Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 85 in total

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  1. Antiulcer activity of methanol-chloroform extract of Channa striatus fillet
    Azemi AK, Abd Rahim MH, Mamat SS, Mat Jais AM, Zakaria ZA
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2018 Jan;31(1):143-151.
    PMID: 29348096
    Channa striatus (Haruan) is Malaysian freshwater fish that is traditionally used to treat ailments related to wound and also ulcers. The aimed of the present study was to determine the mechanisms of anti-ulcer activity of chloroform: methanol extract of C. striatus fillet (CMCS) in rats. The antiulcer profile of CMCS, given orally in the doses of 50, 250 and 500mg/kg, was assessed using the ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer models. The mechanisms of antiulcer of CMCS were determined as follows; i) the antisecretory activity of CMCS was measured using the pyloric ligation rat model, and; ii) the role of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfhydryl compounds in the modulation of CMCS antiulcer activity were determined by pre-treating the rats with L-NAME or NEM, respectively, followed by the pre-treatment of rats with CMCS before subjecting the animals to the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. From the results obtained, CMCS exerted significant (P<0.05) antiulcer activity in both models of gastric ulcer wherein the macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the stomach supported the antiulcer claim. With regard to its antisecretory effect, CMCS did not change the volume and pH, but reduce the total acidity only at the lower doses of the gastric juice. Moreover, CMCS demonstrated antiulcer activity was reversed by NEM, but not affected by L-NAME. In conclusion, CMCS shows antiulcer activity that is modulated via its cytoprotective, but not antisecretory effect, and in the presence of sulfhysryl compounds, but not NO.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform/chemistry*
  2. Antiulcer activity of the chloroform extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaf
    Hisam EE, Zakaria ZA, Mohtaruddin N, Rofiee MS, Hamid HA, Othman F
    Pharm Biol, 2012 Dec;50(12):1498-507.
    PMID: 22954284 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.685945
    CONTEXT: Bauhinia purpurea L. (Fabaceae) is a native plant species of many Asian countries, including Malaysia and India. In India, the root, stem, bark, and leaf of B. purpurea are used to treat various ailments, including ulcers and stomach cancer.
    OBJECTIVE: In an attempt to establish its pharmacological potential, we studied the antiulcer activity of lipid-soluble extract of B. purpurea obtained via extraction of air-dried leaves using chloroform.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were administered the chloroform extract (dose range of 100-1000 mg/kg) orally after 24 h fasting. They were subjected to the absolute ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer, and pyloric ligation assays after 30 min. The acute toxicity study was conducted using a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg extract and the rats were observed for the period of 14 days. omeprazole (30 mg/kg) was used as the standard control.
    RESULTS: At 5000 mg/kg, the extract produced no sign of toxicity in rats. The extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent antiulcer activity for the ethanol-induced model. The extract also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the gastric wall mucus production and pH of gastric content, while significantly (p < 0.05) reducing the total volume and total acidity of the gastric content in the pylorus ligation assay.
    DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The extract possesses antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective activities, which could be attributed to its flavonoid and tannin content. These findings provide new information regarding the potential of lipid-soluble compounds of B. purpurea for the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Liver protective effect of chloroform extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaves is attributed partly to its antioxidant action and the presence of flavonoids
    Zakaria ZA, Sahmat A, Hizami Azmi A, Zainol ASN, Omar MH, Balan T, et al.
    Pharm Biol, 2023 Dec;61(1):1152-1161.
    PMID: 37559390 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2241510
    CONTEXT: Bauhinia purpurea L. (Fabaceae) is used in the Ayurvedic system to treat various oxidative-related ailments (e.g., wounds, ulcers etc.). Therefore, it is believed that the plant also has the potential to alleviate oxidative-related liver damage.

    OBJECTIVE: This study elucidates the hepatoprotective activity of chloroform extract of B. purpurea leaves (CEBP) in paracetamol (PCM)-induced liver injury (PILI) rats.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were pre-treated once daily (p.o.) with CEBP (50-500 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days before being administered (p.o.) a hepatotoxic agent, 3 g/kg PCM. Liver enzyme levels were determined from the collected blood, while the collected liver was used to determine the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and for histopathological examination. CEBP was also subjected to radical scavenging assays and phytochemical analysis.

    RESULTS: CEBP significantly (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform/pharmacology
  4. Fulltext Biochemical and Molecular Investigation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity Spectrum of Crude Extracts of Willow Leaves Salix safsaf
    Aboul-Soud MAM, Ashour AE, Challis JK, Ahmed AF, Kumar A, Nassrallah A, et al.
    Plants (Basel), 2020 Sep 30;9(10).
    PMID: 33008079 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101295
    Organic fractions and extracts of willow (Salix safsaf) leaves, produced by sequential solvent extraction as well as infusion and decoction, exhibited anticancer potencies in four cancerous cell lines, including breast (MCF-7), colorectal (HCT-116), cervical (HeLa) and liver (HepG2). Results of the MTT assay revealed that chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble fractions exhibited specific anticancer activities as marginal toxicities were observed against two non-cancerous control cell lines (BJ-1 and MCF-12). Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry Q-Exactive™ HF Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ coupled with liquid chromatography (UHPLC) indicated that both extracts are enriched in features belonging to major phenolic and purine derivatives. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis (FACS), employing annexin V-FITC/PI double staining indicated that the observed cytotoxic potency was mediated via apoptosis. FACS analysis, monitoring the increase in fluorescence signal, associated with oxidation of DCFH to DCF, indicated that the mechanism of apoptosis is independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results of immunoblotting and RT-qPCR assays showed that treatment with organic fractions under investigation resulted in significant up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein and mRNA markers for Caspase-3, p53 and Bax, whereas it resulted in a significant reduction in amounts of both protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. FACS analysis also indicated that pre-treatment and co-treatment of human amniotic epithelial (WISH) cells exposed to the ROS H2O2 with EtOAc fraction provide a cytoprotective and antioxidant capacity against generated oxidative stress. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of natural phenolic and flavonoid compounds with unparalleled and unique antioxidant and anticancer properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  5. Fulltext Assessment of RNA extraction protocols from cladocerans
    Razak MR, Aris AZ, Md Yusoff F, Yusof ZNB, Kim SD, Kim KW
    PLoS One, 2022;17(4):e0264989.
    PMID: 35472091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264989
    The usage of cladocerans as non-model organisms in ecotoxicological and risk assessment studies has intensified in recent years due to their ecological importance in aquatic ecosystems. The molecular assessment such as gene expression analysis has been introduced in ecotoxicological and risk assessment to link the expression of specific genes to a biological process in the cladocerans. The validity and accuracy of gene expression analysis depends on the quantity, quality and integrity of extracted ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the sample. However, the standard methods of RNA extraction from the cladocerans are still lacking. This study evaluates the extraction of RNA from tropical freshwater cladocerans Moina micrura using two methods: the phenol-chloroform extraction method (QIAzol) and a column-based kit (Qiagen Micro Kit). Glycogen was introduced in both approaches to enhance the recovery of extracted RNA and the extracted RNA was characterised using spectrophotometric analysis (NanoDrop), capillary electrophoresis (Bioanalyzer). Then, the extracted RNA was analysed with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to validate the RNA extraction method towards downstream gene expression analysis. The results indicate that the column-based kit is most suitable for the extraction of RNA from M. micrura, with the quantity (RNA concentration = 26.90 ± 6.89 ng/μl), quality (A260:230 = 1.95 ± 0.15, A280:230 = 1.85 ± 0.09) and integrity (RNA integrity number, RIN = 7.20 ± 0.16). The RT-PCR analysis shows that the method successfully amplified both alpha tubulin and actin gene at 33-35 cycles (i.e. Ct = 32.64 to 33.48). The results demonstrate that the addition of glycogen is only suitable for the phenol-chloroform extraction method. RNA extraction with high and comprehensive quality control assessment will increase the accuracy and reliability of downstream gene expression, thus providing more ecotoxicological data at the molecular biological level on other freshwater zooplankton species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform*
  6. Fulltext A Green Approach to Modify Surface Properties of Polyurethane Foam for Enhanced Oil Absorption
    Ng ZC, Roslan RA, Lau WJ, Gürsoy M, Karaman M, Jullok N, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Aug 21;12(9).
    PMID: 32825561 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091883
    The non-selective property of conventional polyurethane (PU) foam tends to lower its oil absorption efficiency. To address this issue, we modified the surface properties of PU foam using a rapid solvent-free surface functionalization approach based on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to establish an extremely thin yet uniform coating layer to improve foam performance. The PU foam was respectively functionalized using different monomers, i.e., perfluorodecyl acrylate (PFDA), 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate (HFBA), and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), and the effect of deposition times (1, 5 and 10 min) on the properties of foam was investigated. The results showed that all the modified foams demonstrated a much higher water contact angle (i.e., greater hydrophobicity) and greater absorption capacities compared to the control PU foam. This is due to the presence of specific functional groups, e.g., fluorine (F) and silane (Si) in the modified PU foams. Of all, the PU/PHFBAi foam exhibited the highest absorption capacities, recording 66.68, 58.15, 53.70, and 58.38 g/g for chloroform, acetone, cyclohexane, and edible oil, respectively. These values were 39.19-119.31% higher than that of control foam. The promising performance of the PU/PHFBAi foam is due to the improved surface hydrophobicity attributed to the original perfluoroalkyl moieties of the HFBA monomer. The PU/PHFBAi foam also demonstrated a much more stable absorption performance compared to the control foam when both samples were reused for up to 10 cycles. This clearly indicates the positive impact of the proposed functionalization method in improving PU properties for oil absorption processes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  7. Tuning the optical band gap of DH6T by Alq3 dopant
    Fahmi Fariq Muhammad, Khaulah Sulaiman
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40.
    Dihexyl-sexithiophene (DH6T) was doped with tris (8-hydroxyquinolinate) aluminum (Alq3) to prepare blends of DH6T/ Alq3 by dissolving the mixture in the chloroform/hexane co-solvent. Solid films with different thickness deposited on quartz substrates were obtained from the blends via casting process. Optical absorption spectroscopy has been performed to measure the optical band gap of pure and doped DH6T as well as variations in the band gap with dopant concentration (weight %). This variation in optical band gap with dopant concentration was determined quantitatively with fitted and extrapolated techniques and observed qualitatively from the red shift appeared along the optical absorption spectra. The results showed that within a specific dopant content, the optical energy gap, Eg of DH6T decreases from 2.69 eV to 1.8 eV with increasing dopant concentration to 23.1%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  8. Fulltext Evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Commelina nudiflora L. extracts prepared by different polar solvents
    Kuppusamy P, Yusoff MM, Parine NR, Govindan N
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2015 May;22(3):293-301.
    PMID: 25972750 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.016
    The study explored on the commonly available weed plant Commelina nudiflora which has potential in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The different polar solvents such as ethanol, chloroform, dichloromethane, hexane and aqueous were used for the soxhlet extraction. The extracts were identified pharmacologically as important bioactive compounds and their potential free radical scavenging activities, and antimicrobial properties were studied. C. nudiflora extracts were monitored on their in-vitro antioxidant ability by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Aqueous extract shows significant free radical scavenging activity of 63.4 mg/GAE and 49.10 mg/g in DPPH and ABTS respectively. Furthermore, the aqueous crude extract was used in antibacterial studies, which shows the highest inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Among all the extracts, aqueous extract of C. nudiflora has significant control over free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of the growth of food pathogenic bacteria. Also, the aqueous extract contains abundance of phenolics and flavonoids higher than other extracts. This study explored weed plant C. nudiflora as a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy and identified various therapeutic value bioactive compounds from GC-MS analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  9. Fulltext In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative studies of four different extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus, Gynura procumbens and Ficus deltoidea
    Ashraf K, Halim H, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Sultan S
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2020 Jan;27(1):417-432.
    PMID: 31889866 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.11.003
    Background: Medicinal plants are important source of drugs with pharmacological activities. Therefore, there is always rising demands to discover more therapeutic agents from various species. Orthosiphon stamineus, Gynura procumbens and Ficus deltoidea are high valued medicinal plants of Malaysia contain rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The aims of the present study were to evaluate anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferative effects on A549, HeGP2 and MCF7 cell lines of four different extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus, Gynura procumbens and Ficus deltoidea.

    Methodology: The leaves of all selected plants were extracted with methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol separately with simple cold maceration. Antioxidant activity of all crude extracts were quantitatively measured against DPPH and Ferric Reducing Assay. Antimicrobial evaluation was done by Microdilution and MTT assay and antipoliferative activity of all extracts of selected plant were evaluated against A549, HePG2 and MCF7 cell lines.

    Results: Results showed that methanol extract exhibited highest percentage free radical scavenging activity of almost all extracts of selected plants. Antimicrobials results showed chloroform and methanol extracts of O. stamineus extract were the two most active extracts against resistant MRSA but not S. aureus. Only methanol extract of G. procumbens showed antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. Chloroform and methanol extracts of F. deltoidea elicited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not MRSA. Antiproliferative activity against three tested cell lines results showed that ethyl acetate extract of O. stamineus showed good effect whereas methanol extract of F. deltoidea and G. procumbens exhibited good antiproliferative activity.

    Conclusions: The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant variations in the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects of different solvent extracts. These data could be helpful in isolation of pure potent compounds with good biological activities from the extracts of plants.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  10. Fulltext Chemical constituents of the insecticidal active extract of Tinospora crispa
    Nor Aziyah Bakhari, Siti Nur Amirah Diana Fadzillah, Norain Isa
    Scientific Research Journal, 2013;10(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Tinospora crispa Miers (Menispermaceae) is a climbing vine with stems rich in warts. The plant is called Akar Seruntum or Patawali in Malaysia and is widely used for treating skin complaints, malaria, bacterial abscess, high blood pressure and diabetes. In the present study, the stems of T. crispa were collected from the locality and succesively extracted with petroleum ether, followed by chloroform and ethanol. The insecticidal active extract (ethanol extract) was subjected to column chromatography of silica gel eluted with a gradient mobile phase containing hexane, chloroform and ethanol. Among the chemical constituents isolated are n-tetracosyl trans-ferulate and n-octacosyl alcohol, along with three known aporphine alkaloids; N-formylnornuciferine, N-acetylnornuciferine and lysicamine. All compounds were identified by comparing their spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1H NMR, MS) with data from corresponding values in the literature. Isolation of n-tetracosyl trans-ferulate and noctacosyl alcohol is reported the first time for T. crispa.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  11. Fulltext Synergistic enhancement in the microelectronic properties of poly-(dioctylfluorene) based Schottky devices by CdSe quantum dots
    Muhammad F, Tahir M, Zeb M, Kalasad MN, Mohd Said S, Sarker MR, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 Mar 16;10(1):4828.
    PMID: 32179797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61602-1
    This paper reports the potential application of cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) in improving the microelectronic characteristics of Schottky barrier diode (SBD) prepared from a semiconducting material poly-(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (F8). Two SBDs, Ag/F8/P3HT/ITO and Ag/F8-CdSe QDs/P3HT/ITO, are fabricated by spin coating a 10 wt% solution of F8 in chloroform and 10:1 wt% solution of F8:CdSe QDs, respectively, on a pre-deposited poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. To study the electronic properties of the fabricated devices, current-voltage (I-V) measurements are carried out at 25 °C in dark conditions. The I-V curves of Ag/F8/P3HT/ITO and Ag/F8-CdSe QDs/P3HT/ITO SBDs demonstrate asymmetrical behavior with forward bias current rectification ratio (RR) of 7.42 ± 0.02 and 142 ± 0.02, respectively, at ± 3.5 V which confirm the formation of depletion region. Other key parameters which govern microelectronic properties of the fabricated devices such as charge carrier mobility (µ), barrier height (ϕb), series resistance (Rs) and quality factor (n) are extracted from their corresponding I-V characteristics. Norde's and Cheung functions are also applied to characterize the devices to study consistency in various parameters. Significant improvement is found in the values of Rs, n, and RR by 3, 1.7, and 19 times, respectively, for Ag/F8-CdSe QDs/P3HT/ITO SBD as compared to Ag/F8/P3HT/ITO. This enhancement is due to the incorporation of CdSe QDs having 3-dimensional quantum confinement and large surface-to-volume area. Poole-Frenkle and Richardson-Schottky conduction mechanisms are also discussed for both of the devices. Morphology, optical bandgap (1.88 ± 0.5 eV) and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of CdSe QDs with a peak intensity at 556 nm are also reported and discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  12. Fulltext FEM Analysis of Sezawa Mode SAW Sensor for VOC Based on CMOS Compatible AlN/SiO₂/Si Multilayer Structure
    Aslam MZ, Jeoti V, Karuppanan S, Malik AF, Iqbal A
    Sensors (Basel), 2018 May 24;18(6).
    PMID: 29882929 DOI: 10.3390/s18061687
    A Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation study is conducted, aiming to scrutinize the sensitivity of Sezawa wave mode in a multilayer AlN/SiO₂/Si Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) sensor to low concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), that is, trichloromethane, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene. A Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) compatible AlN/SiO₂/Si based multilayer SAW resonator structure is taken into account for this purpose. In this study, first, the influence of AlN and SiO₂ layers’ thicknesses over phase velocities and electromechanical coupling coefficients (k²) of two SAW modes (i.e., Rayleigh and Sezawa) is analyzed and the optimal thicknesses of AlN and SiO₂ layers are opted for best propagation characteristics. Next, the study is further extended to analyze the mass loading effect on resonance frequencies of SAW modes by coating a thin Polyisobutylene (PIB) polymer film over the AlN surface. Finally, the sensitivity of the two SAW modes is examined for VOCs. This study concluded that the sensitivity of Sezawa wave mode for 1 ppm of selected volatile organic gases is twice that of the Rayleigh wave mode.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  13. Solvent extraction of lanthanum(III), europium(III) and lutetium(III) with fluorinated 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolones into chloroform
    Saleh MI, Ahmad M, Darus H
    Talanta, 1990 Jul;37(7):757-9.
    PMID: 18965016
    A series of chelating reagents, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-5-pyrazolone, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-5-pyrazolone and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-pyrazolone, has been synthesized. The extraction of Ln(III), (Ln = La, Eu and Lu) into chloroform with these reagents at 30 +/- 1 degrees has been studied. The composition of the complexes extracted has been determined by the slope method, and the extraction constants K(ex), were measured. The presence of the fluorine atom in the reagents does not make the K(ex), values much different from those obtained with the parent pyrazolone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  14. Vasorelaxant Action of the Chloroform Fraction of Orthosiphon stamineus via NO/cGMP Pathway, Potassium and Calcium Channels
    Yam MF, Tan CS, Ahmad M, Ruan S
    Am J Chin Med, 2016;44(7):1413-1439.
    PMID: 27785939
    Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an important plant in traditional folk medicine that is used to treat hypertension and kidney stones. In humans, this plant has been tested as an addition regiment for antihypertensive treatment. Among the treatments for hypertension, O. stamineus had been to have diuretic and vasorelaxant effects in animal models. There is still very little information regarding the vasorelaxant effect of O. stamineus. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the vasorelaxant activity and mechanism of action of the fractions of O. stamineus. The vasorelaxant activity and the underlying mechanisms of the chloroform fraction of the 50% methanolic extract of O. stamineus (CF) was evaluated on thoracic aortic rings isolated from Sprague Dawley rats. CF caused relaxation of the aortic ring pre-contracted with phenylephrine in the presence and absence of endothelium, and pre-contracted with potassium chloride in endothelium-intact aortic ring. In the presence of endothelium, both indomethacin (a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and [Formula: see text]-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-[Formula: see text]]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, selective soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor) had a small effect on the vasorelaxation response. On the other hand, in the presence of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), methylene blue (cyclic guanosine monophosphate lowering agent), tetraethylammonium ([Formula: see text], nonselective calcium activator [Formula: see text] channel blocker), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, voltage-dependent [Formula: see text] channel blocker), barium chloride ([Formula: see text], inwardly rectifying [Formula: see text] channel blocker), glibenclamide (nonspecific ATP-sensitive [Formula: see text] channel blocker), atropine (muscarinic receptor blocker) and propranolol (β-adrenergic receptor blocker), the vasorelaxant effect significantly reduced the relaxation stimulated by CF. CF was also found to be active in reducing [Formula: see text] release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and blocking calcium channels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform*
  15. Fulltext Toxic jaundice from occupational exposure to chloroform
    Phoon WH, Goh KT, Lee LT, Tan KT, Kwok SF
    Med J Malaysia, 1983 Mar;38(1):31-4.
    PMID: 6633331
    Two outbreaks involving 31 persons with jaundice are described. All had originally been diagnosed as having viral hepatitis. But subsequent investigations showed that all had been exposed to chloroform at work. Toxic jaundice from chemical exposure presents a similar clinical picture to that of viral hepatitis, but fever appears to be uncommon. Doctors who look after workers should be familiar with the type of work and health hazards of their patients. A knowledge of occupational medicine and epidemiology would enable doctors to help in detecting and preventing
    occupational disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform/adverse effects*
  16. Fulltext Estimation of Caffeine Content in Coffee of Malaysian Market Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
    Francis Davin Nyoro, Siong Fong Sim, Amelia Laccy Jeffrey Kimura
    Trends in Undergraduate Research, 2018;1(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    This study reports the caffeine content in seven locally available coffee. The caffeine was extracted with chloroform and analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The method reports an average recovery of 101% with the limit of determination established at 0.1%. The absorption band at 1654 cm-1 was used to construct the calibration curve for quantification of caffeine where the regression was fitted with satisfactory linearity. An average of 0.55% of caffeine was detected in the seven coffee products with Arabica coffee demonstrating lower caffeine concentration. The study evidenced that caffeine content in coffee is determined by the coffee types. The caffeine content found in the local coffee products was relatively lower likely due to the solvent types, extraction procedure and analytical method used.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  17. Characterisation of secondary metabolites from Rhinacanthus nasutus L (Kurz) for the identification of novel antibacterial leads
    Sheikh HM, Reshi NA
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Sep 01;37(3):812-821.
    PMID: 33612794 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.3.812
    The bioactivity of R. nasutus leaf extracts was assessed on Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Crude chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts were screened by disc diffusion method. Promising crude extract was further subjected to the column fractionation followed by the screening of the antibacterial activity of individual fractions. Biologically active pure fraction was subjected to the advanced analytical studies like HPLC, LC-MS, IR and NMR for characterisation of the bioactive compound. Ethanolic extract exhibited the maximum antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with the maximum of 35±0.42 mm zone of inhibition. The biologically potent column fraction from ethanol extract with 40±0.42 mm zone of inhibition upon subject to the HPLC, LC-MS, IR and NMR revealed that the active compound is rhinacanthin-C, a naphthoquinone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  18. Antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating capabilities of extracts isolated from Burkillanthus malaccensis, Diospyros hasseltii and Cleisthanthus bracteosus against human pathogenic bacteria
    Kathirvalu G, Chandramathi S, S A A, Atiya N, Begum S, Christophe W, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2023 Jun 01;40(2):152-159.
    PMID: 37650400 DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.2.004
    Antibiotics which once a boon in medicine and saved millions of lives are now facing an ever-growing menace of antibacterial resistance, which desperately needs new antibacterial drugs which are innovative in chemistry and mode of action. For many years, the world has turned to natural plants with antibacterial properties to combat antibiotic resistance. On that basis, we aimed to identify plants with antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating properties. Seventeen different extracts of 3 plants namely Burkillanthus malaccensis, Diospyros hasseltii and Cleisthanthus bracteosus were tested against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Antibacterial activity of hexane, methanol and chloroform extracts of bark, seed, fruit, flesh and leaves from these plants were tested using, disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Antibiotic potentiating capabilities were tested using time-kill assay. B. malaccensis fruit chloroform extract showed the biggest zone of inhibition against MRSA (13.00±0.0 mm) but C. bracteosus bark methanol extract showed the biggest inhibition zone against MSSA (15.33±0.6 mm). Interestingly, bark methanol extract of C. bracteosus was active against MRSA (8.7±0.6 mm), MSSA (7.7±0.6 mm) (Gram-positive) and A. baumannii (7.7±0.6 mm) (Gram-negative). Overall, the leaf methanol and bark methanol extract of C. bracteosus warrants further investigation such as compound isolation and mechanism of action for validating its therapeutic use as antibiotic potentiator importantly against MRSA and A. baumannii.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform/pharmacology
  19. Fulltext Lactococcus Lactis Strain A5 Producing Nisin-like Bacteriocin Active against Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria
    Azhar NS, Md Zin NH, Hamid THTA
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2017 Jul;28(2):107-118.
    PMID: 28890764 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.2.8
    In this study, a Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain was isolated on MRS medium from gastro-intestinal tissues of Broadhead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus). Out of 50 isolates, 25 isolates were found to be positive on lactose utilisation test and were identified to be gram positive cocci. Using disc diffusion methods, one out of 22 isolates, i.e., a strain A5 demonstrated inhibitions against three indicator organisms; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella thyphimurium. Partial 16S rDNA sequencing identified isolate A5 as a member of Lactococcus lactis, with 100% DNA homology. Cell free supernatant fluid from Lactococcus lactis A5 showed inhibitory activities against both gram positive pathogens (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative pathogens (Salmonella thyphimurium). Chloroform precipitated bacteriocin retained antagonistic activities in the presence of catalase and lysozyme; and was completely inactivated by Proteinase K treatment. The bacteriocin has a molecular weight of 3.4 kDa, based on SDS-PAGE analysis and the extract was heat stable at 37°C and 65°C, for 15 minutes. The antibacterial activity was suppressed with the addition of EDTA but was significantly increased with the addition of SDS, Triton X-100, Tween 20 and Tween 80. This bacteriocin belongs to class 1 bacteriocin, which was shown to have a nisin-like properties. This strain can be used as potential probiotics in animal or aquaculture feeding; and the bacteriocin it produces will be useful in food preservative.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
  20. Fulltext Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Hexane Extract of Mud Lobster (Thalassina anomala) in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
    Zakaria NN, Malahubban M, Fakurazi S, And WSC, Rajaee AH
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2021 Mar;32(1):145-162.
    PMID: 33936556 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2021.32.1.9
    Mud lobsters are crustaceans from the genus Thalassina which are lesser known and seldom seen but are nevertheless an important organism to the mangrove ecosystem. In Malaysia and Thailand, mud lobsters are eaten by locals as treatment for asthma. It is traditionally believed that they are effective in reducing the number of asthma attacks and severity of asthma symptoms. However, the therapeutic potential of mud lobster extract remains unclear and has not been fully elucidated or reported in any scientific study. The objectives of this study are to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of mud lobster, Thalassina anomala extracts (hexane, chloroform and methanol) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and to identify the potential bioactive compounds involved. An MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of the T. anomala extracts on RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitrite quantification assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to investigate the ability of the T. anomala extracts to suppress the secretion and expression of nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. GC-MS analysis was done to identify putative metabolites. The hexane extract of T. anomala showed anti-inflammatory activity by significantly inhibiting the LPS-induced production of NO, PGE2, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in a concentration-dependent manner. Hexane extract treatment with 100 μg/mL has decreased the NO secretion into 37 μM. Meanwhile, hexane extract at concentration of 100 μg/mL able to significantly suppressed PGE2,TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production into 2015 pg/mL, 2406 pg/mL, 460 pg/mL and 9.6 pg/mL, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed the presence of 19 putative compounds. The identified compounds were reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These results suggest that the hexane extract of T. anomala potentially has anti-inflammatory properties and concentration dependently suppressed NO, PGE2 and proinflammatory cytokines' production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The findings provide a rational basis of the traditional use of mud lobster for inflammation-associated ailments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloroform
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