Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 306 in total

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  1. Assessment of the migration potential of nanosilver from nanoparticle-coated low-density polyethylene food packaging into food simulants
    Hannon JC, Kerry JP, Cruz-Romero M, Azlin-Hasim S, Morris M, Cummins E
    Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2016;33(1):167-78.
    PMID: 26523861 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1114184
    An experimental nanosilver-coated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging was incubated with food simulants using a conventional oven and tested for migration according to European Commission Regulation No. 10/2011. The commercial LDPE films were coated using a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and three levels of silver (Ag) precursor concentration (0.5%, 2% and 5% silver nitrate (AgNO3), respectively) were used to attach antimicrobial Ag. The experimental migration study conditions (time, temperature and food simulant) under conventional oven heating (10 days at 60°C, 2 h at 70°C, 2 h at 60°C or 10 days at 70°C) were chosen to simulate the worst-case storage period of over 6 months. In addition, migration was quantified under microwave heating. The total Ag migrant levels in the food simulants were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Mean migration levels obtained by ICP-AES for oven heating were in the range 0.01-1.75 mg l(-1). Migration observed for microwave heating was found to be significantly higher when compared with oven heating for similar temperatures (100°C) and identical exposure times (2 min). In each of the packaging materials and food simulants tested, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On inspection of the migration observed under conventional oven heating, an important finding was the significant reduction in migration resulting from the increased Ag precursor concentration used to attach Ag on the LDPE LbL-coated films. This observation merits further investigation into the LbL coating process used, as it suggests potential for process modifications to reduce migration. In turn, any reduction in NP migration below regulatory limits could greatly support the antimicrobial silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-LDPE LbL-coated films being used as a food packaging material.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene/chemistry*
  2. Kesan modifikasi sekam padi dengan getah asli cecair dan dedahan kepada alur elektron ke atas sifat mekanik komposit NR/HDPE//sekam padi
    Chong EL, Ishak Ahmad, Ibrahim Abdullah, Dahlan Mohd
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1123-1127.
    Serbuk sekam padi (SP) merupakan serabut semula jadi yang boleh bertindak sebagai pengisi penguat dalam adunan getah asli termoplastik (TPNR) NR/HDPE selepas permukaan serbuk dimodifikasikan sewajarnya. Rawatan serbuk SP merangkumi pra-rawatan dengan 5% larutan natrium hidroksida (NaOH), rendaman dalam larutan getah asli cecair (LNR) dan dedahan SP tersalut LNR kepada sinaran electron (EB). Komposit TPNR/SP disediakan secara pengadunan leburan dalam pengadun dalaman pada keadaan yang telah ditentupastikan terlebih dahulu. Morfologi komposit yang dianalisis menggunakan mikroskop elektron imbasan (SEM), menunjukkan taburan zarah pengisi SP termodifikasi adalah homogen dan kewujudan interaksi matriks-zarah. Komposit terisi SP terubahsuai LNR-EB menunjukan perubahan sifat mekanik yang ketara. Nilai maksimum tegasan dan kekuatan impak adalah masing masing 6.7 MPa dan 13.2 kJ/cm2 pada dedahan 20 kGy dos EB, manakala modulus regangan adalah 79 MPa pada dos 30 kGy. Ini menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan interaksi berkesan antara-muka SP dan TPNR bagi SP terwat LNR pada dos 20-30kGy EB. Peningkatan dos EB pada SP tersalut LNR menyebabkan degradasi salutan NR dan meningkatakan interaksi antara zarah SP. Pengaglomerasian zarah SP akan berlaku dan menyebabkan serakan zarah dalam komposit menjadi tidak homogen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene
  3. Effect of electron beam irradiation on natural rubber/linear low density polyethylene blends with m-phenylenebismaleimide
    Nor Hayati Muhammad, Ibrahim Abdullah, Dahlan Mohd
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1179-1186.
    The effects of HVA-2 on radiation-induced cross-linkings in 60/40 natural rubber/ linear low density polyethylene (NR/LLDPE) blends was studied. NR/LLDPE was irradiated by using a 3.0 MeV electron beam machine with doses ranging from 0 to 250 kGy. Results showed that under the irradiation employed, the blends NR/LLDPE were cross-linked by the electron beam irradiation. The presence of HVA-2 in the blends caused the optimum dose to decrease and the blends to exhibit higher tensile properties. Further, within the dose range studied, the degradation caused by electron beam irradiation was found to be minimal. The optimized processing conditions were 120oC, 50 rpm rotor speed and 13 min processing time. The gel content, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and impact test studies were used to follow the irradiation-induced cross-linkings in the blend. For blends of 60/40 NR/LLDPE with 2.0 phr HVA-2, the optimum tensile strength and dose, were 19 MPa and 100 kGy, respectively. Blends of 60/40 NR/LLDPE without HVA-2, the optimum tensile strength and dose were 17.2 MPa and 200 kGy, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene
  4. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of insulin-loaded PLA-PEG microspheres for controlled parenteral drug delivery
    Sheshala R, Peh KK, Darwis Y
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2009 Nov;35(11):1364-74.
    PMID: 19832637 DOI: 10.3109/03639040902939213
    AIM: The aim of this study was to prepare insulin-loaded poly(lactic acid)-polyethylene glycol microspheres that could control insulin release at least for 1 week and evaluate their in vivo performance in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.
    METHODS: The microspheres were prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Different formulation variables influencing the yield, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release profiles were investigated. The pharmacokinetic study of optimized formulation was performed with single dose in comparison with multiple dose of Humulin 30/70 as a reference product in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
    RESULTS: The optimized formulation of insulin microspheres was nonporous, smooth-surfaced, and spherical in structure under scanning electron microscope with a mean particle size of 3.07 microm and entrapment efficiency of 42.74% of the theoretical amount incorporated. The in vitro insulin release profiles was characterized by a bimodal behavior with an initial burst release because of the insulin adsorbed on the microsphere surface, followed by slower and continuous release corresponding to the insulin entrapped in polymer matrix.
    CONCLUSIONS: The optimized formulation and reference were comparable in the extent of absorption. Consequently, these microspheres can be proposed as new controlled parenteral delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry*
  5. Development and characterization of lecithin stabilized glibenclamide nanocrystals for enhanced solubility and drug delivery
    Kumar BS, Saraswathi R, Kumar KV, Jha SK, Venkates DP, Dhanaraj SA
    Drug Deliv, 2014 May;21(3):173-84.
    PMID: 24102185 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.840690
    Novel LNCs (lipid nanocrystals) were developed with an aim to improve the solubility, stability and targeting efficiency of the model drug glibenclamide (GLB). PEG 20000, Tween 80 and soybean lecithin were used as polymer, surfactant and complexing agent, respectively. GLB nanocrystals (NCs) were prepared by precipitation process and complexed using hot and cold melt technique. The LNCs were evaluated by drug loading, saturation solubility (SL), optical clarity, in vitro dissolution, solid state characterization, in vivo and stability analysis. LNCs exhibited a threefold increase in SL and a higher dissolution rate than GLB. The percentage dissolution efficiency was found to decrease with increase in PEG 20000. The average particle size was in the range of 155-842 nm and zeta potential values tend to increase after complexation. X-ray powder diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry results proved the crystallinity prevailed in the samples. Spherical shaped particles (<1000 nm) with a lipid coat on the surface were observed in scanning electron microscopy analysis. Fourier transform infrared results proved the absence of interaction between drug and polymer and stability study findings proved that LNCs were stable. In vivo study findings showed a decrease in drug concentration to pancreas in male Wistar rats. It can be concluded that LNCs are could offer enhanced solubility, dissolution rate and stability for poorly water soluble drugs. The targeting efficiency of LNCs was decreased and further membrane permeability studies ought to be carried out.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
  6. Fulltext Physico-chemical changes in dabai (Canarium odontophyllum Miq.) fruit during modified atmosphere storage
    Ding, P., Diana, J.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(6):3033-3040.
    MyJurnal
    Dabai or Canarium odontophyllum Miq., from the family Burseraceae, is an important indigenous fruit to Borneo Island. However, it is a highly perishable fruit with short shelf life. Postharvest technology such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) can be used to maintain highly perishable fresh fruit quality and increase its shelf life. There is not much work has been carried out to study effect of MAP on dabai fruit. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of four different types packaging methods on the postharvest quality of dabai fruits. Total of 240 fruit were used for each replication and the experiment was repeated thrice. Fruit were divided equally into four groups with each group packed in low-density polyethylene plastic bag, low-density polyethylene plastic bags lined with tissue paper, low-density polyethylene plastic bag with vacuumed and control (unwrapped). The fruit were then stored in a cold room of 10°C for 8 days. The fruits were analyzed for peel and flesh colour (L*, C* and hue angle), CO2 and C2H4 production, weight loss, firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and pH at every two days interval. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and means was separated using Duncan’s multiple range tests. The use of MAP retained peel colour (L*, C* and hue angle values), flesh colour (L*values), SSC and TA of dabai fruit. The CO2 production in MAP fruit was significant lower than control. Although vacuum packed showed lowest weight loss, flesh discolouration, soggy texture and foul sour odour developed during 8 days of storage. Neither packing dabai fruit in low-density polyethylene plastic bag nor bag lined with tissue paper retained better fruit quality. Thus, it is recommended packing dabai fruit in low-density polyethylene plastic bag is sufficient to retain fruit quality during 8 days of storage at 10oC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene
  7. Co-pyrolysis of polyethylene with products from thermal decomposition of brominated flame retardants
    Altarawneh M, Ahmed OH, Al-Harahsheh M, Jiang ZT, Huang NM, Lim HN, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2020 Sep;254:126766.
    PMID: 32957264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126766
    Co-pyrolysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) with polymeric materials prevails in scenarios pertinent to thermal recycling of bromine-laden objects; most notably the non-metallic fraction in e-waste. Hydro-dehalogenation of aromatic compounds in a hydrogen-donating medium constitutes a key step in refining pyrolysis oil of BFRs. Chemical reactions underpinning this process are poorly understood. Herein, we utilize accurate density functional theory (DFT) calculations to report thermo-kinetic parameters for the reaction of solid polyethylene, PE, (as a surrogate model for aliphatic polymers) with prime products sourced from thermal decomposition of BFRs, namely, HBr, bromophenols; benzene, and phenyl radical. Facile abstraction of an ethylenic H by Br atoms is expected to contribute to the formation of abundant HBr concentrations in practical systems. Likewise, a relatively low energy barrier for aromatic Br atom abstraction from a 2-bromophenol molecule by an alkyl radical site, concurs with the reported noticeable hydro-debromination capacity of PE. Pathways entailing a PE-induced bromination of a phenoxy radical should be hindered in view of high energy barrier for a Br transfer into the para position of the phenoxy radical. Adsorption of a phenoxy radical onto a Cu(Br) site substituted at the PE chain affords the commonly discussed PBDD/Fs precursor of a surface-bounded bromophenolate adduct. Such scenario arises due to the heterogeneous integration of metals into the bromine-rich carbon matrix in primitive recycling of e-waste and their open burning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene/chemistry*
  8. Characterization and solubility study of norfloxacin-polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and carbopol 974p solid dispersions
    Gorajana A, Kit WW, Dua K
    Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul, 2015;9(2):167-82.
    PMID: 25714525
    OBJECTIVE: Norfloxacin has a low aqueous solubility which leads to poor dissolution. Keeping this fact in mind the purpose of the present study is to formulate and evaluate norfloxacin solid dispersion.

    METHODS: Solid dispersions were prepared using hydrophilic carriers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) k30 and carbopol 974pNF (CP) in various ratios using solvent evaporation technique. These formulations were evaluated using solubility studies, dissolution studies; Fourier transmitted infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC). The influence of polymer type and drug to polymer ratio on the solubility and dissolution rate of norfloxacin was also evaluated.

    RESULTS: FTIR analysis showed no interaction of all three polymers with norfloxacin. The results from XRD and DSC analyses of the solid dispersion preparations showed that norfloxacin existsin its amorphous form. Among the Norfloxacin: PEG solid dispersions, Norfloxacin: PEG 1:14 ratio showed the highest dissolution rate at pH 6.8. For norfloxacin: PVP solid dispersions, norfloxacin: PVP 1:10 ratio showed the highest dissolution rate at pH 6.8. For Norfloxacin: CP solid dispersions, norfloxacin: P 1:2 ratio showed the highest dissolution rate at pH 6.8.

    CONCLUSION: The solid dispersion of norfloxacin with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) k30 and carbopol 974p NF (CP), lends an ample credence for better therapeutic efficacy.

    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacokinetics; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry*
  9. Central composite designed formulation, characterization and in vitro cytotoxic effect of erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticulate system
    Pandey P, Chellappan DK, Tambuwala MM, Bakshi HA, Dua K, Dureja H
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 Dec 01;141:596-610.
    PMID: 31494160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.023
    The most common cause of deaths due to cancers nowadays is lung cancer. The objective of this study was to prepare erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles for their anticancer potential. To study the effect of formulation variables on prepared nanoparticles using central composite design. Erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method using probe sonication technique. It was found that batch NP-7 has a maximum loading capacity and entrapment efficiency with a particle size (138.5 nm) which is ideal for targeting solid tumors. Analysis of variance was applied to the particle size, entrapment efficiency and percent cumulative drug release to study the fitting and the significance of the model. The batch NP-7 showed 91.57% and 39.78% drug release after 24 h in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and Phosphate Buffer (PB) pH 6.8, respectively. The IC50 value of NP-7 evaluated on A549 Lung cancer cells was found to be 6.36 μM. The XRD of NP-7 displayed the existence of erlotinib in the amorphous pattern. The optimized batch released erlotinib slowly in comparison to the marketed tablet formulation. Erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared successfully using sonication technique with suitable particle size, entrapment efficiency and drug release. The formulated nanoparticles can be utilized for the treatment of lung cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
  10. Preparation of letrozole dispersed pHEMA/AAm-g-LDPE drug release system: In-vitro release kinetics for the treatment of endometriosis
    Siddiqa AJ, Shrivastava NK, Ali Mohsin ME, Abidi MH, Shaikh TA, El-Meligy MA
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2019 Jul 01;179:445-452.
    PMID: 31005739 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.014
    This paper focuses on the development of a drug delivery system for systemically controlled release of a poorly soluble drug, letrozole. The work meticulously describes the preparation and characterizations of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) polymerization onto hydrophilic acrylamide grafted low-density polyethylene (AAm-g-LDPE) surface for targeted drug release system. The surface morphology and thickness measurement of coated pHEMA layer were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling study was done in deionized (DI) water and simulated uterine fluid (SUF, pH = 7.6). In vitro release of letrozole from the system was performed in SUF. Further, the release kinetics of letrozole from the system was studied using different mathematical models. The results, suggest that the rate of drug release can be altered by varying the concentrations of cross-linker in pHEMA. The optimized sample released 72% drug at the end of 72 h of measurement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene/chemistry*
  11. Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste
    Agamuthu P, Faizura PN
    Waste Manag Res, 2005 Apr;23(2):95-100.
    PMID: 15864950
    Plastic waste constitutes the third largest waste volume in Malaysian municipal solid waste (MSW), next to putrescible waste and paper. The plastic component in MSW from Kuala Lumpur averages 24% (by weight), whereas the national mean is about 15%. The 144 waste dumps in the country receive about 95% of the MSW, including plastic waste. The useful life of the landfills is fast diminishing as the plastic waste stays un-degraded for more than 50 years. In this study the compostability of polyethylene and pro-oxidant additive-based environmentally degradable plastics (EDP) was investigated. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) samples exposed hydrolytically or oxidatively at 60 degrees C showed that the abiotic degradation path was oxidative rather than hydrolytic. There was a weight loss of 8% and the plastic has been oxidized as shown by the additional carbonyl group exhibited in the Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) Spectrum. Oxidation rate seemed to be influenced by the amount of pro-oxidant additive, the chemical structure and morphology of the plastic samples, and the surface area. Composting studies during a 45-day experiment showed that the percentage elongation (reduction) was 20% for McD samples [high-density polyethylene, (HDPE) with 3% additive] and LL samples (LLDPE with 7% additive) and 18% reduction for totally degradable plastic (TDP) samples (HDPE with 3% additive). Lastly, microbial experiments using Pseudomonas aeroginosa on carbon-free media with degradable plastic samples as the sole carbon source, showed confirmatory results. A positive bacterial growth and a weight loss of 2.2% for degraded polyethylene samples were evident to show that the degradable plastic is biodegradable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene/metabolism*
  12. Recycling of polymer waste with fluid catalytic cracking catalysts
    Ali S, Garforth A, Fakhru'l-Razi A
    J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2006;41(6):1145-54.
    PMID: 16760091
    Feedstock recycling of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts (1:6 ratio) was carried out using a laboratory fluidized bed reactor operating at 450 degrees C. Fresh and steam deactivated commercial FCC catalysts with different levels of rare earth oxide (REO) were compared as well as used FCC catalysts (E-Cats) with different levels of metal poisoning. Fresh FCC catalysts gave the highest results of HDPE degradation in terms of yield of volatile hydrocarbon product. Meanwhile, steamed FCC catalysts and used FCC catalysts showed similar but lower yields. Overall, the product yields from HDPE cracking showed that the level of metal contamination (nickel and vanadium) did not affect the product stream generated from polymer cracking. This study gives promising results as an alternative technique for the cracking and recycling of polymer waste.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene/chemistry*
  13. Fulltext Morphological Changes and Cellular Uptake of Functionalized Graphene Oxide Loaded with Protocatechuic Acid and Folic Acid in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cancer Cell
    Buskaran K, Hussein MZ, Mohd Moklas MA, Fakurazi S
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Aug 16;21(16).
    PMID: 32824281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165874
    The development of nanocomposites has swiftly changed the horizon of drug delivery systems in defining a new platform. Major understanding of the interaction of nanocomposites with cells and how the interaction influences intracellular uptake is an important aspect to study in order to ensure successful utilisation of the nanocomposites. Studies have suggested that the nanocomposites' ability to permeate into biological cells is attributable to their well-defined physicochemical properties with nanoscale size, which is relevant to the nanoscale components of biology and cellular organelles. The functionalized graphene oxide coated with polyethylene glycol, loaded with protocatechuic acid and folic acid (GOP-PCA-FA) nanocomposite intracellular uptake was analysed using transmission electron microscope. The accumulation of fluorescent-labelled nanocomposites in the HepG2 cell was also analysed using a fluorescent microscope. In vitro cellular uptake showed that there was uptake of the drug from 24 h into the cells and the release study using fluorescently tagged nanocomposite demonstrated that release and accumulation were observed at 24 h and 48 h. Moreover, the migration ability of tumor cells is a key step in tumor progression which was observed 48 h after treatment. The GOP serves as a potential nanocarrier system which is capable of improving the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and biomolecules in medical as well as pharmaceutical applications through the enhanced intracellular release and accumulation of the encapsulated drugs. Nonetheless, it is essential to analyse the translocation of our newly developed GOP-PCA-FA, and its efficiency for drug delivery, effective cellular uptake, and abundant intracellular accumulation would be compromised by possible untoward side effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
  14. Fulltext Synthesis and properties of magnetic nanotheranostics coated with polyethylene glycol/5-fluorouracil/layered double hydroxide
    Ebadi M, Saifullah B, Buskaran K, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2019;14:6661-6678.
    PMID: 31695362 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S214923
    Background: Cancer treatments are being continually developed. Increasingly more effective and better-targeted treatments are available. As treatment has developed, the outcomes have improved.

    Purpose: In this work, polyethylene glycol (PEG), layered double hydroxide (LDH) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were used as a stabilizing agent, a carrier and an anticancer active agent, respectively.

    Characterization and methods: Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and co-coated with 5-fluorouracil/Mg/Al- or Zn/Al-layered double hydroxide were synthesized by co-precipitation technique. Structural, magnetic properties, particle shape, particle size and drug loading percentage of the magnetic nanoparticles were investigated by XRD, TGA, FTIR, DLS, FESEM, TEM, VSM, UV-vis spectroscopy and HPLC techniques.

    Results: XRD, TGA and FTIR studies confirmed the formation of Fe3O4 phase and the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol, LDH and the drug for all the synthesized samples. The size of the nanoparticles co-coated with Mg/Al-LDH is about 27 nm compared to 40 nm when they were co-coated with Zn/Al-LDH, with both showings near uniform spherical shape. The iron oxide nanoparticles retain their superparamagnetic property when they were coated with polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol co-coated with Mg/Al-LDH and polyethylene glycol co-coated with Zn/Al-LDH with magnetic saturation value of 56, 40 and 27 emu/g, respectively. The cytotoxicity study reveals that the anticancer nanodelivery system has better anticancer activity than the free drug, 5-FU against liver cancer HepG2 cells and at the same time, it was found to be less toxic to the normal fibroblast 3T3 cells.

    Conclusion: These are unique core-shell nanoparticles synthesized with the presence of multiple functionalities are hoped can be used as a multifunctional nanocarrier with the capability of targeted delivery using an external magnetic field and can also be exploited as hypothermia for cancer cells in addition to the chemotherapy property.

    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry*
  15. Improved Anticancer Effect of Magnetite Nanocomposite Formulation of GALLIC Acid (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA) Against Lung, Breast and Colon Cancer Cells
    Rosman R, Saifullah B, Maniam S, Dorniani D, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S
    Nanomaterials (Basel), 2018 Feb 02;8(2).
    PMID: 29393902 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020083
    Lung cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer are the most prevalent fatal types of cancers globally. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a bioactive compound found in plants and foods, such as white tea, witch hazel and it has been reported to possess anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study we have redesigned our previously reported anticancer nanocomposite formulation with improved drug loading based on iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol and loaded with anticancer drug gallic acid (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA). The in vitro release profile and percentage drug loading were found to be better than our previously reported formulation. The anticancer activity of pure gallic acid (GA), empty carrier (Fe₃O₄-PEG) nanocarrier and of anticancer nanocomposite (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA) were screened against human lung cancer cells (A549), human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human colon cancer cells (HT-29) and normal fibroblast cells (3T3) after incubation of 24, 48 and 72 h using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) MTT assay. The designed formulation (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA) showed better anticancer activity than free gallic acid (GA). The results of the in vitro studies are highly encouraging to conduct the in vivo studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols
  16. Moldability characteristics of 3 mol% Yttria stabilized Zirconia feedstock for micro-powder injection molding process
    Hafizawati Zakaria, Norhamidi Muhamad, Abu Bakar Sulong, Mord Halim Irwan Ibrahim, Farhana Foudzi
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:129-136.
    Micro powder injection molding (vim) is a promising process that may satisfy the demand on miniaturization parts to micro domain in mass production with low manufacturing cost. Three mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (Ysz) with nano-sized powder and binder system consists of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and stearic acid (sA) were used. Nano-size powders with higher surface area generally require more binder to form a feedstock. As such, determination of the optimum powder loading of the feedstock for 1UPIM process is important. The rheological characteristics of different YSZ feedstocks with powder loading of 52 53 and 54 vol.% were investigated in terms of flow behavior as a function of viscosity and shear rate. Fairly low values of flow behavior exponent ranging from 025 to 0.39 (n<1) resulted in pseudoplastic flow behavior of the examined Yszfeedstock. The 52 vol.% feedstock exhibited the lowest viscosity resulting in highest activation energy and lowest moldability index of 1.862x10-6, while the 54 vol.% feedstock regardless to its high viscosity, yielded a low activation energy of 4.14 kJImol and high moldability index of 4.59x10-6. Based on rheological properties obtained, a powder loading of 54 vol.% has desirable feedstock characteristics for iumm process and exhibited molding ability for micro detail filling. The relationship between the optimum rheological properties obtained and the actual injection process was also determined. The results showed that the green parts were able to be injected without defects such as short shot or flashing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols
  17. Fulltext Thermal conductivity of micro- and nano-filled polymer blend composite for radiation shielding material
    Hafizal Yazid, Sahrim Ahmad, Aziz Mohamed, A., Dahlan, H.M., M. Rawi M. Z., Megat Harun, M.A., et al.
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2012;2012(2):99-101.
    MyJurnal
    The thermal conductivity of boron carbide filled thermoplastic natural rubber blend composite is studied experimentally as a function of filler loading and filler size. A polymer blend of 60/40 NR/HDPE was used as matrix for incorporation of particulate nano- and micro-sized B4C as filler to form the composite. As the filler loading is increased from 2-10%wt, a reduction and increment of thermal conductivity was observed. The results show at lower filler loading, HDPE crystallinity affects the thermal conductivity up to 4 and 6%wt of filler for nano- and micro-composite respectively. Further increase the loading do not much alter the crystallinity as the filler is distributed in continues phase of NR. The increment of filler amount in the amorphous NR causes the thermal conductivity to gradually increase which indicates the formation of interconnecting filler network structures
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene
  18. Fulltext Development of Polysulfone Membrane via Vapor-Induced Phase Separation for Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration
    Barambu NU, Bilad MR, Bustam MA, Huda N, Jaafar J, Narkkun T, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Oct 29;12(11).
    PMID: 33137888 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112519
    The discharge of improperly treated oil/water emulsion by industries imposes detrimental effects on human health and the environment. The membrane process is a promising technology for oil/water emulsion treatment. However, it faces the challenge of being maintaining due to membrane fouling. It occurs as a result of the strong interaction between the hydrophobic oil droplets and the hydrophobic membrane surface. This issue has attracted research interest in developing the membrane material that possesses high hydraulic and fouling resistance performances. This research explores the vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) method for the fabrication of a hydrophilic polysulfone (PSF) membrane with the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the additive for the treatment of oil/water emulsion. Results show that the slow nonsolvent intake in VIPS greatly influences the resulting membrane structure that allows the higher retention of the additive within the membrane matrix. By extending the exposure time of the cast film under humid air, both surface chemistry and morphology of the resulting membrane can be enhanced. By extending the exposure time from 0 to 60 s, the water contact angle decreases from 70.28 ± 0.61° to 57.72 ± 0.61°, and the clean water permeability increases from 328.70 ± 8.27 to 501.89 ± 8.92 (L·m-2·h-1·bar-1). Moreover, the oil rejection also improves from 85.06 ± 1.6 to 98.48 ± 1.2%. The membrane structure was transformed from a porous top layer with a finger-like macrovoid sub-structure to a relatively thick top layer with a sponge-like macrovoid-free sub-structure. Overall results demonstrate the potential of the VIPS process to enhance both surface chemistry and morphology of the PSF membrane.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Glycols
  19. Enhanced microbial degradation of PET and PS microplastics under natural conditions in mangrove environment
    Auta HS, Abioye OP, Aransiola SA, Bala JD, Chukwuemeka VI, Hassan A, et al.
    J Environ Manage, 2022 Feb 15;304:114273.
    PMID: 34902688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114273
    In-situ bioremediation of mangrove soil contaminated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics was investigated using indigenous microbial consortium with adequate capacity to degrade the plastics. Eight (8) bacteria were isolated from plastic/microplastic-inundated mangrove soil and screened for the ability to degrade PET and PS microplastics. Optical density at 600 nm and colony forming unit counts were measured to evaluate the growth response of the microbes in the presence of PS and PET microplastics at different times of exposure. Structural and surface changes that occurred post biodegradation on the microplastics were determined through EDS and SEM analysis. The obtained results demonstrated the elongation and disappearance of peaks, suggesting that the microbial consortium could modify both types of microplastics. The overall results of the microplastic degradation showed varied degrees of weight loss after 90 experimental days, with the treated plot recorded 18% weight loss. The augmented soil was increased in the concentrations of Si S, and Fe and decreased in the concentrations of C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, and K after bioremediation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene Terephthalates
  20. Fulltext Recycled high density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate blends: the effect of caprolactammaleic anhydride and polyethylene-graftedmaleic anhydride on tensile properties and swelling behavior
    Fatimah, A.R.H., Supri, A.G., Firuz, Z.
    Journal of Advanced Research Design, 2015;7(1):1-9.
    MyJurnal
    In this study, compatibilizing effects of caprolactam-maleic anhydride (CL-MAH) and
    polyethylene-grafted-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) with different blend compositions on polymer
    blends of recycled high density polyethylene (RHDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blends were
    investigated by tensile properties and swelling behavior. The use of CL-MAH improved the
    compatibility of RHDPE80/EVA20 blend composition, and tensile properties of the resultant blend
    compared well with those of RHDPE/EVA blends. Addition of PE-g-MAH improved the tensile
    properties of RHDPE/EVA/PE-g-MAH blends than RHDPE/EVA blends without compatibilizer. The
    scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphologies of fracture surface for RHDPE/EVA blends with
    presence of compatibilizers showing better incorporation of two different phases of polymer matrix.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polyethylene
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