Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 196 in total

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  1. Fulltext Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activities of the leaf extracts of Syzygium myrtifolium
    Ahmad MA, Lim YH, Chan YS, Hsu CY, Wu TY, Sit NW
    Acta Pharm, 2022 Jun 01;72(2):317-328.
    PMID: 36651512 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0013
    This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of the leaf extracts of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. (Myrtaceae). The results indicate that the leaf extracts of S. myrtifolium contain various classes of phytochemicals (alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids) and possess antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water extracts exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) oxygen radical absorbance capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power than the hexane and chloroform extracts. However, all extracts exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against four tested species of yeasts (minimal inhibitory concentration: 0.02-0.31 mg mL-1) than against six tested species of bacteria (minimal inhibitory concentration: 0.16-1.25 mg mL-1). The ethanolic extract offered the highest protection of Vero cells (viability > 70 %) from the cytopathic effect caused by the Chikungunya virus while the ethyl acetate extract showed significant replication inhibitory activity against the virus (p < 0.001) using the replicon-enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  2. Fulltext Radiosynthesis, Stability, Lipophilicity, and Cellular Uptake Evaluations of [131I]Iodine-α-Mangostin for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
    Nurhidayah W, Widyasari EM, Daruwati I, Mahendra I, Subroto T, Khairul Ikram NK, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2023 May 12;24(10).
    PMID: 37240025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108678
    The high rate of incidence and mortality caused by breast cancer encourage urgent research to immediately develop new diagnostic and therapeutic agents for breast cancer. Alpha mangostin (AM) is a natural compound reported to have anti-breast cancer properties. Its electron-donating groups structure allows it to be labeled with an iodine-131 radioisotope to develop a candidate of a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for breast cancer. This study aims to prepare the [131I]Iodine-α-mangostin ([131I]I-AM) and evaluate its stability, lipophilicity, and cellular uptake in breast cancer cell lines. The [131I]I-AM was prepared by direct radiosynthesis with Chloramine-T method in two conditions (A: AM dissolved in NaOH, B: AM dissolved in ethanol). Reaction time, pH, and mass of the oxidizing agent were optimized as crucial parameters that affected the radiosynthesis reaction. Further analysis was conducted using the radiosynthesis conditions with the highest radiochemical purity (RCP). Stability tests were carried out at three storage conditions, including -20, 2, and 25 °C. A cellular uptake study was performed in T47D (breast cancer cell line) and Vero cells (noncancerous cell line) at various incubation times. The results show that the RCP values of [131I]I-AM under conditions A and B were 90.63 ± 0.44 and 95.17 ± 0.80% (n = 3), respectively. In the stability test, [131I]I-AM has an RCP above 90% after three days of storage at -20 °C. A significant difference was obtained between [131I]I-AM uptake in T47D and Vero cells. Based on these results, [131I]I-AM has been prepared with high RCP, stable at -20 °C, and specifically uptaken by breast cancer cell lines. Biodistribution evaluations in animals are recommended as further research in developing [131I]I-AM as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for breast cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  3. Fulltext The Effect of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Extracts on In Vitro Dengue Replication
    Husin F, Chan YY, Gan SH, Sulaiman SA, Shueb RH
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015;2015:596109.
    PMID: 25767554 DOI: 10.1155/2015/596109
    Objective. To investigate the potential effect of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. (H. sibthorpioides) extracts against in vitro dengue viral replication. Methods. The cytotoxicity of H. sibthorpioides was evaluated using a cell viability assay. Cells were pre- and posttreated with water and methanol extracts of H. sibthorpioides, and the viral inhibitory effect was investigated by observing the morphological changes, which were further confirmed by plaque assay. Results. The methanolic extract cytotoxicity was higher in Vero and C6/36 cells than the cytotoxicity of the water extract. Preincubation of the cells with H. sibthorpioides extract showed nonexistent to mild prophylactic effects. The posttreatment of Vero cells with H. sibthorpioides methanolic extract presented higher antidengue activities when compared with the water extract. Surprisingly, posttreatment of C6/36 cells resulted in an enhancement of viral replication. Conclusion. H. sibthorpioides had variable effects on dengue viral replication, depending on the treatment, cell lines, and solvent types. This study provides important novel insights on the phytomedicinal properties of H. sibthorpioides extracts on dengue virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  4. Molecular characterization of Chittoor (Batai) virus isolates from India
    Yadav PD, Sudeep AB, Mishra AC, Mourya DT
    Indian J Med Res, 2012 Nov;136(5):792-8.
    PMID: 23287126
    Chittoor virus (CHITV) belongs to genus Orthobunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae. It has been isolated from various species of mosquitoes and pig from different parts of India. Five isolates of CHITV were characterized at the molecular level and compared with other Batai viruses (BATV) to find out any kind of reassortment in their genome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  5. Fulltext Loss in lung volume and changes in the immune response demonstrate disease progression in African green monkeys infected by small-particle aerosol and intratracheal exposure to Nipah virus
    Cong Y, Lentz MR, Lara A, Alexander I, Bartos C, Bohannon JK, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2017 04;11(4):e0005532.
    PMID: 28388650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005532
    Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus (genus Henipavirus) that emerged in the late 1990s in Malaysia and has since been identified as the cause of sporadic outbreaks of severe febrile disease in Bangladesh and India. NiV infection is frequently associated with severe respiratory or neurological disease in infected humans with transmission to humans through inhalation, contact or consumption of NiV contaminated foods. In the work presented here, the development of disease was investigated in the African Green Monkey (AGM) model following intratracheal (IT) and, for the first time, small-particle aerosol administration of NiV. This study utilized computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to temporally assess disease progression. The host immune response and changes in immune cell populations over the course of disease were also evaluated. This study found that IT and small-particle administration of NiV caused similar disease progression, but that IT inoculation induced significant congestion in the lungs while disease following small-particle aerosol inoculation was largely confined to the lower respiratory tract. Quantitative assessment of changes in lung volume found up to a 45% loss in IT inoculated animals. None of the subjects in this study developed overt neurological disease, a finding that was supported by MRI analysis. The development of neutralizing antibodies was not apparent over the 8-10 day course of disease, but changes in cytokine response in all animals and activated CD8+ T cell numbers suggest the onset of cell-mediated immunity. These studies demonstrate that IT and small-particle aerosol infection with NiV in the AGM model leads to a severe respiratory disease devoid of neurological indications. This work also suggests that extending the disease course or minimizing the impact of the respiratory component is critical to developing a model that has a neurological component and more accurately reflects the human condition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops/virology
  6. Fulltext Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Elaeis guineensis on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines
    Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S
    Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2012 Oct;2(10):826-9.
    PMID: 23569855 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60237-8
    To investigate the cytotoxic effect of Elaeis guineensis methanol extract on MCF-7 and Vero cell.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  7. Fulltext Autophagic cell death is induced by acetone and ethyl acetate extracts from Eupatorium odoratum in vitro: effects on MCF-7 and vero cell lines
    Harun FB, Syed Sahil Jamalullail SM, Yin KB, Othman Z, Tilwari A, Balaram P
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2012;2012:439479.
    PMID: 22666123 DOI: 10.1100/2012/439479
    Eupatorium odoratum (EO) contains many biologically active compounds, the anticancer effects of which are not well documented. This study evaluates the cytotoxic effects and mechanism of action of EO extracts on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity using MTT assay, morphological alterations, and apoptosis were carried out. Autophagy was evaluated by LC3-A protein expression. Cytotoxic activity, membrane blebbing and ballooning at 24 hours, replacement by mass vacuolation, and double membrane vesicles mimicking autophagy and cell death were observed in the cancer cells. No apoptosis was observed by DNA fragmentation assay. Overexpression of LC3-A protein indicated autophagic cell death. Cell cycle analysis showed G0 and G2/M arrest. The Vero cells did not show significant cell death at concentrations <100 μg/mL. These results thus suggest that acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of EO induce cell death through induction of autophagy and hold potential for development as potential anticancer drugs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  8. Fulltext Flavone enhances dengue virus type-2 (NGC strain) infectivity and replication in vero cells
    Zandi K, Lani R, Wong PF, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Johari J, et al.
    Molecules, 2012;17(3):2437-45.
    PMID: 22374315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17032437
    This study investigates the effects of 2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one (flavone) on DENV-2 infectivity in Vero cells. Virus adsorption and attachment and intracellular virus replication were investigated using a foci forming unit assay (FFUA) and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Addition of flavone (100 μg/mL) significantly increased the number of DENV-2 foci by 35.66% ± 1.52 and 49.66% ± 2.51 when added during and after virus adsorption to the Vero cells, respectively. The average foci size after 4 days of infection increased by 33% ± 2.11 and 89% ± 2.13. The DENV-2 specific RNA copy number in the flavone-treated infected cells increased by 6.41- and 23.1-fold when compared to the mock-treated infected cells. Flavone (100 μg/mL) did not promote or inhibit Vero cell proliferation. The CC₅₀ value of flavone against Vero cells was 446 µg/mL. These results suggest that flavone might enhance dengue virus replication by acting antagonistically towards flavonoids known to inhibit dengue virus replication.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  9. Porous alumina-hydroxyapatite composites through protein foaming-consolidation method
    Sopyan I, Fadli A, Mel M
    J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2012 Apr;8:86-98.
    PMID: 22402156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.10.012
    This report presents physical characterization and cell culture test of porous alumina-hydroxyapatite (HA) composites fabricated through protein foaming-consolidation technique. Alumina and HA powders were mixed with yolk and starch at an adjusted ratio to make slurry. The resulting slip was poured into cylindrical shaped molds and followed by foaming and consolidation via 180 °C drying for 1 h. The obtained green bodies were burned at 600 °C for 1 h, followed by sintering at temperatures of 1200-1550 °C for 2 h. Porous alumina-HA bodies with 26-77 vol.% shrinkage, 46%-52% porosity and 0.1-6.4 MPa compressive strength were obtained. The compressive strength of bodies increased with the increasing sintering temperatures. The addition of commercial HA in the body was found to increase the compressive strength, whereas the case is reverse for sol-gel derived HA. Biocompatibility study of porous alumina-HA was performed in a stirred tank bioreactor using culture of Vero cells. A good compatibility of the cells to the porous microcarriers was observed as the cells attached and grew at the surface of microcarriers at 8-120 cultured hours. The cell growth on porous alumina microcarrier was 0.015 h(-1) and increased to 0.019 h(-1) for 0.3 w/w HA-to-alumina mass ratio and decreased again to 0.017 h(-1) for 1.0 w/w ratio.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  10. [Development of new nutrient medium for MDCK and Vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and assessment of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them]
    Mazurkova NA, Troshkova, Shishkina LN, Stavskiĭ EA, Drozdov IG
    Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol., 2011 3 31.
    PMID: 21449080
    AIM: To develop nutrient medium for MDCK and Vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and to assess of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physico-chemical characteristics of hydrolysate were assessed according to FS 42-3874-99. Growth characteristics of nutrient medium based on soy hydrolysate and vaccine strains of influenza virus A/Solomon Islands/03/06 (H1N1), A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2) and B/Malaysia/2506/2004 were studied on MDCK and Vero cells.

    RESULTS: MDCK and Vero cells grew well on medium based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline with decreased (to 2% and 3% respectively) content of fetal calf serum and allowed effective production of vaccine strains of influenza virus.

    CONCLUSION: Technology for producing of nutrient medium based on hydrolysate of soy flour obtained using bromeline was developed. This medium could successively used for cultivation of continued cell cultures MDCK and Vero used as substrate for tissue culture-based vaccines against influenza.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  11. Toxoplasma gondii: determination of the onset of chronic infection in mice and the in vitro reactivation of brain cysts
    Chew WK, Wah MJ, Ambu S, Segarra I
    Exp Parasitol, 2012 Jan;130(1):22-5.
    PMID: 22027550 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.10.004
    Toxoplasma gondii is an intra-cellular parasite that infects humans through vertical and horizontal transmission. The cysts remain dormant in the brain of infected humans and can reactivate in immunocompromised hosts resulting in acute toxoplasmic encephalitis which may be fatal. We determined the onset and progression of brain cysts generation in a mouse model following acute toxoplasmosis as well as the ability of brain cysts to reactivate in vitro. Male Balb/c mice, (uninfected control group, n = 10) were infected orally (study group, n = 50) with 1000 tachyzoites of T. gondii (ME49 strain) and euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks post infection. Brain tissue was harvested, homogenized, stained and the number of brain cysts counted. Aliquots of brain homogenate with cysts were cultured in vitro with confluent Vero cells and the number of cysts and tachyzoites counted after 1 week. Brain cysts but not tachyzoites were detected at week 2 post infection and reached a plateau by week 4. In vitro Vero cells culture showed similar pattern for cysts and tachyzoites and reactivation of cyst in vitro was not influenced by the age of the brain cysts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  12. Fulltext Role of electron microscopy in Nipah virus outbreak investigation and control
    Chua KB, Wong EM, Cropp BC, Hyatt AD
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):139-42.
    PMID: 18705447 MyJurnal
    In 1998, a novel paramyxovirus (order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Paramyxovirinae, genus Henipavirus) emerged in peninsular Malaysia causing fatal encephalitis in humans and severe respiratory illness with encephalitis in pigs. The virus was successfully isolated in cultured mammalian cells. Transmission electron microscopy of infected tissue culture cells played a crucial role in the early preliminary identification of the causative agent of the outbreak. This in turn was pivotal to determine the correct direction of control measures that subsequently brought the epidemic under control. In light of this investigation, and indeed identification of infectious agents associated with other disease episodes, electron microscopy will remain an important frontline method for rapid diagnostic virology and investigation of any future outbreak of new and unusual cases of illness suspected of an infectious aetiology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  13. Antiviral properties of ent-labdene diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata nees, inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1
    Wiart C, Kumar K, Yusof MY, Hamimah H, Fauzi ZM, Sulaiman M
    Phytother Res, 2005 Dec;19(12):1069-70.
    PMID: 16372376
    Andrographolide, neoandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, ent-labdene diterpenes isolated from Andrographis paniculata showed viricidal activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). None of these compounds exhibited significant cytotoxicity at viricidal concentrations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  14. Fulltext Inhibition of dengue NS2B-NS3 protease and viral replication in Vero cells by recombinant retrocyclin-1
    Rothan HA, Han HC, Ramasamy TS, Othman S, Rahman NA, Yusof R
    BMC Infect Dis, 2012;12:314.
    PMID: 23171075 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-314
    Global resurgence of dengue virus infections in many of the tropical and subtropical countries is a major concern. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of successful drugs that are both economical and offer a long-lasting protection. The viral NS2B-NS3 serine protease (NS2B-NS3pro) is a promising target for the development of drug-like inhibitors, which are not available at the moment. In this study, we report retrocyclin-1 (RC-1) production in E. coli as a recombinant peptide to test against dengue NS2B-NS3pro.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  15. Fulltext Chemical composition and antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of Allium hirtifolium Boiss
    Ismail S, Jalilian FA, Talebpour AH, Zargar M, Shameli K, Sekawi Z, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:696835.
    PMID: 23484141 DOI: 10.1155/2013/696835
    Allium hirtifolium Boiss. known as Persian shallot, is a spice used as a traditional medicine in Iran and, Mediterranean region. In this study, the chemical composition of the hydromethanolic extract of this plant was analyzed using GC/MS. The result showed that 9-hexadecenoic acid, 11,14-eicosadienoic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid are the main constituents. The antibacterial activity of the shallot extract was also examined by disk diffusion and microdilution broth assays. It was demonstrated that Persian shallot hydromethanolic extract was effective against 10 different species of pathogenic bacteria including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Specifically, the minimum concentration of the extract which inhibited bacterial growth (MIC values) was 1.88 mg/mL for most of the gram-positive bacteria. This concentration was not much different from the concentration that was safe for mammalian cells (1.50 mg/mL) suggesting that the hydromethanolic extract of Persian shallot may be a safe and strong antibacterial agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  16. Enterovirus 71 infection induces apoptosis in Vero cells
    Chan YF, Abubakar S
    Malays J Pathol, 2003 Jun;25(1):29-35.
    PMID: 16196375
    The effects of Enterovirus 71 (HEV71) infection on African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) were investigated. It was found that the infected cells showed progressive cellular morphological changes characteristic in apoptotic cells within 10 hours post-infection. The number of apoptotic cells correlated significantly with the number of HEV71 antigen positive cells when cells were labeled using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and stained for HEV71 antigen. Approximately 11, 26, 45 and 50% of the infected cells were apoptotic at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-infection, respectively. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, characteristic in the late stage of apoptosis was noted beginning on day 2 post-infection. The DNA fragmentation, however, was absent in cells treated with the heat- and ultraviolet light-inactivated virus inocula. These results demonstrate the capacity of HEV71 to induce apoptosis in the infected cells. The induction, however, requires high level of HEV71 infectivity and the presence of live virus particles, suggesting the need for the presence of specific viral proteins for apoptosis to occur.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  17. Fulltext Improved immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus inactivated vaccine following DNA vaccination using Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes
    Firouzamandi M, Moeini H, Hosseini D, Bejo MH, Omar AR, Mehrbod P, et al.
    J Vet Sci, 2016 Mar;17(1):21-6.
    PMID: 27051336 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.1.21
    The present study describes the development of DNA vaccines using the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) genes from AF2240 Newcastle disease virus strain, namely pIRES/HN, pIRES/F and pIRES-F/HN. Transient expression analysis of the constructs in Vero cells revealed the successful expression of gene inserts in vitro. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that single vaccination with the constructed plasmid DNA (pDNA) followed by a boost with inactivated vaccine induced a significant difference in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody levels (p < 0.05) elicited by either pIRES/F, pIRES/F+ pIRES/HN or pIRES-F/HN at one week after the booster in specific pathogen free chickens when compared with the inactivated vaccine alone. Taken together, these results indicated that recombinant pDNA could be used to increase the efficacy of the inactivated vaccine immunization procedure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  18. A Real-Time Cell Analyzing Assay for Identification of Novel Antiviral Compounds against Chikungunya Virus
    Zandi K
    Methods Mol Biol, 2016;1426:255-62.
    PMID: 27233278 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3618-2_23
    Screening of viral inhibitors through induction of cytopathic effects (CPE) by conventional method has been applied for various viruses including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a significant arbovirus. However, it does not provide the information about cytopathic effect from the beginning and throughout the course of virus replication. Conventionally, most of the approaches are constructed on laborious end-point assays which are not capable for detecting minute and rapid changes in cellular morphology. Therefore, we developed a label-free and dynamical method for monitoring the cellular features that comprises cell attachment, proliferation, and viral cytopathogenicity, known as the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA). In this chapter, we provide a RTCA protocol for quantitative analysis of CHIKV replication using an infected Vero cell line treated with ribavirin as an in vitro model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  19. Fulltext Nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia
    Lam SK, Chua KB
    Clin Infect Dis, 2002 May 1;34 Suppl 2:S48-51.
    PMID: 11938496 DOI: 10.1086/338818
    Emerging infectious diseases involving zoonosis have become important global health problems. The 1998 outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia caused by a newly emergent paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, is a good example. This disease has the potential to spread to other countries through infected animals and can cause considerable economic loss. The clinical presentation includes segmental myoclonus, areflexia, hypertension, and tachycardia, and histologic evidence includes endothelial damage and vasculitis of the brain and other major organs. Magnetic resonance imaging has demonstrated the presence of discrete high-signal-intensity lesions disseminated throughout the brain. Nipah virus causes syncytial formation in Vero cells and is antigenically related to Hendra virus. The Island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus; the fruit bat) is a likely reservoir of this virus. The outbreak in Malaysia was controlled through the culling of >1 million pigs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  20. Fulltext Exotoxin profiles of Campylobacters isolated in Malaysia
    Tee TS, Devi S, Puthucheary SD, Kautner IM
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):443-8.
    PMID: 7777904
    Approximately 57% of clinical and 33% of poultry isolates examined produced a cytotoxin. Cytotoxic activity was detected in 25 (50%) isolates of Campylobacter of which 12 were isolated from bloody diarrhea and 9 from watery stools. The cytotoxin titers were low, ranging from 2 to 16. The crude filtrates from 50 Campylobacter isolates showed no cytotoxic effect in Vero cells, no fluid accumulation in suckling mice and no hemolytic activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
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