Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 68 in total

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  1. Fulltext Microalgal metabolites as anti-cancer/anti-oxidant agents reduce cytotoxicity of elevated silver nanoparticle levels against non-cancerous vero cells
    Hussein HA, Maulidiani M, Abdullah MA
    Heliyon, 2020 Oct;6(10):e05263.
    PMID: 33102866 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05263
    Heavy metal pollution has become a major concern globally as it contaminates eco-system, water networks and as finely suspended particles in air. In this study, the effects of elevated silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) levels as a model system of heavy metals, in the presence of microalgal crude extracts (MCEs) at different ratios, were evaluated against the non-cancerous Vero cells, and the cancerous MCF-7 and 4T1 cells. The MCEs were developed from water (W) and ethanol (ETH) as green solvents. The AgNPs-MCEs-W at the 4:1 and 5:1 ratios (v/v) after 48 and 72 h treatment, respectively, showed the IC50 values of 83.17-95.49 and 70.79-91.20 μg/ml on Vero cells, 13.18-28.18 and 12.58-25.7 μg/ml on MCF-7; and 16.21-33.88 and 14.79-26.91 μg/ml on 4T1 cells. In comparison, the AgNPs-MCEs-ETH formulation achieved the IC50 values of 56.23-89.12 and 63.09-91.2 μg/ml on Vero cells, 10.47-19.95 and 13.48-26.61 μg/ml on MCF-7; 14.12-50.11 and 15.13-58.88 μg/ml on 4T1 cells, respectively. After 48 and 72 h treatment, the AgNPs-MCE-CHL at the 4:1 and 5:1 ratios exhibited the IC50 of 51.28-75.85 and 48.97-69.18 μg/ml on Vero cells, and higher cytotoxicity at 10.47-16.98 and 6.19-14.45 μg/ml against MCF-7 cells, and 15.84-31.62 and 12.58-24.54 μg/ml on 4T1 cells, respectively. The AgNPs-MCEs-W and ETH resulted in low apoptotic events in the Vero cells after 24 h, but very high early and late apoptotic events in the cancerous cells. The Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Electrospray Ionization (LC-MS-ESI) metabolite profiling of the MCEs exhibited 64 metabolites in negative ion and 56 metabolites in positive ion mode, belonging to different classes. The microalgal metabolites, principally the anti-oxidative components, could have reduced the toxicity of the AgNPs against Vero cells, whilst retaining the cytotoxicity against the cancerous cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  2. In vivo assessment of reversing aminoglycoside antibiotics nephrotoxicity using Jatropha mollissima crude extract
    Iqbal MO, Yahya EB
    Tissue Cell, 2021 Oct;72:101525.
    PMID: 33780659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101525
    Aminoglycoside antibiotics are widely employed clinically due to their powerful bactericidal activities, less bacterial resistance compared to beta lactam group and low cost. However, their use has been limited in recent years due to their potential induction of nephrotoxicity. Here we investigate the possibility of reversing nephrotoxicity caused by gentamicin in rat models by using ethanolic crude extract of the medicinal plant Jatropha Mollissima. Nephrotoxic male Wistar rats was obtained by gentamicin antibiotic, which then treated with two doses of J. mollissima crude extract for 3 weeks with monitoring their parameter in weekly base. Our results indicate that J. mollissima crude extract at both doses has strong protection ability against gentamicin nephrotoxicity, most of tested parameters backed to normal values after few days from the administration of the crude extract, which could be due to the antagonized the biochemical action of gentamicin on the proximal tubules of the kidney. The results of histopathologic analysis showed observable improvement in J. mollissima treated groups compared with untreated groups. Our findings suggests the J. mollissima has exceptional nephron protection potentials able to reverse the nephrotoxicity caused by gentamicin antibiotic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  3. Fulltext Antibacterial Activity of the Epidermal Mucus of Barbodes everetti
    JIAZHEN LIM, YANG LEE, BADIOZAMAN SULAIMAN, LESLEY MAURICE BILUNG, YEE LING CHONG
    Trends in Undergraduate Research, 2018;1(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    The epidermal mucus of fish contains antimicrobial agents that act as biological defence against disease. This study aims to identify antibacterial activity and protein concentration of epidermal mucus of Barbodes everetti, a Bornean endemic freshwater fish. The epidermal mucus was extracted with 3% acetic acid, 0.85% sodium chloride and crude solvents. The mucus activity against eight strains of human pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus cereus ATCC 33019, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella braenderup ATCC BAA 664, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25933, and Vibrio cholerae, were tested. The acetic acid mucus extract of B. everetti was able to inhibit five strains of bacteria and show no activity toward E. coli O157:H7, B. cereus ATCC 33019 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644. Moreover, the highest protein concentration was quantified in crude extract, followed by aqueous and acetic acid extracts. This study provides a preliminary knowledge on the activity of epidermal mucus of B. everetti towards five out of the eight human pathogens tested, therefore it may contain potential sources of novel antibacterial components which could be further extracted for the production of natural antibiotics towards human-related pathogenic bacteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  4. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potential of Nelumbo Nucifera seeds in diabetic rats
    Khan SH, Ali F, Shah A, Kamran F, Jahan S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1517-1523.
    The present study was aimed at evaluating antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of nuciferin and
    norcoclaurine constituents of N. nucifera seeds, a well-known medicinal plant. The alloxan (100 mg/kg b.w) induced
    diabetic rats (200-250 g) were divided into seven groups (n = 6). Group I; normal control, Group II; diabetic control,
    Group III; standard, Group lV-VII were fed with methanolic crude extracts (100, 200 mg/kg), nuciferin and norcoclaurine
    (10 mg/kg b.w.), received for 15 days in dose dependent manner. The study included different parameters; examination of
    oral glucose, fasting blood glucose, serum lipid profile and checking for body weight changes. In oral glucose examination,
    within 60 and 80 min of treatment, extracts, nuciferin and norcoclaurine significantly reduced blood glucose (p<0.05)
    and restored body weight in diabetic rats. Alloxan- induced diabetic rats showed 30-50% reduction of blood glucose
    level (p<0.05) and recovered 5-20% body weight at day 15 after ingestion of crude extracts (100-200 mg/kg b.w.); and
    nuciferin and norcoclaurine (each at 10 mg/kg b.w.). It also recovered significantly elevated biochemical parameters such
    as triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), serum urea and
    creatinine. Our findings indicated that N. nucifera seeds possess significant antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic
    activity in diabetic rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  5. Fulltext Antioxidative and cardioprotective properties of anthocyanins from defatted dabai extracts
    Khoo HE, Azlan A, Nurulhuda MH, Ismail A, Abas F, Hamid M, et al.
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:434057.
    PMID: 24368926 DOI: 10.1155/2013/434057
    This study aimed to determine anthocyanins and their antioxidative and cardioprotective properties in defatted dabai parts. Anthocyanins in crude extracts and extract fractions of defatted dabai peel and pericarp were quantified using UHPLC, while their antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress inhibition ability were evaluated by using DPPH and CUPRAC assays as well as linoleic acid oxidation system, hemoglobin oxidation, and PARP-1 inhibition ELISA. Cardioprotective effect of the defatted dabai peel extract was evaluated using hypercholesterolemic-induced New Zealand white rabbits. Six anthocyanins were detected in the defatted dabai peel, with the highest antioxidant capacities and oxidative stress inhibition effect compared to the other part. The defatted dabai peel extract has also inhibited lipid peroxidation (plasma MDA) and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in the tested animal model. Major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and other anthocyanins (pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside) detected in the defatted dabai peel are potential future nutraceuticals with promising medicinal properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  6. Fulltext In vitro antiplasmodial properties of selected plants of Sabah
    Khozirah, S., Rain, A. Noor, Siti Najila, M.J., Rohaya, C., Rosilawati, M., Nuziah, H., et al.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2011;19(1):11-17.
    MyJurnal
    The antiplasmodial activity of the crude extracts of thirty plant species collected from Sabah was evaluated using chloroquine-sensitive strain (D10) and chloroquine-resistant strain (Gombak A) of Plasmodium falciparum. Significant activities were observed for the bark extract of Polyalthia insignis (IC50 3.89 and 11.89 mg/ml against Gombak A and D10, respectively), the leaf extracts of Kopsia dasyrachis (4.62 mg/ml against Gombak A) and Litsea elliptibacea (IC50 8.88 mg/ml against Gombak A), as well as the leaf and bark extracts of Neouvaria acuminatissima (IC50 6.90-10.08 and 0.69 mg/ml against Gombak A and D10, respectively), and the bark extract of Polyalthia microtus(IC50 9.0 and 12.12 mg/ml against Gombak A and D10, respectively).
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  7. Nutritional composition, antioxidant properties, and toxicology evaluation of the sclerotium of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris cultivar E
    Kong BH, Tan NH, Fung SY, Pailoor J, Tan CS, Ng ST
    Nutr Res, 2016 Feb;36(2):174-83.
    PMID: 26598045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.10.004
    The Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus spp.) is an important medicinal mushroom in Southeast Asia and has been consumed frequently by the natives as a cure for a variety of illnesses. In this study, we hypothesized that Lignosus tigris (cultivar E) sclerotium may contain high nutritional value and antioxidant properties, is nontoxic and a potential candidate as a dietary supplement. The chemical and amino acid compositions of the sclerotium were evaluated and antioxidant activities of the sclerotial extracts were assessed using ferric reducing antioxidant power; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Acute toxicity of the L. tigris E sclerotium was assessed using a rat model study. The sclerotium was found to be rich in carbohydrate, protein, and dietary fibers with small amounts of fat, calories, and sugar. The amino acid composition of the protein contains all essential amino acids, with a protein score of 47. The sclerotial extracts contain phenolics, terpenoids, and glucan. The ferric reducing antioxidant power values of the various sclerotial extracts (hot water, cold water, and methanol) ranged from 0.008 to 0.015 mmol min(-1) g(-1) extract, while the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities ranged from 0.11 to 0.13, and -2.81 to 9.613 mmol Trolox equivalents g(-1) extract, respectively. Acute toxicity assessment indicated that L. tigris E sclerotial powder was not toxic at the dose of 2000 mg kg(-1). In conclusion, L. tigris E sclerotium has the potential to be developed into a functional food and nutraceutical.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures/administration & dosage; Complex Mixtures/adverse effects; Complex Mixtures/chemistry*
  8. Fulltext Bioactive Proteins in Channa striata Promote Wound Healing through Angiogenesis and Cell Proliferation
    Kwan SH, Abdul Aziz NHK, Ismail MN
    Protein Pept Lett, 2020;27(1):48-59.
    PMID: 31362651 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190730121711
    BACKGROUND: Channa striata are speculated to contain bioactive proteins with the ability to enhancing wound healing. It is commonly consumed after surgery for a faster recovery of the wound.

    OBJECTIVE: To identify the bioactive proteins and evaluate their ability in cell proliferation and angiogenesis promotion.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Freeze-Dried Water Extracts (FDWE) and Spray-Dried Water Extracts (SDWE) of C. striata were tested with MTT assay using EA.hy926 endothelial cell line and ex-vivo aortic ring assay. Later the proteins were fractionated and analysed using an LC-QTOF mass spectrometer. The data generated were matched with human gene database for protein similarity and pathway identification.

    RESULTS: Both samples have shown positive cell proliferation and pro-angiogenic activity. Four essential proteins/genes were identified, which are collagen type XI, actin 1, myosin light chain and myosin heavy chain. The pathways discovered that related to these proteins are integrin pathway, Slit-Robo signalling pathway and immune response C-C Chemokine Receptor-3 signalling pathway in eosinophils, which contribute towards wound healing mechanism.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results presented have demonstrated that C. striata FDWE and SDWE protein fractions contain bioactive proteins that are highly similar to human proteins and thus could be involved in the wound healing process via specific biological pathways.

    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures/metabolism; Complex Mixtures/chemistry*
  9. Fulltext Classification of different pineapple varieties grown in Malaysia based on volatile fingerprinting and sensory analysis
    Lasekan O, Hussein FK
    Chem Cent J, 2018 Dec 19;12(1):140.
    PMID: 30569201 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0505-3
    BACKGROUND: Pineapple is highly relished for its attractive sweet flavour and it is widely consumed in both fresh and canned forms. Pineapple flavour is a blend of a number of volatile and non-volatile compounds that are present in small amounts and in complex mixtures. The aroma compounds composition may be used for purposes of quality control as well as for authentication and classification of pineapple varieties.

    RESULTS: The key volatile compounds and aroma profile of six pineapple varieties grown in Malaysia were investigated by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry and qualitative descriptive sensory analysis. A total of 59 compounds were determined by GC-O and aroma extract dilution analysis. Among these compounds, methyl-2-methylbutanoate, methyl hexanoate, methyl-3-(methylthiol)-propanoate, methyl octanoate, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone, δ-octalactone, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, and δ-undecalactone contributed greatly to the aroma quality of the pineapple varieties, due to their high flavour dilution factor. The aroma of the pineapples was described by seven sensory terms as sweet, floral, fruity, fresh, green, woody and apple-like.

    CONCLUSION: Inter-relationship between the aroma-active compounds and the pineapples revealed that 'Moris' and 'MD2' covaried majorly with the fruity esters, and the other varieties correlated with lesser numbers of the fruity esters. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to establish similarities among the pineapples and the results revealed three main groups of pineapples.

    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  10. Chemical composition and cellular toxicity of ethnobotanical-based hot and cold aqueous preparations of the tiger's milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis)
    Lau BF, Abdullah N, Aminudin N, Lee HB
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2013 Oct 28;150(1):252-62.
    PMID: 23993912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.034
    The sclerotium of the "tiger's milk mushroom" (Lignosus rhinocerotis) is used as tonic and folk medicine for the treatment of cancer, fever, cough and asthma by the local and indigenous communities. It is traditionally prepared by either boiling or maceration-like methods; however, there is no attempt to understand how different processing methods might affect their efficacies as anticancer agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures/pharmacology*; Complex Mixtures/chemistry
  11. Fulltext Anticancer Drug Discovery from Microbial Sources: The Unique Mangrove Streptomycetes
    Law JW, Law LN, Letchumanan V, Tan LT, Wong SH, Chan KG, et al.
    Molecules, 2020 Nov 17;25(22).
    PMID: 33212836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225365
    Worldwide cancer incidence and mortality have always been a concern to the community. The cancer mortality rate has generally declined over the years; however, there is still an increased mortality rate in poorer countries that receives considerable attention from healthcare professionals. This suggested the importance of the prompt detection, effective treatment, and prevention strategies. The genus Streptomyces has been documented as a prolific producer of biologically active secondary metabolites. Streptomycetes from mangrove environments attract researchers' attention due to their ability to synthesize diverse, interesting bioactive metabolites. The present review highlights research on mangrove-derived streptomycetes and the production of anticancer-related compounds from these microorganisms. Research studies conducted between 2008 and 2019, specifically mentioning the isolation of streptomycetes from mangrove areas and described the successful purification of compound(s) or generation of crude extracts with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, were compiled in this review. It is anticipated that there will be an increase in prospects for mangrove-derived streptomycetes as one of the natural resources for the isolation of chemotherapeutic agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  12. Fulltext PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF THE ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED Mangifera spp. LEAVES (ANACARDIACEAE)
    MISA HARSRINURI RAIHANI SAIRUN, NORHAYATI YUSUF, NORHAYATI YUSUF, NURUL HUDA ABDUL WAHAB, NURUL HUDA ABDUL WAHAB
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2020;2(4):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    A study was conducted on the chemical and biological properties of three different species of Mangifera i.e. Mangifera pajang, M. indica L., and M. kemanga leaves obtained from Pitas, Sabah. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of secondary metabolites as well as the antioxidative activities especially the catalase (CAT) and guiacol peroxidase specific activities (gPOD) in the leaves part of these three species. The extraction of these samples was carried out using three different polarities of solvents: hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The total percentage of the crude extract of is 7.30% for M. pajang, 12.87% for M. indica and 7.98% for M. kemanga. Phytochemical screening was performed with various tests for each of the crude extracts. The results showed that these three species gave positive results for alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, phytosterols, and tannins metabolites. Based on the tests, CAT specific activities were significantly higher in the leaves of M. pajang with 4.35 ± 1.18 units/mg protein compared to M. indica L. and M. kemanga. The guaiacol peroxidase (gPOD) specific activities showed that M. indica L. has the highest activity with the value of 0.0047 ± 0.0004 units/mg protein.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  13. Enhanced cyanide biodegradation by immobilized crude extract of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M
    Maniyam MN, Ibrahim AL, Cass AEG
    Environ Technol, 2019 Jan;40(3):386-398.
    PMID: 29032742 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1393015
    The capability of the crude extract of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M was enhanced by adopting the technology of immobilization. Among the matrices screened to encapsulate the crude extract, gellan gum emerged as the most suitable immobilization material, exceeding the activity of cyanide-degrading enzyme by 61% and 361% in comparison to alginate carrier and non-immobilized crude extract, respectively. Improved bead mechanical strength which supported higher biocatalyst activity by 63% was observed when concentration of gellan gum, concentration of calcium chloride, number of beads and bead size were optimized. The immobilized crude extract demonstrated higher tolerance towards broad range of pH (5-10) and temperature (30°C-40°C), superior cyanide-degrading activity over time and improved storage stability by maintaining 76% of its initial activity after 30 days at 4°C. Furthermore, repeated use of the gellan gum beads up to 20 batches without substantial loss in the catalytic activity was documented in the present study, indicating that the durability of the beads and the stability of the enzyme are both above adequate. Collectively, the findings reported here revealed that the utilization of the encapsulated crude extract of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M can be considered as a novel attempt to develop an environmentally favourable and financially viable method in cyanide biodegradation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  14. Fulltext REVIEW ON EXTRACTION METHODS OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM KAFFIR LIME (Citrus hystrix) LEAVES
    Mazlin Mohideen, Mohamad Iqbal Hazmie Idris, Nor Syamimi Izzati Zainal Abidin, Nur Azzalia Kamaruzaman
    Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2021;9(1):173-184.
    MyJurnal
    Kaffir lime or “limau purut” (Citrus hystrix) is a popular traditional herbal plant with aromatic leaves. It produces fruits which are commonly used in Asian cuisines as a flavouring agent. Essential oil has been a popular and valuable product applicable in various industries, but its availability is scarce. Essential oil from the leaves of Citrus hystrix is a complex mixture of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. It is rich in bioactive molecules that act synergistically to improve the well-being of an individual. Essential oil is extracted from Citrus hystrix leaves using a few extraction methods; however, the most excellent extraction methods have yet to be ascertained. This review paper highlights several extraction methods that determined the final yield of Citrus hystrix leaves’ essential oil and the comparison of advantages and disadvantages between each method. Two types of methods are discussed, which are conventional and modern methods. Conventional methods include hydro-distillation, steam distillation, Soxhlet distillation and solvent extraction, while the modern method includes pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). In addition, pre- treatment processes are also included as they can significantly affect the performance of other important processes and production yield. This paper also found that the highest yield of 56.16% was obtained using PLE method. Essentially, each of the extraction and pre-treatment methods has its own pros and cons; hence choosing a suitable method depends heavily on the producer's demand and requirement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  15. Improved Diagnosis of the Polysensitized Allergic Rhinitis Patients Using Component Resolved Diagnosis Method
    Mohamad Yadzir ZH, Bakhtiar F, Misnan R, Abdullah N, Leecyous B, Murad S
    Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2016 Apr;15(2):156-60.
    PMID: 27090369
    Allergy diagnosis needs to be improved in polysensitized patients due to the existence of possible confounding factors in this type of patients. Component resolved diagnosis (CRD) is a new concept in the investigation of polysensitized patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the utilization of ImmunoCAP ISAC improve the diagnosis of the polysensitized allergic rhinitis patients. Skin prick test (SPT) to 58 crude allergen extracts and CRD (ImmunoCAP ISAC) were carried out for 5 polysensitized allergic rhinitis patients. Two patients had a shellfish allergy and avoidance of shellfish was the only way to prevent an allergic reaction. In contrast, although the remaining three patients had low risk for shellfish allergy, but they were the best candidates for immunotherapy using mite extracts. CRD and particularly ImmunoCAP ISAC have proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool in polysensitized patients. ImmunoCAP ISAC helps refine the individual patient's sensitization profile and predict the potential risk of allergic reactions and improve the selection of patients for immunotherapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures/administration & dosage; Complex Mixtures/immunology
  16. Antibacterial and Antifouling Properties of the Horseshoe Crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
    Mohd Faizal MN, Ismail N, M S Eldeen I, Mariam T
    Pak J Biol Sci, 2021 Jan;24(5):579-587.
    PMID: 34486333 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.579.587
    <b>Background and Objective:</b> Horseshoe crabs are widely used in both traditional and modern pharmaceutical applications. Most of the previous studies on horseshoe crabs focused on their blood which contains hemolymph and amoebocyte lysate. This study aimed to determine the potential antibacterial and antifouling properties of different extracts from the carapace and the book gills of <i>Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda</i>. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The crude extracts were subjected to the bioactivity tests using the disc-diffusion and the inhibition of biofilm-formation measurement assays, for both the antibacterial and antifouling activities respectively. <b>Results:</b> The results obtained indicated that the carapace extracts had stronger antibacterial and antifouling effects compared to the book gills extracts. Extracts obtained from the male displayed more activity compared to the extracts from the female with a few exceptions. Methanol and acetone carapace crude extracts showed the best overall performance. A sterol compound was isolated from the carapace acetone extracts of the male of <i>C. rotundicauda</i>. However, the compound did not display strong activity compared to the crude extract. The compound might be contributing to the observed activity with other components through a synergistic effect. <b>Conclusion:</b> The presence of antibacterial and antifouling activities in the carapace and book gills extracts could be added to the complexity of the defence mechanisms of horseshoe crabs. The results of this study, therefore, may contribute to the knowledge of the defence mechanisms of <i>C. rotundicauda</i>. Further research is needed to determine the bioactivities of other parts of the animal and to explore their potential applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures/pharmacology*; Complex Mixtures/therapeutic use
  17. Chemical components of marine sponge derived fungus fusarium proliferatum collected from Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia
    Mosadeghzad Z, Zuriati Zakaria, Asmat A, Gires U, Wickneswari R, Pittayakhajonwut P, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:333-337.
    Marine fungus Fusarium proliferatum derived from marine sponge collected along Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia was cultivated on Potato Dextrose Broth and incubated for 7 days at 30oC. The liquid cultures were then extracted using ethyl acetate. The crude extract was investigated for its anti-microbial activity and was passed through Sephadex column and the fractions were collected. Reverse phase HPLC was used to monitor the component of crude extract. HPLC guided purification of crude extract resulted in the isolation of linoleic acid, 4-hydroxy phenethyl alcohol, 2,5-furandimethanol and adenosine. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  18. Effects of Perivitelline Fluid Obtained from Horseshoe Crab on The Proliferation and Genotoxicity of Dental Pulp Stem Cells
    Musa M, Mohd Ali K, Kannan TP, Azlina A, Omar NS, Chatterji A, et al.
    Cell J, 2015;17(2):253-63.
    PMID: 26199904
    OBJECTIVE: Perivitelline fluid (PVF) of the horseshoe crab embryo has been reported to possess an important role during embryogenesis by promoting cell proliferation. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PVF on the proliferation, chromosome aberration (CA) and mutagenicity of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an in vitro experimental study. PVF samples were collected from horseshoe crabs from beaches in Malaysia and the crude extract was prepared. DPSCs were treated with different concentrations of PVF crude extract in an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (cytotoxicity test). We choose two inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and IC25) and two PVF concentrations which produced more cell viability compared to a negative control (100%) for further tests. Quantitative analysis of the proliferation activity of PVF was studied using the AlamarBlue®assay for 10 days. Population doubling times (PDTs) of the treatment groups were calculated from this assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated based on the CA and Ames tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent t test to calculate significant differences in the PDT and mitotic indices in the CA test between the treatment and negative control groups. Significant differences in the data were P<0.05.

    RESULTS: A total of four PVF concentrations retrieved from the MTT assay were 26.887 mg/ml (IC50), 14.093 mg/ml (IC25), 0.278 mg/ml (102% cell viability) and 0.019 mg/ml (102.5% cell viability). According to the AlamarBlue®assay, these PVF groups produced comparable proliferation activities compared to the negative (untreated) control. PDTs between PVF groups and the negative control were insignificantly different (P>0.05). No significant aberrations in chromosomes were observed in the PVF groups and the Ames test on the PVF showed the absence of significant positive results.

    CONCLUSION: PVF from horseshoe crabs produced insignificant proliferative activity on treated DPSCs. The PVF was non-genotoxic based on the CA and Ames tests.

    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  19. Fulltext Medicinal properties screening of Mallotus paniculatus extract
    NA Bahaman, Raha Ahmad Raus, Yusilawati Ahmad Nor, Al Mamun, Abdullah, Noor Suhana Adzahar, Dayang Fredalina Basri
    IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2020;19(1):5-12.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Traditionally, Mallotus paniculatus (Balik Angin) plant is used in the treatment of various
    diseases in rural areas such as remedy after childbirth, wound healing and fever. In this present study, four
    medicinal properties of the plant were investigated which included antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and
    antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: Potential medicinal compounds were extracted from the plant
    leaves by sonication with 3 different solvents namely ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane respectively. The
    antibacterial and antifungal properties were determined using disc diffusion agar and broth dilution assay,
    the antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging assay and the anticancer effect by MTT assay. Results: From the
    screening of the medicinal properties, M. paniculatus leave extracts were shown to possess antibacterial,
    antioxidant and anticancer properties but not antifungal properties. Ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of
    the leave were active against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) but not
    gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The antioxidant activity of the
    ethanolic crude extract was high; with IC50 of 30 μg/ml comparable with the positive controls; ascorbic acid
    and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Both ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were cytotoxic against breast
    cancer (MCF7), colon cancer (HT-29), cervix cancer (Hela) cell lines. Conclusion: M. paniculatus leave
    extract has many potential medicinal values for further studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
  20. Fulltext Properties of proteolytic enzyme from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
    Nafi’, A., Foo, H.L., Jamilah, B., Ghazali. H.M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):363-368.
    MyJurnal
    Proteases in ginger rhizome have the potentials in industrial applications. This study was conducted to extract and characterize the proteolytic enzyme from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Ginger protease (GP) was extracted from ginger rhizome by homogenization with 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing 10 mM cysteine and 5 mM EDTA which were found to be the most efficient extraction buffer and stabilizers. After centrifugation at 10,500 x g, protein in the crude extract was precipitated using 60% ammonium sulfate following which the precipitate was redissolved in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, dialyzed and then lyophilized. The extraction method yielded 0.94% (w/w of fresh weight) of GP with a specific activity of 27.6 ± 0.1 Unit/mg protein where 1 Unit is defined as the amount of protease causing an increase in absorbance by 1 unit per minute using azocasein as the substrate. Results show that the GP was completely inhibited by heavy metal cations i.e. Cu2+and Hg2+, and a thiol blocking agent or inhibitor, n-ethyl maleimide (NEM), indicating that GP is most probably a cysteine protease. The enzyme has an optimum temperature at 60⁰C and the optimum pH ranged between pH 6 to 8. Monovalent cations (K+ and Na+) have no significant effect on activity of GP, but divalent and trivalent cations showed moderate inhibitory effect. Detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate increased the activity of GP while Tween 80 and Tween 20 slightly reduced the activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Complex Mixtures
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