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Monitoring of Water Quality and Microalgae Species Composition of Penaeus monodon Ponds in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Shaari AL, Surif M, Latiff FA, Omar WM, Ahmad MN

Trop Life Sci Res, 2011 May;22(1):51-69.
PMID: 24575209

Many reports have revealed that the abundance of microalgae in shrimp ponds vary with changes in environmental factors such as light, temperature, pH, salinity and nutrient level throughout a shrimp culture period. In this study, shrimp cultivation period was divided into three stages (initial = week 0-5, mid = week 6-10 and final = week 11-15). Physical and chemical parameters throughout the cultivation period were studied and species composition of microalgae was monitored. Physical parameters were found to fluctuate widely with light intensity ranging between 182.23-1278 μmol photon m(-2)s(-1), temperature between 29.56°C -31.59°C, dissolved oxygen (DO) between 4.56-8.21 mg/l, pH between 7.65-8.49 and salinity between 20‰-30‰. Ammonium (NH4 (+)-N), nitrite (NO2 (-)-N), nitrate (NO3 (-)-N), and orthophosphate (PO4 (3-)-P) concentrations in the pond at all cultivation stages ranged from 0.017 to 0.38 mg/l, 0.24 to 2.12 mg/l, 0.06 to 0.98 mg/l and 0.16 to 1.93 mg/l respectively. Statistical test (ANOVA) showed that there were no significant difference (p<0.05) in nutrients concentrations among the cultivation stages. All nutrients concentrations however were still in the tolerable level and safe for shrimp culture. The chlorophyll a contents were found to range from 5.03±2.17 to 32.61±0.35 μg/l throughout the cultivation period. A total of 19 microalgae species were found in the shrimp pond, with diatoms contributing up to 72% of the species followed by Chlorophyta (11%) and Cyanophyta (11%). However, weekly species abundance varied through the study period. At the initial stage, when there were no shrimps in the pond, Anabaena spp. and Oscillatoria spp. (Cyanophyta) were the dominant species, followed by Chlorella sp. and Dunaliella sp. (Chlorophyta). When shrimps were introduced into the pond, Amphora sp., Navicula sp. Gyrosigma sp. and Nitzschia sp. (diatoms) started to exist. At the middle and towards the final stage of the shrimp culture period diatoms were the dominant species. The Chlorophyta (Chlorella sp.) domination took place only twice, which was at week 2 and 13. The absence of some of the coastal water microalgae species in the shrimp pond was most likely due to the fact that they could not tolerate the physicochemical factors of harsh environment. In this study, Cylindrotheca closterium was regarded as the most tolerant species among the microalgae due to its ability to exist for 6 weeks out of the 15 weeks of cultivation.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext Cytotoxicity of snake venom enzymatic toxins: phospholipase A2 and l-amino acid oxidase

Hiu JJ, Yap MKK

Biochem Soc Trans, 2020 04 29;48(2):719-731.
PMID: 32267491 DOI: 10.1042/BST20200110

The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) are two major enzymes found in the venoms from most snake species. These enzymes have been structurally and functionally characterised for their pharmacological activities. Both PLA2 and LAAO from different venoms demonstrate considerable cytotoxic effects on cancer cells via induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppression of proliferation. These enzymes produce more pronounced cytotoxic effects in cancer cells than normal cells, thus they can be potential sources as chemotherapeutic agents. It is proposed that PLA2 and LAAO contribute to an elevated oxidative stress due to their catalytic actions, for instance, the ability of PLA2 to produce reactive oxygen species during lipolysis and formation of H2O2 from LAAO catalytic activity which consequently lead to cell death. Nonetheless, the cell-death signalling pathways associated with exposure to these enzymatic toxins are not fully elucidated yet. Here in this review, we will discuss the cytotoxic effects of PLA2 and LAAO in relationship to their catalytic mechanisms and the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxic actions.

Matched MeSH terms: Reactive Oxygen Species
Fulltext Cytotoxic Activity of Isoniazid Derivative in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Barathan M, Zulpa AK, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Shivashekaregowda NKH, Ibrahim ZA, et al.

In Vivo, 2021 8 20;35(5):2675-2685.
PMID: 34410956 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12551

BACKGROUND/AIM: Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Previously, we found that the isoniazid derivative (E)-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide (ITHB4) could be developed as novel antimycobacterial agent by lead optimization. We further explored the ability of this compound compared to zerumbone in inhibiting the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT assay and further confirmed via apoptosis, ROS, cell cycle, DNA fragmentation and cytokine assays.
RESULTS: ITHB4 demonstrated a lower IC50 compared to zerumbone in inhibiting the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. ITHB4 showed no toxicity against normal breast and human immune cells. Apoptosis assay revealed that ITHB4, at a concentration equal to the IC50, induces apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 and G2/M phases. ITHB4 triggered accumulation of intracellular ROS and nuclear DNA fragmentation. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced inflammation and potentially immunogenic cell death.
CONCLUSION: ITHB4 has almost similar chemotherapeutic properties as zerumbone in inhibiting MCF-7 growth, and hence provide the basis for further experiments in animal models.

Matched MeSH terms: Reactive Oxygen Species
Fulltext Mechanical activation of ultrafine cordierite: effect of grinding time

Affendi, A.F., Hasmaliza, M., Srimala, S.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2009;2009(1):247-254.
MyJurnal

In these studies, cordierite was mechanically synthesized after a sol-gel process. The effect of milling time of cordierite was investigated. Aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) were used as starting materials. Gels obtained were mechanically activated in planetary ball mill by at 300rpm grinding speed and grinding time (15min, 30min, 45min and 60min). Powders produced were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). XRD analysis proved that α-cordierite was formed at lower temperature (1200°C) as compliment to without grinding, whereby it is formed at1300°C. FESEM analysis shows the size of the cordierite were in submicron scale. EDX analysis proved that magnesium, aluminium, silicon and oxygen are elements existed in cordierite.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext Effect of chitosan-palm stearin edible coating on the post harvest life of star fruits (Averrhoa carambola L.) stored at room temperature

Nurul Hanani, M.Z., Halimahton Zahrah, M.S., Zaibunnisa, A.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(4):1433-1438.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to develop an edible coating containing combined hydrophilic (chitosan) and hydrophobic (palm stearin) components which demonstrated gas barrier and moisture barrier properties, respectively, to prolong the post harvest life of star fruits (Averrhoa carambola L.). The emulsions of chitosan (C) and palm stearin (S) were prepared by using different ratios of C:S which were 1:0, 1:1, 1;2, 1:3, 2:1, 3:1 and 0:1. Viscosity of emulsions was studied. The physicochemical properties of coated star fruits were also evaluated in terms of weight loss, firmness, visual appearance, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene concentration during storage at room temperature (26-28˚C) for 18 days. The results obtained showed that coating reduced weight loss, maintained firmness and appearance, slowed down the production of respiratory gases and reduced ethylene production. The most recommended coating for star fruits was C:S of 1:1 ratio as it showed good water barrier and gas barrier properties and could extend the post harvest life of star fruits up to 20 days as compared to the control samples which had a post harvest life of 12 days.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext Comparison of cardiovascular responses between remifentanil and fentanyl on laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in patients undergoing elective surgery

Lai, S.C., Choy, Y.C.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2014;4(1):20-25.
MyJurnal

This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing the effect of remifentanil and fentanyl on cardiovascular responses from laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Forty-four ASA I or II patients aged between 18-65 yrs scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia, were recruited and randomized into two groups. Each patient in Group R received remifentanil of 0.5 mcg/kg bolus over 30 seconds followed by an infusion of 0.25 mcg/kg/min and each patient in Group F received fentanyl of 2 mcg/kg bolus over 30 seconds followed by an infusion of normal saline. Anaesthesia was then induced with propofol, rocuronium and 2% sevoflurane with 100% oxygen. Cardiovascular changes were recorded every minute for 3 minutes after induction and 5 minutes after tracheal intubation. The heart rate remained stable throughout the induction and intubation period in both groups. None of the patients in the remifentanil group develop bradycardia. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower in the fentanyl group at the 3rd minute post-induction and 5th minute post- intubation (p < 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the fentanyl group was significantly lower at the 2nd and 3rd minute post-induction and 4th and 5th minute post-intubation (p < 0.05). The blood pressure remained stable for the remifentanil group throughout the induction and intubation period. Six patients (27.2%) in the fentanyl group and one patient (4.5%) in the remifentanil group experienced hypertension. Three patients (13.7%) from each group experienced hypotensive episodes. In conclusion, remifentanil 0.5 mcg/kg bolus followed by 0.25 mcg/kg/min infusion resulted in SBP, MAP and DBP remained slightly lower than baseline throughout the whole period but still consider stable, as these changes were not statistically significant.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Causes of chronic oxygen dependency in new borns in a tertiary level neonatal unit

Jacqueline, H.O.

Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1992;4(1):20-22.
MyJurnal

A retrospective survey was carried out in a neonatal unit to identify babies who required oxygen for more than the first 28 days of life and to determine the cause of their oxygen dependency. A total of 9173 neonates were admitted over a three year period. Approximately 750 were ventilated. Fifteen required oxygen for more than the first 28 days. Ten (67%) of these were due to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 2 had upper airway complications of mechanical ventilation, one had recurrent apnoea, one had recurrent pneumonia, and one who did not require ventilation had chronic oxygen dependency of unknown cause. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was the commonest cause of chronic oxygen dependency. The incidence was 1.5% of ventilated babies.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Chest wall stretching exercise as an adjunct modality in post operative pulmonary management

Vikram, M., Joseph, Leonard H., Kamaria, K.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2012;2(1):39-41.
MyJurnal

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a form of infection of the kidney. Chest physiotherapy was executed on a 15-year-old girl who had complications such as secretion retention and pleural effusion following percutaneous pigtail nephrostomy in addition to oxygen therapy and medical management to promote respiratory functions. The processes to increase chest wall mobility includes particular passive stretching and mobilization. Chest mobility exercises composed of an intercostal stretch on a determined intercostal space using index fingers, thoracic rotation and anterior compression with stretching in sitting position to improve respiratory functions. These exercises were suggested to the patient as a regular daily treatment along with low-level incentive spirometry breathing exercises. Following 9th sessions of treatment patient demonstrated satisfactory improvement by means of increasing in chest expansion and reduction in dyspnea level without using supplemental oxygen. The results expressed a substantial clinical improvement in reduction of dyspnea level and improvement in chest expansion

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext Prevailing practice versus clinical guideline: the in-patient assessment and management of childhood bronchopneuonia in a Malaysian district hospital

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2008;2(2):9-16.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Pneumonia is the most common diagnosis made in hospitalised children. The Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines on pneumonia and respiratory tract infections provides a comprehensive guidance in the local context. We evaluated the documented assessment and management of children diagnosed with pneumonia admitted to the children’s ward, Hospital Batu Pahat against this guideline.
Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of hospital case notes for children admitted from January to May 2004.
Results: Ninety six case notes were analysed. Most patients (84%) had at least four positive clinical features leading to the diagnosis of pneumonia. 92% met the guideline criteria for admission. Sp02 was performed for 58% on admission, and 58% with reading below 95% received supplemental oxygen. Throughout hospital stay, each patient had an average of four investigations (range: 1 – 12). Among 23 patients who had further investigations, justifications were only recorded in seven patients (30.4%), and changes in management resulted in 23%. The most common antibiotic prescribed was intravenous Penicillin (97 %). In 17 patients who met the guideline classification for severe pneumonia, none received the recommended antibiotic combination. The median time to fever resolution was 22 hours (range 2 – 268), and median hospital stay was 3 days (range 1 – 12).
Conclusions: Although the quality of clinical assessment and antibiotic choices were acceptable, there was a failure to critically evaluate patients according to disease severity and initiate corresponding investigations and managements. Future efforts need to be directed at promoting further guideline adherence and the exercise of critical judgment in patient evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Normobaric hyperoxia treatment in traumatic brain injury: a focus on basal ganglia

Fatin Azwa Haruddin

Orient Neuron Nexus, 2010;1(1):13-16.
MyJurnal

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to inflict significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In severe TBI cases, the resulting physical and cognitive impairments incur high management and rehabilitation costs that crucially involve monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) and improving brain oxygenation. Normobaric Hyperoxia Treatment (NBOT) is a therapeutic strategy to improve brain oxygen metabolism and to decrease ICP by reducing tissue swelling and deactivating toxin. NBOT is administered by increasing the inspired oxygen concentration to 100% in normal atmospheric pressure. Previous studies involving NBOT had explored its effectiveness to salvage the TBI-related cognitive and motor deficits. However, the focus of these studies has frequently been on the cortical lesions despite the known facts that TBI often inflicts tissue damage to the subcortical areas such as the basal ganglia. There are growing evidence to support recent functional theories that implicate a pivotal role of the basal ganglia in regulating normal movements and cognition through dopamine (DA) and glutamate interaction. Thus, tissue damages leading to TBI-related motor and cognitive deficits may involve the different affected brain regions. This minireview attempts to highlight the key processes involved in the pathophysiology of severe TBI and offers insights into the role of NBOT by exploring its potential effects on the cerebral energy metabolism and gene expression patterns of dopamine receptor in a mouse model.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext A Comparative Study of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol for Sedation in The Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit

Azrina, M.R., Saedah Ali, Mohd Nikman Ahmad, Nik Abdullah, N.M., Ziyadi Mohd Ghazali

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2007;6(2):1-16.
MyJurnal

Introduction and Objectives: The intensive care unit (ICU) is an uncomfortable and stressful environment for patients. The use of adequate sedation and analgesia is important to reduce stress to patients. The aim of this study was to compare a relatively new sedative agent, dexmedetomidine to current sedative agent used, propofol in the provision of sedation and analgesia, their effects on haemodynamic and respiratory parameters and cost involved on post open heart surgery patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized single-blinded trial was conducted on post open heart surgery patients in the ICU of the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Thirty two patients were randomized to dexmedetomidine or propofol groups. Analgesic requirement, haemodynamic and respiratory parameters, and extubation time were measured and compared. Mean rate of infusion to achieve adequate sedation were used to calculate the cost involved in the use of these two agents. Results: Patients sedated with dexmedetomidine required significantly lower dose of morphine compared to propofol [mean (sd): 12.80 (2.61) versus 15.86 (1.87) mg/kg/min, p=0.00]. Mean heart rate was also significantly lower in dexmedetomidine group compared to propofol group [mean (CI): 74.48 (70.38,78.59) versus 83.85 (79.61,88.09) per minutes, p=0.00]. However there were no significant differences in the other parameters between the two groups. Cost involved the use of dexmedetomidine was slightly higher compared to propofol (RM 9.57 versus RM8.94 per hour). Discussion and Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine is comparable to propofol in the provision of sedation, and its effect on haemodynamic and respiratory parameters. However it has added advantages in the provision of analgesia, and caused a significant reduction in heart rate. This is beneficial in these patients by reducing myocardial oxygen demand, and hence subsequent ischaemia and infarction. However, further larger studies are needed to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext Vegetative swale for treatment of stormwater runoff from construction site

Ismail, A. F., Sapari, N., Abdul Wahab, M. M.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(1):55-64.
MyJurnal

Land development, especially construction works, increase storm water volumes and pollution loads into rivers and lakes. The temporary drainage system at construction sites, particularly during the construction stage discharges a large amount of pollutants that can damage the aquatic system of the receiving water bodies. The potential of vegetative swale to alleviate this problem was evaluated. The size of the constructed vegetative swale was 7cm deep, 400cm long and 15cm wide at the bottom, and 17cm wide at the top. The experiment was conducted batch wise by filling the storage tank with the run-off water from the construction site. The water was allowed to flow through a pipe into the retention basin to maintain uniform flow before it entered the swale. The study showed that the run-off infiltrated through the soil at a rate of 489.6 mm/hr. Samples of surface run-off and infiltration water were collected at the end and the bottom of the swale. The results indicate that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity, iron and zinc were reduced by 85.4%, 80.8%, 36.4%, 52.8% and 96.0%, respectively, by surface flow and 91.1%, 98.8%, 58.2% 55.5% and 98.1%, respectively, by infiltration. Removal of nitrate and phosphorus by the planted vegetation was 69.4% and 21.1%, respectively, by infiltration. However, nutrient removal by surface flow was negligible. In conclusion, the vegetative swale was able to improve the water quality of the storm water run-off from the construction site from Class V to Class III, according to the Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis
Comparison between the use of LMA™ and SLIPA™ in patients undergoing minor surgeries

Wan Rahiza, W.M., Nurlia, Y., Abd Rahman, I., Esa, K., Nadia, M.N., Raha, A. R.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2012;2(1):8-13.
MyJurnal

Supraglottic airway devices have been used as safe alternatives to endotracheal intubation in appropriate types of surgery. This was a prospective, randomised, single blind study comparing the use of LMA™ and SLIPA™ in terms of ease of insertion, haemodynamic changes and occurrence of adverse effects (e.g. blood stains on the device upon removal and sore throat). A total of 62 ASA I or II patients, aged between 18 to 70 years were recruited for this study. Patients were randomised into two groups; LMA™ and SLIPA™ group. Following induction of anaesthesia, an appropriate sized LMA™ or SLIPA™ was inserted after ensuring adequate depth of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with oxygen, nitrous oxide and sevoflurane. The ease of insertion was graded and haemodynamic changes were recorded at 2 minute intervals up to 10 minutes after insertion of the airway devices. The presence of blood stains upon airway device removal at the end of surgery and incidence of sore throat was also recorded. No difficult insertion was experienced in either of these devices. Insertion was either easy [LMA™ 87.1% versus SLIPA™ 80.6% (p = 0.49)] or moderate [LMA™ 12.9% versus SLIPA™ 19.4% (p = 0.16)]. Throughout the study period, the haemodynamic changes that occurred in both groups were not statistically different. Traces of blood were noted on the surface of the device in 9.7% of patients in the SLIPA™ group versus 6.5% of patients in the LMA™ group. The incidence of sore throat was recorded in 12.9% versus 19.4% of patients in the SLIPA™ and the LMA™ groups respectively. These findings were not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study showed no significant differences between the use of LMA™ and SLIPA™ in terms of ease of insertion, haemodynamic changes and adverse effects in patients undergoing minor surgical procedures.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext Bioactive compounds and "in vitro" antioxidant activity of some traditional and non-traditional cold-pressed edible oils from Macedonia

Kostadinović Veličkovska S, Catalin Moţ A, Mitrev S, Gulaboski R, Brühl L, Mirhosseini H, et al.

J Food Sci Technol, 2018 May;55(5):1614-1623.
PMID: 29666513 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3050-0

The bioactive compounds and "in vitro" antioxidant activity measured by three antioxidant assays of some traditional and non-traditional cold-pressed edible oils from Macedonia were object of this study. The fatty acid composition showed dominance of monounsaturated oleic acid in "sweet" and "bitter" apricot kernel oils with percentages of 66.7 ± 0.5 and 57.8 ± 0.3%, respectively. The most dominant fatty acid in paprika seed oil was polyunsaturated linoleic acid with abundance of 69.6 ± 2.3%. The most abundant tocopherol was γ-tocopherol with the highest quantity in sesame seed oil (57.6 ± 0.1 mg/100 g oil). Paprika seed oil, sesame seed oil and sweet apricot oil were the richest source of phytosterols. DPPH assay was the most appropriate for the determination of the antioxidant activity of cold-pressed sunflower oil due to high abundance of α-tocopherol with a level of 22.8 ± 1.1 mg/100 g of oil. TEAC assay is the best for the determination of the antioxidant activity of sesame seed oil and paprika seed oils as the richest sources of phenolic compounds. β-carotene assay was the most suitable assay for oils obtained from high pigmented plant material. Triacylglycerols and phytosterol profiles can be used as useful markers for the origin, variety and purity of the oils.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity
Fulltext Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress evaluation of alginate/cockle shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffold on osteoblast

B. Hemabarathy Bharatham, Zariyantey Abdul Hamid, Nurnadiah Ahmad

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2017;15(1):97-103.
MyJurnal

Biocompatibility and growth of osteoblast on bone scaffolds play an important role towards their therapeutic application.
The presence of oxidative stress generated by bone scaffolds highly influences osteoblast growth and its functional
performance. In this study in-vitro interaction of developed Alginate/Cockle Shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffold
on osteoblast with regards to cytotoxicity and oxidative stress are evaluated. Cytotoxicity studies using MTT assays
revealed a significant increase in viability of cultured osteoblast in the presences of the scaffold extracts. The growth of
osteoblast on the scaffold were not deterred with the presence of any major oxidative stress factors as determined through
oxidative stress profile studies using SOD, GSH and ROS assays. The nanobiocomposite scaffold evaluated in this study
shows promising use in regards to facilitating osteoblast proliferation, growth and viability.

Matched MeSH terms: Reactive Oxygen Species
Fulltext Kinetic modeling of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance secretion by Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 and its stability in food manufacturing conditions

Abbasiliasi S, Tan JS, Ibrahim TAT, Ramanan RN, Kadkhodaei S, Mustafa S, et al.

J Food Sci Technol, 2018 Apr;55(4):1270-1284.
PMID: 29606741 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3037-x

This paper deliberates the modelling and validation of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) secretion by Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 at different agitation speeds in a stirred tank bioreactor. A range of models namely the re-parameterised logistic, Luedeking-Piret and maintenance energy were assessed to predict the culture performance of the said bacterium. Growth of P. acidilactici Kp10 was enhanced with increased agitation speed up to 600 rpm while BLIS secretion was maximum at 400 rpm but decreased at higher agitation speed. Growth of P. acidilactici aptly subscribed to the re-parameterised logistic model while BLIS secretion and lactose consumption fitted well with the Luedeking-Piret model. The models revealed a relationship between growth of the bacterium and BLIS secretion. Bacterial growth and BLIS secretion were largely affected by the agitation speed of the stirred tank bioreactor which regulated the oxygen transfer to the culture. BLIS secretion by P. acidilactici Kp10 was however enhanced in oxygen-limited culture. The study also assessed BLIS from the perspective of its stability when subjected to factors such as temperature, pH and detergents. Results showed that BLIS produced by this strain was not affected by heat (at 25-100 °C for 20 min and at 121 °C for 15 min), surfactant (Tween 40, 60 and 80 and urea), detergents (up to 1% SDS), organic solvents (50% each of acetone, methanol and ethanol) and stable in a wide range of pH (2-10). The above information are pertinent with reference to commercial applications of this bacterial product in food manufacturing which invariably involve various sterilization processes and subjected to a wide pH range.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Sustainable green technology on wastewater treatment: The evaluation of enhanced single chambered up-flow membrane-less microbial fuel cell

Thung WE, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS, Ridwan F, Oon YL, et al.

J Environ Sci (China), 2018 Apr;66:295-300.
PMID: 29628097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.010

This study demonstrated the potential of single chamber up-flow membrane-less microbial fuel cell (UFML-MFC) in wastewater treatment and power generation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and enhance the performance under different operational conditions which affect the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and power generation, including the increase of KCl concentration (MFC1) and COD concentration (MFC2). The results showed that the increase of KCl concentration is an important factor in up-flow membrane-less MFC to enhance the ease of electron transfer from anode to cathode. The increase of COD concentration in MFC2 could led to the drop of voltage output due to the prompt of biofilm growth in MFC2 cathode which could increase the internal resistance. It also showed that the COD concentration is a vital issue in up-flow membrane-less MFC. Despite the COD reduction was up to 96%, the power output remained constrained.

Matched MeSH terms: Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis
Fulltext Fatigue onset through oxidative stress, dehydration and lactic acid accumulation and its in vivo study using experimental animals

Hani Hafeeza Halim, Mohd Sabri Pak Dek, Azizah Abdul Hamid, Ahmad Haniff Jaafar

Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2017;35(1):1-12.
MyJurnal

Among athletes, endurance is one of the key elements to victory. In addition to
training, athletes normally used supplement to prevent fatigue during the event. With
prolonged and intense activity, our body started to experience decrease in muscle
performance due to several factors such as oxidative stress, dehydration and
accumulation of lactic acid in the body fluids. The free radicals generated during
intense exercise will expose the cells to oxidative damages. In the event of
dehydration, there will be significant losses of water and functional electrolytes during
intense exercise which affected the body fluid balance. Fatigue will also occur during
reduced oxygen in aerobic metabolism which later caused accumulation of lactic acid
in the muscle. This will change the pH balance toward more acidic and caused the
muscles to lose contractile efficiency. In addition, fatigue can also be studied using rats
as model organism. Results from this activity can be useful to analyse cellular
metabolism and physiology effects of the tested rats toward physical exercise.
Therefore, this review aims to discuss the causes of fatigue through oxidative stress,
dehydration and lactic acid accumulation. In addition, the effectiveness of using rats as
a model system in measuring fatigue is also included in illustrating examples on fatigue
assessment in vivo.

Matched MeSH terms: Oxygen
Fulltext NiO nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity mediated through ROS generation and impairing the antioxidant defense in the human lung epithelial cells (A549): Preventive effect of Pistacia lentiscus essential oil

Mohamed K, Zine K, Fahima K, Abdelfattah E, Sharifudin SM, Duduku K

Toxicol Rep, 2018;5:480-488.
PMID: 29854619 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.03.012

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) have attracted increasing attention owing to potential capacity to penetrate to several human cell systems and exert a toxic effect. Elsewhere, the use of medicinal plants today is the form of the most widespread medicine worldwide. Utilizing aromatic plants as interesting source of phytochemicals constitute one of the largest scientific concerns. Thus this study was focused to investigate antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of essential oil of a Mediterranean plant P. lentiscus (PLEO) on NiO NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells (A549). The obtained results showed that cell viability was reduced by NiO NPs, who's also found to induce oxidative stress in dose-dependent manner indicated by induction of reactive oxygen species and reduction of antioxidant enzymes activities. Our results also demonstrated that PLEO contains high amounts in terpinen-4-ol (11.49%), germacrene D (8.64%), α-pinene (5.97%), sabinene (5.19%), caryophyllene (5.10%) and δ-Cadinene (4.86%). PLEO exhibited a potent antioxidant capacity by cell viability improving, ROS scavenging and enhancing the endogenous antioxidant system against NiO NPs in this model of cells. The present work demonstrated, for the first time, the protective activity of PLEO against cell oxidative damage induced by NiO NPs. It was suggested that this plant essential oil could be use as a cells protector.

Matched MeSH terms: Reactive Oxygen Species
Ciproxifan improves cholinergic transmission, attenuates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress but does not reduce amyloid level in transgenic mice

Mani V, Jaafar SM, Azahan NSM, Ramasamy K, Lim SM, Ming LC, et al.

Life Sci, 2017 Jul 01;180:23-35.
PMID: 28501482 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.013

AIM: The present study is aimed to investigate the ability of ciproxifan, a histamine H3 receptor antagonist to inhibit β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in SK-N-SH cells and APP transgenic mouse model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro studies was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of ciproxifan in Aβ25-35 - induced SK-N-SH cells. For the in vivo study, ciproxifan (1 and 3mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated to transgenic mice for 15days and behaviour was assessed using the radial arm maze (RAM). Brain tissues were collected to measure Aβ levels (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42), acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant activities, cyclooxygenases (COX) and cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6), while plasma was collected to measure TGF-1β.
RESULTS: The in vitro studies demonstrated neuroprotective effect of ciproxifan by increasing cell viability and inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Aβ25-35-induced SK-N-SH cells. Ciproxifan significantly improved the behavioural parameters in RAM. Ciproxifan however, did not alter the Aβ levels in APP transgenic mice. Ciproxifan increased ACh and showed anti-oxidant properties by reducing NO and LPO levels as well as enhancing antioxidant levels. The neuroinflammatory analysis showed that ciproxifan reduced both COX-1 and COX-2 activities, decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6 and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-1β.
CONCLUSION: This present study provides scientific evidence of the use of ciproxifan via antioxidant and cholinergic pathways in the management of AD.

Matched MeSH terms: Reactive Oxygen Species

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