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Cardiovascular responses to stress in Singapore and India

Kaur D, Bishop GD

Int J Psychophysiol, 2013 Feb;87(2):130-40.
PMID: 23206971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.011

Epidemiological studies have shown significant ethnic differences in coronary heart disease death rates with South Asians showing significantly greater coronary heart disease mortality than other groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Prevalence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Changing Meteorological Conditions in Iran: Fuzzy Clustering Approach

Sharif Nia H, Gorgulu O, Pahlevan Sharif S, Froelicher ES, Haghdoost AA, Golshani S, et al.

Iran J Public Health, 2020 May;49(5):923-930.
PMID: 32953680

Background: The prevalence of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) varies from region to region caused by seasonal climate changes and temperature variation. This study aimed to assess the relationship between changing meteorological conditions and incidence of AMI in Iran.
Methods: This retrospective prevalence study was based on medical records of the heart center of Mazandaran Province on all patients diagnosed with AMI in Mazandaran, northern Iran between 2013 and 2015. Patients' sex and the day, month, year and time of hospital admission were extracted from patients' records. Moreover, the meteorological reports were gathered.
Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the distributions of AMI cases across 12 months of the year (P < 0.01). Fuzzy clustering analysis using 16 different climatic variables showed that March, April, and May were in the same cluster together. The other 9 months were in different clusters.
Conclusion: Significant increase in AMI was seen in March, April and May (cold to hot weather).

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext Under-body forced-air warming blanket versus resistive heating blanket for prevention of hypothermia during spinal surgery: a randomized prospective study

Shariffuddin, I.I., Hasan, M.S., Chong, T.H., Kwan, M.K., Chan, Y.K.

JUMMEC, 2016;19(1):1-6.
MyJurnal

Background:
Prevention of hypothermia in patients undergoing major posterior approach spinal surgery can be difficult, as a
large body surface is exposed to the cold environment of the operating theatre. We compared the efficacy of a
new under-body forced-air warming blanket with that of a resistive heating blanket in preventing hypothermia.
Methods:
Sixty patients undergoing major posterior approach spinal surgery lasting for more than 2 hours were randomly
assigned to warming with a full under-body forced-air warming blanket or three segments of resistive heating
blankets, both set at 42°C. The ambient temperature was kept near 20°C. Nasopharyngeal, rectal and axillary
temperatures were measured at regular intervals. Changes in core temperature (average of nasopharyngeal
and rectal) over time were compared by the independent t-test.
Results:
The characteristics of the patients were comparable. The baseline core temperature was 36.36 ±0.38°C in the
forced-air group and 36.27 ± 0.46°C in the resistive heating group. During the first hour, the core temperature
decreased similarly from baseline in both groups. From 100 minutes after induction until the end of the surgery,
core temperature rose in both groups. At the end of surgery, the core temperature was increased by 0.08
± 0.09°C from baseline in the forced-air group but decreased by 0.40 ±0.04°C from baseline in the resistive
heating group. The difference in the change of the core temperature, at the end of the surgery, between the
two groups is statistically significant (P

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext CHARACTERISTIC OF PRASEODYMIUM OXIDE DOPED MANGANESE/RUTHENIUM CATALYST IN METHANATION: EFFECT CALCINATION TEMPERATURE

Salmiah Jamal Mat Rosid, Susilawati Toemen, Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar, Sarina Mat Rosid, Wan Nazwanie Wan Abdullah, Siti Maisarah Aziz

Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2021;9(1):49-55.
MyJurnal

Lanthanide element in the methanation reaction gives an excellent catalytic performance at low reaction temperature. Praseodymium is one of lanthanide element and was chosen due to its properties which are thermally stable and provide excess of oxygen in the oxide lattice. Therefore, a catalyst of Ru/Mn/Pr (5:30:65)/Al2O3 (RMP, 5:30:65/Al2O3) was prepared via wetness impregnation method and the effect of calcination temperature on the catalyst performance was investigated using FTIR analysis. The RMP/Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 800 o C was chosen as an excel catalyst with CO2 conversion of 96.9% and CH4 formation of 45.1% at 350 o C reaction temperature. From the EDX mapping, it can be observed that the distribution of all element is homogeneous at 800 o C and 900 o C except Ru, O and Al at 1000 o C calcination temperature. The image from FESEM also shows the presence of some crystal shape on the catalyst surface. From the FTIR analysis, the peak stretching and bending mode of O-H bond decreased when the calcination temperature increased.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext Experimental Study of Loop Heat Pipe Performance with Nanofluids

Muhammad Arif Bin Harun, Prem A/L Gunnasegaran, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik

Journal of Advanced Research Design, 2019;52(1):13-27.
MyJurnal

Heat pipes are widely used in various industries such as automotive, electronics, and many more. Heat pipes are used as cooling devices for electronic parts in machines that emit a large amount of heat, which can damage the devices. The heat pipes used in this investigation are loop heat pipes. These pipes can transport heat over a long distance and operate against gravity. The working fluid used in this investigation is nanofluid. Nanofluid is one of the types of working fluid that is considered to have better thermal performance than conventional fluids. Nanofluid is made of nanoparticles with base-fluid. This investigation studies the thermal performance of loop heat pipes using different types of nanofluids. Nanofluid fluids used in this study are diamond nanofluid, aluminium oxide nanofluid and silica oxide nanofluid. The effect of mass concentration of nanoparticles in the base-fluid is also studied. The results showed that as the mass concentration of nanofluids increased, the thermal resistance for diamond nanofluid and aluminium oxide nanofluid decreased, but the opposite occurred for silica oxide nanofluid but still better resultsthan pure water. This shows that diamond and aluminium oxide nanofluids shows better thermal conductivity as it has lower total thermal resistance and thermal enhancement rate compared to other nanofluids. Diamond nanofluid also had higher heat capacity than aluminium oxide nanofluid as it had a lower vapour line temperature reading.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext A review: electrochemical performance of LSCF composite cathodes – influence of Ceria Electrolyte and metal elements

Bakar, M. S. A., Ahmad, S., Muchtar, A., Rahman, H. A .

Journal of Advanced Review on Scientific Research, 2014;1(1):1-9.
MyJurnal

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are efficient and clean power generation devices. Lowtemperature
SOFC (LTSOFC) has been developed since high-temperature SOFC (HTSOFC) is not
feasible to be commercialized due to cost. Lowering the operation temperature reduces its substantial
performance resulting from cathode polarization resistance and overpotential of cathode. The
development of composite cathodes regarding mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC) and ceriabased
materials for LTSOFC minimizes the problems significantly and leads to an increase in
electrocatalytic activity for the occurrence of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Lanthanum-based
materials such as lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ) have been discovered
recently, which offer great compatibility with ceria-based electrolyte to be applied as composite
cathode materials for LTSOFC. Cell performance at lower operating temperature can be maintained
and further improved by enhancing the ORR. This paper reviews recent development of various ceriabased
composite cathodes especially related to the ceria-carbonate composite electrolytes for
LTSOFC. The influence of the addition of metallic elements such as silver (Ag), platinum (Pt) and
palladium (Pd) towards the electrochemical properties and performance of LSCF composite cathodes
are also discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext Influence of milling on the stability of hydroxyapatite

Sofia Beagem Mohd Noal, Roslinda Shamsudin, Tan, Lee Phin, Wan Khartini Wan Abdul Khodir

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2005(1):13-18.
MyJurnal

Hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was synthesized via wet method using calcium nitrate hydrate (Ca(NO3)2.H2O) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) as raw materials. Powder obtained was milled using various milling speed ranging from 250 to 400 r.p.m. and sintered at 1300°C for 2hrs. Due to the nature of HA powder that decomposed at high temperature, XRD technique have been used in this work to determine the phase composition of the HA powder and also the crystallite size. The unmilled sample was used as the control group. Results show that sufficient heat supply generated from the milling process, initiates the decomposition of HA phase into ȕ-tricalcium phosphate (ȕ-TCP). Decomposition of HA starts to occur at the milling speed of 300 rpm, i.e the formation of ȕ-TCP was occurred at lower sintering temperature. It was believed that the decomposition of HA was associated with the formation of an intermediate phase, oxyapatite. Moreover, the crystallinity and particle size of the produced powder is very much affected by the milling speed and the stability of the HA. All milled powders possess spherical shape particle.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext Evaluation and characterization of β-tricalcium phosphate powder prepared by CACO3/H3PO4 system

Shah Rizal Kasim, Yeong, Meng Yee, Hazizan Md. Akil, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, Hazman Seli

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2007(1):93-100.
MyJurnal

Many attempts have been focused in the past on preparing of synthetic E-tricalcium (E-TCP), which being employed as bone substitute due to its biocompatibility and resorbability. Low temperature synthesize such as sol-gel method become popular due to the high product purity and homogenous composition. Sol-gel method is less economical towards commercialization because the cost of raw materials and the yield of the product that can be achieved. This paper describes the synthesis of ETCP via mixing of CaCO3 and H3PO4 followed by calcinations process at 750qC – 1050qC. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR) were used for characterization and evaluation of the phase composition, morphology, particle size and thermal behavior of the product. E-TCP phase start to occur after calcinations at 750qC.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext Analysis of cryostat for small angle neutron scattering at small research triga reactor by using computational fluid dynamic(CFD)

Azraf Azman, Mohd Rizal Mamat@Ibrahim, Anwar Abdul Rahman, Megat Harun Al Rashid Megat Ahmad, Abdul Aziz Mohamed, Muhammad Rawi Mohd Zin, et al.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2011;2011(2):1-7.
MyJurnal

The temperature profile of a cryogenic system for cooling of beryllium filter of a small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument of TRIGA MARK II PUSPATI research reactor was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation. The efficient cooling of beryllium filter is important for obtaining higher cold neutron transmission for the SANS instrument. This paper presents the transient CFD results of temperature distributions via the thermal link to the beryllium and simulation of heat
flux. The temperature simulation data are also compared with the experimental results for the cooling time and distribution to the beryllium.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext Design and fabrication of brake pad testing apparatus for teaching and learning application

Leman, A.M., Che Wan Izzudin, Md Zin Ibrahim, Dafit Feriyanto

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(2):87-92.
MyJurnal

Brake pad apparatus is designed for help student and instructor in teaching and learning application. The objective
of this research is to differentiate the pressure effect and braking temperature condition of different pad. This apparatus
also aimed for learning the safety car and motorcycle braking system. This apparatus can to compare with theoretical
calculation in order to approve that this apparatus is useful. The main concept in this apparatus is thermocouple use
to detect the temperature gain while braking process. Speed motor controller used for set the angular velocity of the
motor in braking process. Pressure applied at brake pedal detected by pressure gauge and data logger function as a
connector. This apparatus also designed based on valid data for average of teenager in Malaysia which made on a
sample university student. Result show that the apparatus can function effectively by defines the different temperature
when applied the different pressure and different pad. Pad C shows the 880C for thermocouple 1 and 790C for
thermocouple 2 at the 20 psi and infrared thermometer show 1130C for pad C. Graph from calculation shows that the
pad A have 216.480C at 1000 rpm which have low temperature than pad B, C and D. high efficiency of friction and
pressure applied will cause more heat generate than low coefficient of friction and pressure applied.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Fulltext Routine intraoperative forced-air warmer usage in prevention of perioperative hypothermia: to use or not to use in daycare breast lumpectomy?

Nadia, H.I., Raha, A.R.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2015;5(1):34-43.
MyJurnal

Intraoperative active warming in daycare surgery may be least popular compared to major elective surgeries due to the lesser risk of perioperative hypothermia. This prospective, single blind, randomized, controlled trial in daycare breast lumpectomy was done to evaluate the routine use of intraoperative forced-air warmer in the presence of other warming modalities in prevention of perioperative hypothermia. Fifty patients were randomized into two groups; Group 1 received forced-air warmer and Group 2 received a standard cotton thermal blanket. Both groups received circulating-water mattress. Intraoperatively, all patients received pre-warmed intravenous fluid with an in-line warmer. Ear and ambient temperature was recorded using infrared ear thermometer and digital thermo-hygrometer respectively. Measurement was done before induction, every 15 minutes intraoperatively, upon arrival in recovery room and 30 mins later, postoperatively. All patients were normothermic prior to induction of anaesthesia. During the initial half an hour post-induction, both groups mean core temperature decreased at approximately 0 ̊.C5 . Both showed no statistical difference in mean core temperature (0.04 ̊C) within the initial half an hour. The next half an hour, both groups had approximately 0 ̊.C2 decrement but this time, Group 2 had a slightly higher mean core temperature than Group 1 which maintained until the end of surgery. Overall, within the initial one hour post- induction of GA, there was a drop of 0.7 ̊C and 0.6°C in Group 1 and Group 2 respectively, however the difference in final mean core temperature between the two groups was 0.05°C and it was not statistically significant (p value < 0.05). None of the patients experienced intraoperative hypothermia (< 36 ̊C) and all remained in the normothermic range with no shivering or sense of feeling cold, postoperatively. The results of the present study found no significant difference in the changes of final core temperature with or without the usage of intraoperative forced-air warmer in the presence of other warming measures in daycare breast lumpectomy.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Effect of a novel edible composite coating based on gum arabic and chitosan on biochemical and physiological responses of banana fruits during cold storage

Maqbool M, Ali A, Alderson PG, Zahid N, Siddiqui Y

J Agric Food Chem, 2011 May 25;59(10):5474-82.
PMID: 21476593 DOI: 10.1021/jf200623m

The composite effects of gum arabic (GA) (5, 10, 15, and 20%) and chitosan (CH) (1.0%) on the biochemical and physiological characteristics of banana fruits stored at 13 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 3% relative humidity (RH) for 28 days and afterward for 5 days at simulated marketing conditions (25 °C, 60% RH) were investigated. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were observed for the entire GA plus CH treatments as compared to the control. However, the results showed that after 33 days of storage, the weight loss and soluble solids concentration of fruits treated with 10% GA plus 1.0% CH composite coating were 24 and 54% lower, whereas fruit firmness, total carbohydrates, and reducing sugars were 31, 59, and 40% higher than the control, respectively. Furthermore, the composite edible coating of 10% GA plus 1.0% CH delayed color development and reduced the rate of respiration and ethylene evolution during storage as compared to the control. Similarly, sensory evaluation results also proved the effectiveness of 10% GA plus 1.0% CH composite coating by maintaining the overall quality of banana fruits. Consequently, the results of scanning electron microscopy also confirmed that the fruits coated with 10% GA plus 1.0% CH composite edible coating had very fewer cracks and showed a smooth surface. These findings suggest that 10% GA plus 1.0% CH as an edible composite coating can be used commercially for extending the storage life of banana fruits for up to 33 days.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature*
Encapsulation of Ethylene Gas into Granular Cold-Water-Soluble Starch: Structure and Release Kinetics

Shi L, Fu X, Tan CP, Huang Q, Zhang B

J Agric Food Chem, 2017 Mar 15;65(10):2189-2197.
PMID: 28215072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05749

Ethylene gas was introduced into granular cold-water-soluble (GCWS) starches using a solid encapsulation method. The morphological and structural properties of the novel inclusion complexes (ICs) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and Raman spectroscopy. The V-type single helix of GCWS starches was formed through controlled gelatinization and ethanol precipitation and was approved to host ethylene gas. The controlled release characteristics of ICs were also investigated at various temperature and relative humidity conditions. Avrami's equation was fitted to understand the release kinetics and showed that the release of ethylene from the ICs was accelerated by increasing temperature or RH and was decelerated by increased degree of amylose polymerization. The IC of Hylon-7 had the highest ethylene concentration (31.8%, w/w) among the five starches, and the IC of normal potato starch showed the best controlled release characteristics. As a renewable and inexpensive material, GCWS starch is a desirable solid encapsulation matrix with potential in agricultural and food applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Cloning of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from an Antarctic psychrophilic bacterium by inverse and splinkerette PCR

Too WC, Liew YC, Few LL

J Basic Microbiol, 2008 Oct;48(5):430-5.
PMID: 18759222 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200800008

Psychrophiles are organisms that thrive in cold environments. One of the strategies for their cold adaptation is the ability to synthesize cold-adapted enzymes. These enzymes usually display higher catalytic efficiency and thermolability at lower temperatures compared to their mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts. In this work, a psychrophilic bacterium codenamed pi9 was selected for the cloning of the gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. Here, the cloning of an 1,113 bp fragment of GAPDH gene which covers the 1,002 bp open reading frame by using multiple PCR steps is described. The partial sequence of this gene was PCR amplified by using degenerate primers followed by the cloning of the flanking sequences by inverse and splinkerette PCR techniques. The success in cloning the GAPDH gene by PCR has bypassed the more time consuming genomic library construction and screening method. The full length GAPDH protein was subsequently expressed in E. coli, purified as His-tag protein and confirmed to be catalytically active. This work demonstrated the use of multiple PCR techniques to clone a gene based solely on sequence comparison. It also laid the foundation for further biochemical and structural characterizations of GAPDH from a psychrophilic bacterium by providing a highly purified recombinant protein sample.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
The role of alternative salt bridges in cold adaptation of a novel psychrophilic laminarinase

Parvizpour S, Razmara J, Shamsir MS, Illias RM, Abdul Murad AM

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2017 06;35(8):1685-1692.
PMID: 27206405 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1191043
Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Structural and functional characterisation of a cold-active yet heat-tolerant dehydroquinase from Glaciozyma antarctica PI12

Jaafar NR, Mahadi NM, Mackeen MM, Illias RM, Murad AMA, Abu Bakar FD

J Biotechnol, 2021 Mar 10;329:118-127.
PMID: 33539893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.019

Dehydroquinase or 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (DHQD) reversibly cleaves 3-dehydroquinate to form 3-dehydroshikimate. Here, we describe the functional and structural features of a cold active type II 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase from the psychrophilic yeast, Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 (GaDHQD). Functional studies showed that the enzyme was active at low temperatures (10-30 °C), but displayed maximal activity at 40 °C. Yet the enzyme was stable over a wide range of temperatures (10-70 °C) and between pH 6.0-10.0 with an optimum pH of 8.0. Interestingly, the enzyme was highly thermo-tolerant, denaturing only at approximately 84 °C. Three-dimensional structure analyses showed that the G. antarctica dehydroquinase (GaDHQD) possesses psychrophilic features in comparison with its mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts such as higher numbers of non-polar residues on the surface, lower numbers of arginine and higher numbers of glycine-residues with lower numbers of hydrophobic interactions. On the other hand, GaDHQD shares some traits (i.e. total number of hydrogen bonds, number of proline residues and overall folding) with its mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts. Combined, these features contribute synergistically towards the enzyme's ability to function at both low and high temperatures.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature*
Structural and functional analysis of a novel psychrophilic β-mannanase from Glaciozyma antarctica PI12

Parvizpour S, Razmara J, Ramli AN, Md Illias R, Shamsir MS

J Comput Aided Mol Des, 2014 Jun;28(6):685-98.
PMID: 24849507 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9751-1

The structure of a novel psychrophilic β-mannanase enzyme from Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 yeast has been modelled and analysed in detail. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to model a psychrophilic β-mannanase from yeast. To this end, a 3D structure of the enzyme was first predicted using a threading method because of the low sequence identity (<30%) using MODELLER9v12 and simulated using GROMACS at varying low temperatures for structure refinement. Comparisons with mesophilic and thermophilic mannanases revealed that the psychrophilic mannanase contains longer loops and shorter helices, increases in the number of aromatic and hydrophobic residues, reductions in the number of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges and numerous amino acid substitutions on the surface that increased the flexibility and its efficiency for catalytic reactions at low temperatures.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
Structural prediction of a novel chitinase from the psychrophilic Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 and an analysis of its structural properties and function

Ramli AN, Mahadi NM, Shamsir MS, Rabu A, Joyce-Tan KH, Murad AM, et al.

J Comput Aided Mol Des, 2012 Aug;26(8):947-61.
PMID: 22710891 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9585-7

The structure of psychrophilic chitinase (CHI II) from Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 has yet to be studied in detail. Due to its low sequence identity (<30 %), the structural prediction of CHI II is a challenge. A 3D model of CHI II was built by first using a threading approach to search for a suitable template and to generate an optimum target-template alignment, followed by model building using MODELLER9v7. Analysis of the catalytic insertion domain structure in CHI II revealed an increase in the number of aromatic residues and longer loops compared to mesophilic and thermophilic chitinases. A molecular dynamics simulation was used to examine the stability of the CHI II structure at 273, 288 and 300 K. Structural analysis of the substrate-binding cleft revealed a few exposed aromatic residues. Substitutions of certain amino acids in the surface and loop regions of CHI II conferred an increased flexibility to the enzyme, allowing for an adaptation to cold temperatures. A substrate binding comparison of CHI II with the mesophilic chitinase from Coccidioides immitis, 1D2K, suggested that the psychrophilic adaptation and catalytic activity at low temperatures were achieved through a reduction in the number of salt bridges, fewer hydrogen bonds and an increase in the exposure of the hydrophobic side chains to the solvent.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature
A physicochemical investigation of membrane fouling in cold microfiltration of skim milk

Tan TJ, Wang D, Moraru CI

J Dairy Sci, 2014;97(8):4759-71.
PMID: 24881794 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7957

The main challenge in microfiltration (MF) is membrane fouling, which leads to a significant decline in permeate flux and a change in membrane selectivity over time. This work aims to elucidate the mechanisms of membrane fouling in cold MF of skim milk by identifying and quantifying the proteins and minerals involved in external and internal membrane fouling. Microfiltration was conducted using a 1.4-μm ceramic membrane, at a temperature of 6±1°C, cross-flow velocity of 6m/s, and transmembrane pressure of 159kPa, for 90min. Internal and external foulants were extracted from a ceramic membrane both after a brief contact between the membrane and skim milk, to evaluate instantaneous adsorption of foulants, and after MF. Four foulant streams were collected: weakly attached external foulants, weakly attached internal foulants, strongly attached external foulants, and strongly attached internal foulants. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that all major milk proteins were present in all foulant streams. Proteins did appear to be the major cause of membrane fouling. Proteomics analysis of the foulants indicated elevated levels of serum proteins as compared with milk in the foulant fractions collected from the adsorption study. Caseins were preferentially introduced into the fouling layer during MF, when transmembrane pressure was applied, as confirmed both by proteomics and mineral analyses. The knowledge generated in this study advances the understanding of fouling mechanisms in cold MF of skim milk and can be used to identify solutions for minimizing membrane fouling and increasing the efficiency of milk MF.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature*
Chemical composition and cellular toxicity of ethnobotanical-based hot and cold aqueous preparations of the tiger's milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis)

Lau BF, Abdullah N, Aminudin N, Lee HB

J Ethnopharmacol, 2013 Oct 28;150(1):252-62.
PMID: 23993912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.034

The sclerotium of the "tiger's milk mushroom" (Lignosus rhinocerotis) is used as tonic and folk medicine for the treatment of cancer, fever, cough and asthma by the local and indigenous communities. It is traditionally prepared by either boiling or maceration-like methods; however, there is no attempt to understand how different processing methods might affect their efficacies as anticancer agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Cold Temperature

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