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Assessment of pollution and improvement measure of water quality parameters using scenarios modeling for sungai Selangor basin

Md. Sadek Uddin Chowdhury, Faridah Othman, Wan Zurina Wan Jaafar, Nuzaima Che Mood, Md. Ibrahim Adham

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:457-469.

Sungai Selangor is very important from the viewpoint of water supply and multipurpose water use in Malaysia. The
water quality of this river is degrading due to point and non-point sources of pollution. This study, focus on the water
quality assessment and simulation the effect of the pollution sources from urbanization to the Sungai Selangor basin.
Water quality Index (WQI) is used to define the status of river water quality and the QUAL2K was used as a simulation
model. Water quality parameters DO, BOD and NH3
-N have been chosen for modeling. In addition, five different model
scenarios were simulated to observe the impacts of pollution sources on the Sungai Selangor water quality. WQI results
showed that most of the stations in this river basin recorded water inferior to Class III. The water quality model presented
different scenarios for changes of Sungai Selangor water quality. Simulation results for different scenarios showed
that reduced levels of BOD and NH3
-N at 51.10% and 66.18%, respectively, can be obtained if Scenario-5 is employed.
The river water quality issue in the Rawang sub- basin within the study area is considered crucial to create significant
improvement within the sub basin and in the downstream area of Sungai Selangor basin.
Potential study of bilberry extract as a ph indicator to monitor food freshness by chromametry

Noor Azizah Ahmad, Faridah Salam, Sharina Abu Hanifah, Lee Yook Heng

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2685-2691.

Penunjuk pH sebagai suatu pendekatan untuk memantau kualiti atau kesegaran makanan semasa telah mendapat perhatian
industri pembungkusan makanan. Penggunaan sumber semula jadi pigmen tumbuhan terutamanya daripada buah-buahan
dan sayur-sayuran menjadi pilihan para pengguna untuk menggantikan pewarna sintetik dalam memastikan keselamatan
makanan yang diambil setiap hari. Dalam kajian ini, ekstrak daripada bilberi telah digunakan sebagai pewarna sensitif
pH. Perubahan warna sampel dikaji secara terperinci melalui kaedah kromametri dan juga kaedah spektrofotometri
ultra-lembayung nampak. Warna merah terang terhasil dalam pH berasid, merah pudar pada neutral dan magenta ke
kuning dalam pH beralkali. Keputusan kajian kromametri menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak bilberi berupaya mempamerkan
perubahan warna yang jelas terhadap perubahan pH, iaitu terdapat perubahan nilai warna a* yang menyumbang kepada
perubahan yang bererti dalam perbezaan warna keseluruhan (ΔE*). Nilai ΔE* juga ditentukan wujud hubungan linear
dan kuantitatif terhadap julat pH tertentu. Oleh yang demikian, ekstrak bilberi didapati berpotensi sebagai bahan sensor
untuk pH dalam membangunkan satu sensor pH bagi memantau kesegaran makanan terutamanya hasilan laut berbungkus
memandangkan tahap kerosakan produk tersebut berkait rapat dengan perubahan pH ke arah alkali.
Fulltext Chemical constituents and biological activities of South East Asia marine sponges: a review

Lee, Kah Nyan, Maulidiani, Faridah Abas, Ahmed, Mediani, Leong, Sze Wei, Intan Safinar Ismail, et al.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2019;27(2):953-983.
MyJurnal

The ocean has an exceptional resource with various groups of natural products that are potentially useful for biomedical and other applications. Marine sponges have prominent characteristic natural products with high diversity. They produce many vital therapeutic metabolites with prominent biological activities. Marine invertebrates and microbial communities are the primary producers of such metabolites. Among the richest sources of these metabolites, class Demospongiae and the order Haplosclerida and genus Xestopongiae from family Petrosiidae are of interest. This review summarizes the research that has been conducted on two classes, eight orders, twelve families and fourteen genera of marine sponges available in the South East Asia region, covering the literature of the last 20 years. Ninety-five metabolites including alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids, quinones isolated from marine sponges collected in South East Asia along with their bioactivities especially cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities were reported in this review. Chemistry and biology are highly involved in studying marine sponges. Thus, tight collaboration is needed for understanding their taxonomy aspects. This review will outline chemistry and biological aspects, challenge, limitation, new idea and a clear future perspective on the discovery of new drugs from South East Asia’s marine sponges.
Fulltext von Willebrand factor profiles of the different ABO blood groups among the Malay population

Rohaida Abdul Rahman, Faridah Md Afandi, Tun Maizura Mohd Fathullah, Rafeezul Mohamed

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(109):88-95.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The National Blood Center, Kuala Lumpur interprets laboratory results for the von Willebrand factor (VWF) profile based on guidelines which were established based on the Caucasian population. The VWF profiles among the Malay population has not yet been established. The current study aims to determine the VWF profiles of the different ABO blood types among Malays and to evaluate their association with demographic characteristics and smoking habits. Methods: One hundred and forty Malay donors were involved. Factor VIII (FVIII:C), VWF antigen (VWF:Ag), and ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RiCof) levels and collagen binding activity (VWF:CBA) were measured by coagulometric clot detection, latex agglutination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The majority of donors (59.3%) were 30–49 years old, male (81.43%), non-smokers (74.3%), and overweight (71.4%). The Malay VWF:Ag were slightly higher than those of Caucasians, Indians, Thais, and Chinese, but the average ratios of VWF activity (i.e., VWF:RiCof level and VWF:CBA) to VWF:Ag were slightly lower than those of the other populations. The highest level of VWF:Ag was found among those with the B blood group, followed by types A and O. Conclusion: Malays with type O blood had lower values of the components of the VWF profile compared to subjects with non-O blood. The higher levels of these elements and lower VWF activity to VWF:Ag ratio in Malays compared to other populations suggest that ethnicity impacts the plasma VWF levels and their interaction with collagen and platelets.
Fulltext Detection of malachite green and leuco-malachite green in fishery industry

Hidayah, N., Abu Bakar, F., Mahyudin, N.A., Faridah, S., Nur-Azura, M.S., Zaman, M.Z.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(4):1511-1519.
MyJurnal

This article summarises the current methods for total malachite green (MG) detection which is known as a sum of MG and leuco-malachite green (LMG) that has been used extensively in aquaculture as fungicide, dye color in textile and other purposes in food industries. LMG is a reducing form of MG, where the MG is easily reduced due to the photo-oxidative de-methylation process. Nevertheless, the use of MG had become an issue due to its toxicity effects. Many analytical instruments such as HPLC, LC—MS/MS, GC—MS, and spectrometry have been widely used for detection of MG. However, these methods require long time sample preparation and analysis, expensive, use hazardous reagents and indirect measurements. Hence, other analytical methods which are more sensitive, safe, rapid, inexpensive and portable are required. Alternatively, biosensors promise a more sensitive and rapid detection method for MG and LMG.
Fulltext Adopting industrialisation in the construction environment: meeting the requirements of sustainability

Muhamad Faiz Musa, Mohd Reeza Yusof, Noor Sahidah Samsudin, Faridah Muhamad Halil

Scientific Research Journal, 2016;13(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

The construction industry should move from conventional construction method and adopt the
industrialisation concept, to increase productivity and deliver quality construction end products.
Industrialisation is the combination of a large market to divide into fractions the investment in
strategies and innovation, in return, of simplifying the production and, therefore, reducing the costs.
The introduction of Degree of Industrialisation by Roger-Bruno Richard is critical to the construction
industry. The five degrees of industrialisation are prefabrication, mechanisation, automation, robotics
and reproduction. Richard’s Degree of Industrialisation is in line with the Malaysian government’s
vision to be a developed nation by 2020, to push forward the use of innovative technologies in most
industries including the construction industry. The adoption of industrialisation and innovations in
the Malaysian construction industry has the potential to solve the current problems in the
construction industry. The problems are the inferior quality of products and processes, a poor site
working conditions, low construction productivity, high construction cost, relying on foreign workers
and lack of skill labours. The adoption of industrialisation and innovations promote sustainability in
the construction environment. The objectives of the study are to investigate whether the adoption of
industrialisation in the construction environment promotes sustainability and to identify the current
level of industrialisation of the Malaysian construction industry. The methodologies of the study are
semi-structure interview and observation. The Malaysian construction industry is ready to embrace
industrialisation in construction environment in limited areas and industrialisation promotes
sustainability in the construction environment.
Fulltext What lurks beneath: lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma dedifferentiation to sarcomatoid carcinoma

Farrah-Hani Imran, Muthukumaran, Guhan, Enda, Kelly, Jegan Thanabalan, Farizal Fadzil, Faridah Hanum

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2015;5(2):66-69.
MyJurnal

This was a case of a young lady presenting with 10 year history of a mass in the right eye. It was found to be an adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland from histopathological biopsy. She underwent wide excision, orbital exenteration and reconstruction with a free rectus abdominis flap. Unfortunately, she had a tumour recurrence which was not controlled by radiotherapy and a second excision. The behavior of the tumour was aggressive, resulting in widespread metastases. She passed away within a year of her presentation. Of note, the histopathology report from the second excision turned out to be sarcomatoid carcinoma. This is described in the literature as dedifferentiation, or high grade transformation (HGT). Occurrence of dedifferentiation in salivary gland tumours is well-established, but not as well-described in lacrimal gland tumours. In this case, there was a severely delayed presentation of a lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma in a young person, which underwent dedifferentiation into a sarcomatoid carcinoma. This phenomena is associated with aggressive tumour biology behavior and poor prognosis, despite surgery and radiotherapy.
Fulltext Oil palm microsatellites: implications and potentials

Chua, B. H., Rajinder, S., Tan, S. G., Faridah, Q. Z., Cheah, S. C.

Buletin Persatuan Genetik Malaysia, 2006;12(1):1-5.
MyJurnal

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are tandem repeats of DNA of 1-6 bp long. They ubiquitously occur in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. Because of their abundance,
they have widespread applications in both animal and plant sciences; such as varietal identification, genetic mapping, QTL mapping, phylogenetic and diversity studies. Thus, SSRs have become valuable DNA markers for molecular biologists and geneticists. Microsatellites are markers
of choice for many molecular geneticists because of their hypervariability, codominant
inheritance, multi-allelism and PCR-based assaying of variations that are amenable to automation and high throughput assay. However, the utilization of microsatellite markers in the past was
hampered by its laborious de novo isolations and species-specific nature.
A comparative study on management of intravenous lines among nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit

Faridah Ahmad Shiek, Alimatulsaadiah Abu Hassan, Zaiton Sudin, Zaitun Aris, Khoo A.S.B., Lim, N.L.

Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1998;10(1):34-39.
MyJurnal

This research describes a comparative study using convenience sampling on management of intravenous lines in Maternity Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (MNICU), HKL. Questionnaires were answered by nurses and the techniques of anchoring, splinting and maintaining of intravenous lines by nurses in MNICU were observed by the researchers. The study showed that nurses with less than two years experience working in MNICU had significantly less knowledge and skills in the management of intravenous lines and are likely to encounter more difficulties and complications, compared to nurses with more experience.
Fulltext A closer look at checklist scoring and global rating for four OSCE stations: do the scores correlate well?

Joong, Hiong Sim, Yang Faridah Abdul Aziz, Vijayananthan, Anushya, Azura Mansor, Vadivelu, Jamuna, Hamimah Hassan

Education in Medicine Journal, 2015;7(2):39-44.
MyJurnal

ntroduction: In the marking of objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), checklist scoring and global rating are two commonly used scoring systems. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine correlations between checklist scores and global ratings for four OSCE stations of different station type. Method: Data for this study was obtained from the Final Year OSCE (n=185). Each station’s score sheet consisted of a detailed checklist of items examined. A global rating scale was also included for the examiner to indicate the global assessment for the station. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients between checklist scores and global ratings were computed for four stations of different station type. For each station, correlations between checklist scores and global ratings were also checked across the three parallel circuits running concurrently and throughout the four rounds. Result: Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients (ρ) between checklist scores and global ratings for the four stations ranged between 0.62 to 0.88, at p
Fulltext Determination optimal aperture parameters for neutron collimator design using MCNP code

Wagiran, Husin, Supramaniam, Thiagu, Azali Mohamad, Abdul Aziz Mohamed, Faridah M. Idris

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2009;2009(2):49-62.
MyJurnal

Neutron aperture is one of the collimator components in a neutron radiography facility. The optimum design of neutron aperture is very importance in order to obtain largest L/D ratio with highest thermal neutron flux and low gamma-rays at the image plane. In this study, the optimization of neutron aperture parameters were done using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, version five (MCNP5). This code has a capability to simulate the neutron, photon, and electron or coupled of neutron/photon/electron transport, including the capability to calculate eigen values for critical system. The aperture parameters concerned in this study are the selection of best aperture material, aperture thickness, aperture position and aperture center hole diameter. In these simulations, vacuum beam port medium was applied.
Fulltext A reduced τ-adic Naf (RTNAF) representation for an efficient scalar multiplication on Anomalous Binary Curves (ABC)

Faridah Yunos, Kamel Ariffin Mohd Atan, Muhammad Rezal Kamel Ariffin, Mohamad Rushdan Md Said

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(2):489-505.
MyJurnal

Elliptic curve cryptosystems (ECC) provides better security for each bit key utilized compared to the RSA cryptosystem. For this reason, it is projected to have more practical usage than the RSA. In ECC, scalar multiplication (or point multiplication) is the dominant operation, namely, computing nP from a point P on an elliptic curve, where n is an integer defined as the point resulting from adding P + P + ... + P, n times. However, for practical uses, it is very important to improve the efficiency of the scalar multiplication. Solinas (1997) proposes that the τ-adic Non-Adjacent Form (τ-NAF) is one of the most efficient algorithms used to compute scalar multiplications on Anomalous Binary curves. In this paper, we give a new property (i.e., Theorem 1.2) of τ-NAF(n) representation for every length, l. This is useful for evaluating the maximum and minimum norms occurring among all length-l elements of Z(τ). We also propose a new cryptographic method by using randomization of a multiplier n to nr an element of Z(τ). It is based on τ-NAF. We focused on estimating the length of RTNAF(nr) expansion by using a new method.
Fulltext Prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of G6PD deficient blood donors in Terengganu and the effects of storage on their donated blood

Hayati Mansor, Eusni Rahayu Mohd. Tohit, Faridah Idris, Alawiyah Abdul Rahman

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(2):126-134.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency causes red blood cell destruction due to oxi- dative stress. G6PD is essential for NADPH conversion; which is critical for glutathione reductase to prevent damage to cellular structures. In Malaysia, blood donors are not routinely screened for G6PD deficiency. We hypothesise that G6PD-deficient red blood cells are more likely to haemolyse during storage due to increased oxidative molecules. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among blood donors, describe their characteristics and to evaluate the effects of storage on G6PD-deficient donated blood. Methods: This study was conducted at selected mobile donation centres in Terengganu. Consented blood donors were screened for G6PD sta- tus using fluorescent spot tests (FST). G6PD enzyme activities were measured for donors who were G6PD deficient. Effects of storage on haemolysis from G6PD-deficient donors were compared with non G6PD-deficient group. Sixty ml of blood was collected from blood unit to transfer pouch for estimation of haemoglobin (Hb), plasma Hb, per- centage of haemolysis and plasma potassium. Serial sampling with a 7-day interval was done from Day 1 to Day 35. Statistical analysis was considered significant if p 0.05. Results: A total of 440 blood donors were screened and 12 male donors were found to be G6PD deficient by FST. Enzymatic activities were measured in 11 donors as one donor sample failed to be sent to the centre due to logistic problem. Their enzymatic activities ranged from 1.66-2.93 U/g Hb whereby 6 have severe deficiency and the other 5 were categorised as partial deficiency. Donors were asymp- tomatic for haemolytic episode. Serial sampling showed there was no significant difference of haemolytic parameters in blood units of G6PD-deficient donors as compared to control (p>0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of G6PD blood donors in Terengganu mobile centres was 2.7%. G6PD enzyme activities did not correlate with clinical symptoms. Haemolytic parameters were not affected in blood units which were G6PD-deficient.
Fulltext Cardiac and coronary artery study on sudden death cases in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz

Shih Sheng Soo, Siti Balkis Budin, Ismarulyusda Ishak, Faridah Mohd Nor, Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar

Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine, 2021;5(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Background: Sudden death (SD) is defined as an unexpected natural death within an hour onset of symptoms or unwitnessed death that occurs within 24 hours, which accounts for most cardiovascular deaths in Malaysia. This study aimed to evaluate the extent of histopathological changes in the heart and to study the demographic trend in SD cases in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: Specimens from all SD cases were received from 2017 to 2018 by the Forensic Unit, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz (HCTM) were studied. The specimens were the left ventricular myocardium and left anterior descending artery (LAD), which were fixed in 10% formalin with haematoxylin and eosin staining. The tissues were graded histologically based on changes such as arterial occlusion, myocardial infarction, and/or thrombus formation. Results: Out of 545 medicolegal deaths, only 25 cases (4.6%) had samples available for analysis. Among these 25 patients, 24 (96%) were male patients and only one (4%) was a female patient. The available samples were from patients aged between 30 to 79 years old. In terms of ethinicity, Malays (40%) were the most numerous, followed by patients of Chinese and Indian ethnicities.The majority of the SD cases had a body mass index (BMI) that ranged between underweight (56%) and obese (40%). Besides, there were 10 (40%) cases of coronary artery with atheroma and 15 (60%) cases of myocardial infarction. The most common presentation of atherosclerosis was grade III and IV, and acute MI was the most common presentation at death, followed by healed infarcts and old infarcts. Discussion and Conclusion: Our findings reflect worsening risk factor levels in cardiovascular diseases, compounded by demographic trends. Further studies on biomarkers specific for cardiac diseases are warranted to understand imminent sudden cardiac death.
Fulltext Assessment of reticulocyte-haemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) as a diagnostic indicator for iron deficiency anaemia

Noor Amalia Bakri, Eusni Rahayu Mohd Tohit, Faridah Idris, Rusmawati Ismail

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(109):58-63.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anaemia. The diagnosis of IDA, however, remains a challenge and is a problem worldwide. Serum iron study is commonly used for IDA diagnosis but there are some limitations. This study was conducted to evaluate reticulocyte-haemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) as a screening tool for IDA diagnosis in adults. Method: This is a comparative case control study conducted in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan consisting of adult patients with iron deficiency anaemia and a healthy control group. Hae- matological parameters (Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH, RDW) inclusive of Ret-He and serum iron parameters (serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin) were measured. Correlation between Ret-He with other haematological and serum iron parameters were analysed. Results: There were 103 IDA adult patients with majority of them being female (85.4%) with median age of 36 years old. Malay ethnicity (79.6%) contributed to the larger proportion of adult IDA patients. The Ret-He value for patient and control groups were 16.50 ± 4.90 pg and 34.80 ± 1.97 pg, re- spectively. Ret-He was 89.32% sensitive and 100% specific with 100% positive predictive value (PPV) and 73.11% negative predictive value (NPV) when compared to transferrin saturation. There was significant correlation between Hb, MCH, MCV, RDW and serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin parameters with Ret-He. Conclusion: Ret-He together with a complete blood count, may serve as an alternative to the serum iron parameters for screening of IDA in adults.
Fulltext Rare cases of haemoglobin variant presented with isolated erythrocytosis

Subithira N, Hafidzah NM, Syirah N, Ezalia E, Faridah, Sabariah MN

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(109):114-116.
MyJurnal

Haemoglobinopathies presenting with erythrocytosis is relatively rare. The clinicians might mistakenly diagnose such patients with other causes of erythrocytosis such as myeloproliferative neoplasm, etc instead of haemoglobinopathies. Here, we described two cases of haemoglobin variant, namely Haemoglobin Johnstown (Hb Johnstown) and Haemoglobin Bethesda (Hb Besthesda) that were detected following various futile investigations for persistent erythrocytosis. For both cases, the two main screening methods used were capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Approximately 30% of the high affinity haemoglobin (Hb) are not detected by electrophoresis method, however, in some cases, a variant Hb peak can be seen in chromatography method. Thus, a high index of suspicion of such diagnosis is utmost important as to not to miss the definitive diagnostic test by DNA analysis.
Fulltext Decision making of patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease for hemodialysis

Wa Ode Rahmadania, Dwi Wulandar, Asbath, Ruma Poddar, Faridah Mohd Said

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(110):30-33.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a public health problem in the world which is increasing every year. Hemo- dialysis is one of the methods commonly used for patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease. However, hemo- dialysis does not cure the disease and requires long term therapy. So, the patient's decision whether to undergo he- modialysis, is crucial. Methods: This study is aimed to identify the factors associated with decision making in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in the Bahteramas General Hospital of Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This study is a descriptive-analytic study using a cross-sectional design to observe the relationship between patients' decision making for hemodialysis. Results: A total of 34 patients with end-stage chron- ic kidney disease were chosen by accidental sampling technique. Analysis of the data was done by the Chi-Square test. The results of this study showed that age, level of knowledge, and family support have a significant relationship with the patient's decision for hemodialysis. The distance of home and economic status showed no relationship with the patient's decision to undergo hemodialysis. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that age, level of knowledge and family support is related to the patient's decision to hemodialysis in the Bahteramas General Hospital of Southeast Sulawesi Province.
Fulltext Health education on the knowledge of first aid in traffic accidents in students at Tunas Husada High School Kendari, Indonesia

Islaeli Islaeli, Anisa Purnamasari, Ari Nofitasari, Faridah Mohd Said, Hafizah Che Hassan

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(110):38-42.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Accidents including traffic accidents can occur anywhere, anytime. Around the world, 1.2 million die each year from accidents, and 50 million are injured. Indonesia has the fifth highest rate of accidents. The conse- quences of unexpected accidents can be life threatening, on an average one traffic accident occurs every 0.5 minutes. Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an individual's skill to save a person's life. This is very important in the first five minutes in a victim's life in many emergency situations. In an emergency, bystander including children in the high school is expected to perform a core role in carrying out CPR. The aim of this study is to determine CPR knowl- edge in High School. Methods: The type of research is a pre-experimental research by approaching the One Group Pre and Post Test Design. Intervention study using pre and post-test validated questionnaire was conducted among 40 students of Tunas Husada high school that were randomly selected. Data analysis was performed with the Macnemar test. Results: The results of the study obtained p= 0.000 which is less than 0.05, so result of the study reveal significant difference in knowledge before and after health education. Thus, there is an effect of health education in increasing knowledge of first aid in traffic accidents among students at Tunas Husada high school, Kendari. Conclusion: This study identify that majority students has poor knowledge on CPR. Therefore, implementation of basic life-support training for all school children is recommenced.
Fulltext IN VITRO SHOOT PROLIFERATION OF Begonia pavonina: A COMPARISON OF SEMISOLID, LIQUID, AND TEMPORARY IMMERSION MEDIUM SYSTEM

Rosilah Ab Aziz, Kodi Isparan Kandasamy, Faridah Qamaruz Zaman, Parameswari Namasivayam

Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2021;9(1):39-48.
MyJurnal

The in vitro shoot proliferation of endemic Begonia pavonina in three culture conditions i.e semisolid medium (SM), liquid culture medium (LM) and in temporary immersion bioreactor system (RITA®) was analyzed in this study. To minimize contamination rates, seeds were surface sterilized and cultured on MS basal media. The clean raised shoots were then used as explants for inoculation onto the tested culture conditions. In this experiment, the explants were maintained in MS medium supplemented with 0.1mgL-1 BAP for shoot multiplication. After 4 weeks of incubation, higher regeneration rates were observed in TIM as compared to other medium conditions. The maximum shoot number was obtained from TIM system with a mean of 5.30 shoots per explant, followed by LM (2.47 shoots per explant) and SM (1.2 shoots per explant). Shoot hyperhydration was also lowest in a TIM system. Overall, TIM was shown to produce higher shoot multiplications combined with healthy morphological characteristics of plantlets. Shoot cultures from the all cultures were successfully rooted in vitro and acclimatized well in the greenhouse.
Fulltext Optimization of enzymatic esterification of dihydrocaffeic acid with hexanol in ionic liquid using response surface methodology

Gholivand S, Lasekan O, Tan CP, Abas F, Wei LS

Chem Cent J, 2017 May 26;11(1):44.
PMID: 29086827 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0276-2

BACKGROUND: Developing an efficient lipophilization reaction system for phenolic derivatives could enhance their applications in food processing. Low solubility of phenolic acids reduces the efficiency of phenolic derivatives in most benign enzyme solvents. The conversion of phenolic acids through esterification alters their solubility and enhances their use as food antioxidant additives as well as their application in cosmetics.
RESULTS: This study has shown that lipase-catalyzed esterification of dihydrocaffeic acid with hexanol in ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide) was the best approach for esterification reaction. In order to achieve the maximum yield, the process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level and four independent variables such as: dosage of enzyme; hexanol/dihydrocaffeic acid mole ratio; temperature and reaction time. The optimum esterification condition (Y = 84.4%) was predicted to be obtained at temperature of 39.4 °C, time of 77.5 h dosage of enzyme at 41.6% and hexanol/dihydrocaffeic acid mole ratio of 2.1.
CONCLUSION: Finally, this study has produced an efficient enzymatic esterification method for the preparation of hexyl dihydrocaffeate in vitro using a lipase in an ionic liquid system. Concentration of hexanol was the most significant (p

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