data was collected until data saturation was reached.
RESULTS: Findings were summarized into two main categories: Personal Health Beliefs and Vaccine Related Concerns. Six personal health beliefs were identified: lack of confidence in modern medicine and health care personnel, pharmaceutical conspiracy to sell medicines, preference to a natural approach to health, personal instincts, religious beliefs and having a partner with similar beliefs. Four main vaccine-related concerns were identified: negative effects and content concerns, doubts of necessity and lack of information and knowledge regarding vaccines. Parents recommended that more empathy from healthcare professionals and evidence on safety and content purity would help them reconsider vaccination.
CONCLUSION: Parents had multiple reasons for refusing childhood vaccinations but felt that communication and empathy from healthcare professionals was lacking. Besides individual consultations with parents, addressing these concerns at multiple levels in the health care system and society may help to increase the uptake of childhood vaccinations in the future.
The implication of stigma on people living with HIV and the role of social support - A case report

Hadi AM, Lee PY, Adibah HI

Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(2):43-45.
PMID: 32843944

Despite the advancements made in the knowledge and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since it was first discovered, people living with HIV (PLWH) continue to be stigmatized. This paper presents the case of an HIV-infected patient who delayed the necessary treatment due to stigma and ultimately presented with AIDS. Through social support, however, he was able to overcome his internalized stigma; he was finally willing to start on antiretroviral treatment (ART). This case report addresses the effect of stigma on and the role of social support in the management of an individual with HIV.
Fulltext Experience with sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal hypophysectomy at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Said H, Cheah F, Mohamed AS, Hadi AR

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):222-4.
PMID: 8350800

The transseptal transsphenoidal hypophysectomy has become a relatively frequent procedure in recent years. We performed 20 such procedures between January 1984 and December 1987 for various pituitary disorders. Significant complications such as CSF rhinorrhea, meningitis, diabetes insipidus, haemorrhage and septal perforation are discussed. The mortality rate for the series was 5%. In analysing the data, we feel that this technique of hypophysectomy is a safe procedure.
Fulltext Stingless Bee Honey, the Natural Wound Healer: A Review

Abd Jalil MA, Kasmuri AR, Hadi H

Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 2017;30(2):66-75.
PMID: 28291965 DOI: 10.1159/000458416

BACKGROUND: The stingless bee is a natural type of bee that exists in almost every continent. The honey produced by this bee has been widely used across time and space. The distinctive feature of this honey is that it is stored naturally in the pot (cerumen), thus contributing to its beneficial properties, especially in the wound healing process.
METHODS: In this article, several studies on stingless bee honey that pointed out the numerous therapeutic profiles of this honey in terms of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, as well as moisturizing properties are reviewed. All of these therapeutic properties are related to wound healing properties.
RESULTS: Antioxidant in stingless bee honey could break the chain of free radicals that cause a detrimental effect to the wounded area. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of stingless bee honey could overcome the bacterial contamination and thus improve the healing rate. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory attribute in this honey could protect the tissue from highly toxic inflammatory mediators. The moisturizing properties of the honey could improve wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and oxygen circulation.
CONCLUSION: The application of honey to the wound has been widely used since ancient times. As a result, it is essential to understand the pharmacological mechanism of the honey towards the physiology of the wounded skin in order to optimize the healing rate in the future.
Fulltext Transgender health in India and Pakistan

Ming LC, Hadi MA, Khan TM

Lancet, 2016 Nov 26;388(10060):2601-2602.
PMID: 27894657 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32222-X
Trend and pattern of melioidosis seropositivity among suspected patients in Malaysia 2015 - 2019

Hadi FS, Ghazali S, Ahmad N, Ramli SR

Trop Biomed, 2021 Dec 01;38(4):561-567.
PMID: 35001922 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.4.099

Melioidosis is a disease of public health importance associated with high case-fatality rates in animals and humans caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei ), a gram- negative bacterium that lives in tropical soil environments. This study determined the seropositivity for melioidosis among patients admitted to healthcare centres in Malaysia, from 2015 to 2019 and identified factors related to it. A total of 26,665 serum samples of suspected melioidosis patients from Malaysia hospitals were tested for IgM against B. pseudomallei. About 16.4% of total samples were seropositive and majority of them were 55 years old and above. However, younger people aged less than 15 years old were the most susceptible to the infection (AOR 3.04, p <0.001, 95% CI: 2.73, 3.39). Melioidosis infection was the highest in Sarawak (15.1%) while Perlis was the least exposed to the infection (0.9%). Further analyses showed that patients with chronic lung disease (adjusted OR: 4.03, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 2.77, 5.86) were more susceptible to melioidosis infection. In conclusion, although serology testing is not a gold standard test in diagnosing melioidosis, it has been used as a tool in treatment monitoring and disease surveillance among patients and at-risk community in the endemic hot-spots regions.
Malaysian parental attitudes toward medicine use in children

Abdul Hadi NN, Premakumar CM, Mohamed Shah N

Med J Malaysia, 2022 Jan;77(1):26-32.
PMID: 35086991

INTRODUCTION: Parental attitudes can have a significant impact on the use of medicines in children. This study aimed to investigate parental attitudes towards medicines used in children in Malaysia and the sociodemographic factors associated with it.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling was conducted among 230 parents with children aged 12 years and below in Malaysia. Data were collected between November 2020 and January 2021 through online platforms.
RESULTS: The majority of respondents were mothers (67.8%) and aged between 40-49 years (43.0%). The results showed that antipyretics were the most commonly used medicines followed by cough and cold medicines, antibiotics, and analgesics. The results further revealed that parents have neutral attitudes toward the use of medicines in children (69.90 ± 12.12 from a total score of 105), and mothers and younger parents having a significantly more positive attitude than fathers and older parents, respectively (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: This study provided insights into the types of medicines commonly used in children and parental attitudes towards medicines used in children in Malaysia.
Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of trace mitiglinide in biological fluids

Hadi H, Makahleh A, Saad B

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2012 May 1;895-896:131-6.
PMID: 22503735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.031

A hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) in conjunction with reversed phase HPLC-UV method was developed for the extraction and determination of trace amounts of the antidiabetic drug, mitiglinide (MIT) in biological fluids. The drug was extracted from 10 mL aqueous sample (donor phase (DP)) into an organic phase impregnated in the pores of hollow fiber, followed by the back extraction into a second aqueous solution (acceptor phase (AP)) located in the lumen of the hollow fiber. Parameters influencing the extraction efficiency including the kind of organic solvent, composition of DP and AP, extraction time, stirring rate and salt addition were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized extraction conditions, high enrichment factors (210-fold), good linearity (5-1000 ng mL(-1)) and detection limit lower than 1.38 ng mL(-1) were achieved. Recoveries of spiked samples were in the range (88.3-96.3%) and (92.0-99.3%) for urine and plasma samples, respectively. The percent relative standard deviation (n=9) for the extraction and determination of three concentration levels (100, 400 and 800 ng mL(-1)) of MIT were less than 10.6% and 13.6% for urine and plasma samples, respectively. The developed method is simple, sensitive and has been successfully applied to the analysis of MIT in biological fluids.
Fulltext (-)-Kunstleramide, a new antioxidant and cytotoxic dienamide from the bark of Beilschmiedia kunstleri gamble

Mollataghi A, Hadi AH, Cheah SC

Molecules, 2012 Apr 05;17(4):4197-208.
PMID: 22481540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044197

A new dienamide, (2E,4E)-7-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-ethyl-6-(R)-hydroxyhepta- 2,4-dienamide, named (-)-kunstleramide (1), were isolated from the bark of Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble together with one neolignan: (+)-kunstlerone (2) and seven known alkaloids: (+)-nornuciferine (3), (-)-isocaryachine (4), (+)-cassythicine (5), (+)-laurotetanine (6), (+)-boldine (7), noratherosperminine (8), (+)-N-demethylphyllocaryptine (9). Their structures were established from spectroscopic techniques, most notably 1D- and 2D-NMR, UV, IR, OR, circular dichroism (CD) spectra and LCMS-IT-TOF. (-)-Kunstleramide (1) exhibited very poor dose-dependent inhibition of DPPH activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 179.5 ± 4.4 μg/mL, but showed a moderate cytotoxic effect on MTT assays of A375, A549, HT-29, PC-3 and WRL-68 with EC₅₀ values of 64.65, 44.74, 55.94, 73.87 and 70.95 µg/mL, respectively.
Limits on efficient human mindreading: convergence across Chinese adults and Semai children

Wang B, Hadi NS, Low J

Br J Psychol, 2015 Nov;106(4):724-40.
PMID: 25631400 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12121

We tested Apperly and Butterfill's (2009, Psychological Review, 116, 753) theory that humans have two mindreading systems whereby the efficient-system guiding anticipatory glances displays signature limits that do not apply to the flexible system guiding verbal predictions. Experiments 1 and 2 tested urban Mainland-Chinese adults (n = 64) and Experiment 3 tested Semai children living in the rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia (3- to 4-year-olds, n = 60). Participants - across different ages, groups and methods - anticipated others' false-beliefs about object-location but not object-identity. Convergence in signature limits signalled that the early-developing efficient system involved minimal theory-of-mind. Chinese adults and older Semai children showed flexibility in their direct predictions. The flexible mindreading system in ascribing others' beliefs as such was task-sensitive and implicated maturational and cultural contributions.
A Comprehensive Review of the Cosmeceutical Benefits of Vanda Species (Orchidaceae)

Hadi H, Razali SN, Awadh AI

Nat Prod Commun, 2015 Aug;10(8):1483-8.
PMID: 26434147

Orchidaceae is the largest family of flowering plants with over 35,000 species and 850 genera. About 3300 species of orchids are found in Malaysia and the diversity is highest in the Main, Keledang, Bintang and Tahan Ranges. Apart from being prized for their beauty, orchids have long been used by humans for medicinal purposes. Today the uses of orchids have been expanded to the food and cosmetics industries. Many cosmeceutical companies use orchid extracts as an active ingredient in their products. Previous studies provide riveting insights into the potential uses of orchid extracts as an active agent in cosmetics. This paper describes the cosmeceutical potential of orchids as an anti-aging, and skin moisturizing agent. Orchid extracts from Vanda coerulea and V. teres delay aging caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) following LV irradiation through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These extracts also show anti-aging properties by stimulating cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), which is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Stimulation of cytochrome c oxidase improves the respiratory function of mitochondria in keratinocytes. The presence of mucilage in orchids enables them to maintain skin hydration. Mucilage functions as a moisturizer and emollient due to its high water binding capacity. Additionally, orchid extracts provide skin hydration by stimulating aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and LEKTI protein expression. The presence of AQP3 leads to a five-fold increase in water permeability, which subsequently increases stratum corneum hydration. Increased LEKTI protein expression mediated by orchid extracts reduces the degradation of desmoglein-1 and enhances the structural function of desmosomes, which play important roles in preventing water evaporation.
Fulltext Impact of COVID-19 on the connectedness across global hospitality stocks

Hadi DM, Naeem MA, Karim S

Int J Hosp Manag, 2022 Jul;104:103243.
PMID: 35571508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103243

This study investigated the connectedness of top ten hospitality stocks in the world and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this connectedness. For this purpose, we employ the time-varying parameter vector autoregressions (TVP-VAR) to examine the return connectedness among the world's top ten hospitality stocks. We further utilize the wavelet coherence measure to test the impact of COVID-related indexes on the connectedness across the hospitality stocks from January 1, 2020 to July 16, 2021. Our findings explore a strong connectedness among the hospitality stocks, although the total connectedness index is considerably affected by the first wave, the second wave, and the approval of COVID-19 vaccines. France and UK hospitality stocks appeared to be dominant and were the highest net transmitters of spillover shocks to other sample stocks. We document that the COVID-19 pandemic is the prime driver of the hospitality stocks' connectedness during the sample period. Aside from the contribution to hospitality and finance literature, our conclusions and implications can also benefit parties such as hospitality firm managers, investors, portfolio managers, and policymakers.
Nanotechnological Advances in Burn Wound Care: Silver Sulfadiazine-Loaded Nanosuspension-Based Chitosan-Incorporated Nanogel for Partial Thickness Burns

Barkat H, Barkat MA, Ali R, Hadi H

Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2025 Jan 21.
PMID: 39834338 DOI: 10.1177/15347346241309425

Burn lesions damage the skin's outermost defensive layer, allowing pathogenic microbes including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to infiltrate. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is an effective antibacterial agent approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) and is considered as the gold standard for burn wound treatment. Despite the high degree of efficacy of SSD in burn wound management, it possesses some drawbacks, such as poor solubility, low topical bioavailability and skin irritations. The present study endeavors to develop nanosuspension based SSD nanogel for improving the deliverability of SSD and its therapeutic outcomes for the management of partial thickness burn. The SSD nanosuspension was formulated employing controlled nanoprecipitation approach using various surfactants. The formulation was optimized utilizing one-factor-at-a-time approach and to fetch the optimized formulation of 134.6 nm size. The optimized nanosuspension was incorporated into chitosan gel that offer superior drug release potential, and also offered better spreadability (5.21 ± 0.38 g) and extrudability (152.27 ± 0.22 gm) that represents the easy application over the skin and extrusion of gel from the tube. The formulation was well tolerated as shown by skin irritation study and offered a superior burn lesion healing characteristics vis-à-vis the marketed product, even at a lower concentration. Hence, the formulation offers a huge potential in enhancing the clinical outcomes of SSD, especially in the management of partial thickness burn. The developed system with the above mentioned outcomes could be a promising delivery system for partial thickness burn wound management.
Fulltext A corrective action scheme for contingency monitoring of transmission line overloading

Mohammad Lutfi Othman, Mahmood Khalid Hadi, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(101):129-138.
MyJurnal

Special Protection Schemes (SPSs), are corrective action schemes that are designed to protect power
systems against severe contingency conditions. In planning of SPSs, protecting transmission network from
overloading issue due to critical situations has become a serious challenge which needs to be taken into
account. In this paper, a Special Protection and Control Scheme (SPCS) based on Differential Evolution
(DE) algorithm for optimal generation rescheduling has been applied to mitigate the transmission line
overloading in system contingency conditions. The N-1 contingency has been performed for different
single line outages under base and increased load in which generation rescheduling strategy has been
undertaken to overcome the overloading problem. Simulation results are presented for both pre-and
post system emergency situations. The IEEE 30-bus test system was utilised in order to validate the
effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fulltext Adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry of lead in water samples using 2, 2ʹ-bipyridine or 1,10-phennanthroline and nitrite ions

Masar Hadi Jawad, Azizan Aziz, Sulaiman Ab Ghani

Science Letters, 2016;11(2):1-10.
MyJurnal

A differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric (DPAdCSV) method for the determination of lead levels in water sample by using pairs of ligands (complexing agents) / – nitrite and 1,10 phennanthroline - nitrite were investigated. Variables affecting the response such as pH, supporting electrolyte, deposition potential, deposition time, stirring speed, drop size, sweep rate, pulse amplitude and ligand concentration were studied. Under optimized conditions the relationship between peak current and lead concentration with 2,2ʹ-bipyridine - nitrite and 1,10 phennanthroline - nitrite were linear in the range of 10 - 500 ng mL-1 and 7–500 ng mL-1 with limit of detection of 0.48 ng mL-1 and 0.36 ng mL -1 respectively . The relative standard deviations (RSD) for 9 determinations of 25 ng mL−1 Pb (II) using 2,2ʹ-bipyridine - nitrite and 1,10 phennanthroline - nitrite were 1.74% and 1.84%, respectively. The values obtained for the proposed technique correlated well with those of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) as the standard method with correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.9991 and 0.9986. The method was applied for the determination of lead in sea, lake and tap waters. The interferences of other metals and major salts present were negligible except iron (III) and Aluminum (III)
Pembangunan bahan fotopeka silika terdop fosforus untuk fabrikasi pandu gelombang optik

Mohd Syuhaimi Ab Rahman, Hadi Guna, Shahbudin Shaari

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:111-120.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk membangunkan pandu gelombang optik menggunakan bahan fotopeka silika terdop fosforus. Teknik penyalutan mejam menggunakan sumber berbentuk cecair iaitu tetraetil ortosilikat, asid fosforik dan juga PBF untuk menghasilkan pandu gelombang fotopeka silika terdop fosforus dan boron. Pada ketebalan antara 1 μm hingga 8 μm, modulasi indeks biasan yang ditunjukkan di dalam bahan fotopeka silika terdop fosforon-boron adala 1×10-14 pada ketebalan 3 μm hingga 8 μm. Semua ujian dan rawatan fotopeka dilakukan dengan menggunakan sumber UV 366 nm, 0.369 mW/cm2 pada kadar denyutan 50 Hz. Semua sampel menunjukkan penurunan nilai indeks di bawah dedahan ini. Tempoh dedahan yang diperlukan dengan menggunakan kuasa UV yang berkenaan adalah kira-kira 10 minit. Dengan menggunakan penyurih laser ArF atau KrF yang berkuasa 10 mW misalnya, tempoh dedahan yang diperlukan adalah cuma 20 hingga 30 saat untuk mengubah indeks biasan pandu gelombang. Selain daripada itu, proses pemampasan juga dimasukkan yang bertujuan untuk memperbetulkan semula prestasi akibat daripada kesan toleransi semasa proses simulasi. Bagi memberikan kecekapan dalam pengukuran indeks biasan dan ketebalan lapisan BPSG, satu program antara muka penggunaan grafik dibangunkan untuk mempercepatkan dan meningkatkan kejituan bacaan yang diukur daripada pengganding prisma manual.
Stratigraphic Succession and Depositional Framework of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah

Khor Wei Chung, Chow Weng Sum, Abd. Hadi A. Rahman

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:931-940.

The Sandakan Formation of the Segama Group is exposed across the Sandakan Peninsular in eastern Sabah. This Upper Miocene part of the Segama Group unconformably overlies the Garinono Formation and is conformably overlain by the Bongaya Formation. This formation was investigated with detailed logging of outcrops and microfossils analysis in order to map the depositional facies and sedimentary environment. This study showed the presence of seven lithofacies: Thick amalgamated sandstone; thin, lenticular interbedded HCS sandstones and mudstone; laminated mudstone with Rhizophora; trough cross-bedded sandstone; laminated mudstone; strip mudstone with thin sandstone and siltstone; and interbedded HCS sandstone and mudstone. Based on the presence of Rhizophora, Brownlowia, Florchuetia sp., Polypodium, Stenochleana palustris, Ascidian spicule low angle cross bedding, very fine grained sandstone, thin alternations of very fine sandstone, silt and clay layers showing cyclicity (muddy rhythemites), rocks in the Sandakan Formation are interpreted as mangal estuary and open marine facies. Three facies associations could be deduced from the seven lithofacies: Gradual coarsening upwards shoreface; abrupt change facies and prograding estuary facies association.
Fulltext Module development and its effectiveness for improving the competencies of voluntary health workers in communicating safe complementary feeding to caregivers in Indonesia

Iswarawanti, Dwi Nastiti, Siti Muslimatun, Endang Basuki, Ahmad Hadi

Malays J Nutr, 2019;25(1):99-115.
MyJurnal

Introduction: In Indonesia, most training modules for health paraprofessionals
have been adapted from existing foreign modules without assessment. In addition,
there have been few studies on training development for this group. We aimed to
develop, using a systematic tool, implement and evaluate a training module to
improve the competencies of voluntary health workers (cadres) in communicating
safe complementary feeding practice to caregivers of young children in Indonesia.
Methods: A mixed methods approach was used. A qualitative study employing
in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, mini-workshops, documentary
reviews and expert validation was used to develop the training module, following a
systematic approach. The module’s effectiveness for improving the health workers’
competencies was evaluated using a quantitative study with a non-equivalent
pre-test and post-test control group design that included 70 (intervention group)
and 68 (comparison group) voluntary health workers from a peri-urban district.
Changes in the workers’ cognitive, affective and psychomotor competencies were
tested before and after attending a 3-day training module (intervention group) or
a half-day event (comparison group). Results: A 24-hour learning session module
on communicating safe complementary feeding was developed and used to train
voluntary health workers. After the training, a significantly higher proportion of
workers in the intervention group than in the comparison group were assessed as
competent in the psychomotor and composite domains (psychomotor: 67.1% vs.
20.6%; composite: 74.3% vs. 36.8%; p
Fulltext Psychosis post craniotomy for craniopharyngioma

Siti Rohana Abdul Hadi, Saminah Md Kassim, Suriati Mohamed Saini

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2013;14(2):183-186.
MyJurnal

Objective: This case report highlights psychosis post craniopharyngioma surgery.

Methods: We report a case of a young Malay lady who presented with psychotic symptoms after she underwent craniotomy for craniopharyngioma.

Results: Presence of prominent hallucinations and delusions after removal of the tumour and the symptoms lasted more than a month. The psychosis subsided with antipsychotic.

Conclusion: Psychosis post craniopharyngioma surgery is still possible whether possibly due to the residual tumour or as a result of treatment sequealae.
Fulltext Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): a comparative study between nursing and medical students

Intan Idiana Hassan, Nurul Husna Abd Hadi, Soon, Lean Keng

Education in Medicine Journal, 2012;4(2):94-99.
MyJurnal

In recent years, the popularity of using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a health care option has increased dramatically all over the world especially in developing countries. As Malaysian statistics showed an increased in chronic diseases among our population, the demand to consume CAM for healing process as well as in pursuit of health and well-being also has increased. Thus it increased patient’s interest to request more information from medical practitioners and nurses who are front health care providers. The objective of this study is to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of CAM among final year nursing and medical students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among final year medical and nursing students using self administered questionnaire. This study utilized the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) model to explain how level of knowledge may reflect nursing and medical students’ attitudes and practice of CAMs. There were 74 students participated where 33 of them were nursing students, and 41 were medical students. Independent t-test was used to compare the KAP of CAM between both groups of students and there was a significant different. As a conclusion, this study revealed that nursing students were more knowledgeable about CAM, possessed positive attitudes, and more willing to practice CAM compared to medical students.

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