Displaying publications 101 - 120 of 128 in total

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  1. Insulin secreted from genetically engineered intestinal cells reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic mice
    Rasouli M, Allaudin ZN, Omar AR, Ahmad Z
    Curr Gene Ther, 2013 Aug;13(4):229-39.
    PMID: 23721205 DOI: 10.2174/15665232113139990002
    Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus can result in serious complications. Gene therapy is increasingly being considered as an alternative approach to treat diabetes, because of its ability to induce physiological insulin secretion and it allows patients to escape insulin injections. The properties of gut K and L-cells, including glucose sensitivity, the ability to process insulin and a regulated secretion pathway support their use as surrogate β-cells. Previous in vitro studies have provided sufficient evidence supporting the use of these cells for gene therapy studies. Therefore, we examined the ability of K and L-cells to produce insulin in diabetic mice. Chitosan nanoparticles were used to transfer the insulin gene into intestinal cells via oral administration. The efficiency of chitosan as a gene vehicle was investigated through the use of reporter gene. Insulin mRNA and protein expression levels were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Blood glucose testing revealed that this treatment reduced glucose levels in diabetic mice. The decrease in blood glucose level in the first week of treatment was greater in mice with K-cell specific insulin expression compared with mice with L-cell-specific insulin expression. These results indicate that inducing insulin secretion in K-cells conferred a quicker response to gene therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines/cytology*
  2. Construction and characterization of rtxA and rtxC mutants of auxotrophic O139 Vibrio cholerae
    Cheong TG, Chan M, Kurunathan S, Ali SA, ZiNing T, Zainuddin ZF, et al.
    Microb Pathog, 2010 Feb;48(2):85-90.
    PMID: 19900531 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.11.001
    Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes diarrheal disease. V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups are toxigenic and are known to cause epidemic cholera. These serogroups produce cholera toxin and other accessory toxins such as accessory cholera enterotoxin, zonula occludens toxin, and multifunctional, autoprocessing repeat in toxin (MARTX). In the present study, we incorporated mutated rtxA and rtxC genes that encode MARTX toxin into the existing aminolevulinic acid (ALA) auxotrophic vaccine candidate VCUSM2 of V. cholerae O139 serogroup. The rtxC mutant was named VCUSM9 and the rtxC/rtxA mutant was named VCUSM10. VCUSM9 and VCUSM10 were able to colonize intestinal cells well, compared with the parent vaccine strain, and produced no fluid accumulation in a rabbit ileal loop model. Cell rounding and western blotting assays indicated that mutation of the rtxC gene alone (VCUSM9 strain) did not abolish MARTX toxicity. However mutation of both the rtxA and rtxC genes (VCUSM10) completely abolished MARTX toxicity. Thus we have produced a new, less reactogenic, auxotrophic rtxC/rtxA mutated vaccine candidate against O139 V. cholerae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines/microbiology
  3. First Report of Lecanicephalidean Tapeworms (Eucestoda) from Freshwater, Including Description of Three New Species of Tetragonocephalum Shipley and Hornell, 1905
    Jensen K, Guyer R
    J Parasitol, 2021 01 01;107(1):1-15.
    PMID: 33429430 DOI: 10.1645/19-167
    The lecanicephalidean cestodes parasitizing the spiral intestine of the endangered giant freshwater whipray, Urogymnus polylepis (Bleeker), are investigated for the first time. Eight host specimens were collected between 2002 and 2008 at 2 collecting sites off the eastern coast of Borneo: 6 from the Kinabatangan River (Malaysia) and 2 from a fish market in Tarakan (Indonesia). Two of these individuals were found to be infected with a total of 3 new species of TetragonocephalumShipley and Hornell, 1905. Tetragonocephalum georgei n. sp. and Tetragonocephalum opimum n. sp. were recovered from a host specimen from the Kinabatangan River, and Tetragonocephalum levicorpum n. sp. was found parasitizing a host specimen purchased at a fish market in Tarakan. Specimens of each of the new species were prepared for light microscopy; specimens of 2 of the new species were prepared for scanning electron microscopy, and histological sections were prepared for 1 of the new species. The 3 new species are distinct from the 9 valid species of Tetragonocephalum and the 1 species inquirendum based on, for example, total length, number of proglottids and testes, and size of the scolex and acetabula. Tetragonocephalum georgei n. sp. and T. levicorpum n. sp. are unusual among their congeners in that they are euapolytic (i.e., gravid proglottids were not observed) rather than apolytic. They differ from one another in scolex and acetabula size. Tetragonocephalum opimum n. sp. is unusual among its congeners in its possession of vitelline follicles arranged in 2, rather than 3, regions in the proglottid. These new species increase the total number of valid species of Tetragonocephalum to 12 and the total number of known cestodes from U. polylepis to 13 species across 6 genera in 4 orders. This is the first account of lecanicephalideans reported from freshwater. The taxonomic status of each of the 32 nominal taxa historically associated with Tetragonocephalum is re-assessed. Type host identities of all valid species are revised and discussed in light of recent taxonomic efforts in the Dasyatidae Jordan and Gilbert.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines/parasitology
  4. Fulltext Engineering an L-cell line that expresses insulin under the control of the glucagon-like peptide-1 promoter for diabetes treatment
    Rasouli M, Ahmad Z, Omar AR, Allaudin ZN
    BMC Biotechnol, 2011 Nov 03;11:99.
    PMID: 22047106 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-99
    BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a complicated disease with a pathophysiology that includes hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and other metabolic impairments leading to many clinical complications. It is necessary to develop appropriate treatments to manage the disease and reduce possible acute and chronic side effects. The advent of gene therapy has generated excitement in the medical world for the possible application of gene therapy in the treatment of diabetes. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promoter, which is recognised by gut L-cells, is an appealing candidate for gene therapy purposes. The specific properties of L-cells suggest that L-cells and the GLP-1 promoter would be useful for diabetes therapy approaches.

    RESULTS: In this study, L-cells were isolated from a primary intestinal cell line to create suitable target cells for insulin expression studies. The isolated cells displayed L-cell properties and were therefore used as an L-cell surrogate. Next, the isolated L-cells were transfected with the recombinant plasmid consisting of an insulin gene located downstream of the GLP-1 promoter. The secretion tests revealed that an increase in glucose concentration from 5 mM to 25 mM induced insulin gene expression in the L-cells by 2.7-fold. Furthermore, L-cells quickly responded to the glucose stimulation; the amount of insulin protein increased 2-fold in the first 30 minutes and then reached a plateau after 90 minutes.

    CONCLUSION: Our data showed that L-cells efficiently produced the mature insulin protein. In addition, the insulin protein secretion was positively regulated with glucose induction. In conclusion, GLP-1 promoter and L-cell could be potential candidates for diabetes gene therapy agents.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines/cytology
  5. Fulltext Determining the prevalence of intestinal parasites in three Orang Asli (Aborigines) communities in Perak, Malaysia
    Sinniah B, Sabaridah I, Soe MM, Sabitha P, Awang IP, Ong GP, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2012 Jun;29(2):200-6.
    PMID: 22735840 MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among children and adult Orang Aslis (Aborigines) from different locations in Perak. Faecal samples were collected and analyzed using the direct smear and formal ether sedimentation technique. Some of the faecal samples were stained using the Modified Acid fast stain for Cryptosporidium. Nail clippings of the respondents and the soil around their habitat were also analyzed. Of the 77 stool samples examined, 39 (50.6%) were positive for at least one intestinal parasite. The most common parasite detected was Trichuris trichiura (39.0%) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (26.9%), Entamoeba coli (5.2%), Giardia lamblia (5.2%), Blastocystis hominis (3.9%), hookworm (3.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.3%), Iodamoeba butschlii (1.3%) and Cryptosporidium sp. (1.3%) respectively. Some respondents had single parasites (24.7%), some with two parasites (18.2%). Some with three parasites (6.5%) and one had four parasites species (1.3%). The parasites were slightly more common in females (54.7%) than males ((41.7%). The parasites were more common in the 13-20 year age group (90.9%) followed by 1-12 years (69.6%), 21-40 year age group (34.8%) and least in the 41-60 year age group (27.8%). Nail examinations of the respondents did not show any evidence of parasites. One had a mite, three had pollen grains and one had yeast cells isolated from the finger nails. Soil samples taken around their houses showed only one sample with a nematode ova and one with oocyst which was of a non human origin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines/parasitology*
  6. Native κ-carrageenan induced-colitis is related to host intestinal microecology
    Mi Y, Chin YX, Cao WX, Chang YG, Lim PE, Xue CH, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Mar 15;147:284-294.
    PMID: 31926226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.072
    Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, has gradually emerged as a public health challenge worldwide. Carrageenan is a popular food additive that has been in use for decades. However, controversy exists regarding to the safety of carrageenan due to its exacerbation of colitis in experimental models. In this study, we studied the effects of vehicle and host intestinal microflora on carrageenan inflammatory properties in C57BL/6 J mice. We found that in high-fat diet model, native carrageenan in drinking water increased the disease activity index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the mRNA expression of TLR4 in colon, whereas carrageenan-supplemented diet has no visible effects. However, no signs of colitis were observed under low-fat diet regardless of the mode of vehicle used. Moreover, we discovered that carrageenan-induced colitis in high-fat diet model was robustly correlated with changes in the composition of gut microbiota, specifically Alistipes finegoldii and Bacteroides acidifaciens. Hence, we propose that the inflammatory property of carrageenan is influenced greatly by its intake form via modification of host intestinal microecology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines/microbiology*
  7. The effect of nanoparticles on gastrointestinal release from modified κ-carrageenan nanocomposite hydrogels
    Hezaveh H, Muhamad II
    Carbohydr Polym, 2012 Jun 5;89(1):138-45.
    PMID: 24750615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.062
    In this article, silver and magnetite nanofillers were synthesized in modified κ-carrageenan hydrogels using the in situ method. The effect of metallic nanoparticles in gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) release of a model drug (methylene blue) has been investigated. The effect of nanoparticles loading and genipin cross-linking on GIT release of nanocomposite is also studied to finally provide the most suitable drug carrier system. In vitro release studies revealed that using metallic nanocomposites hydrogels in GIT studies can improve the drug release in intestine and minimize it in the stomach. It was found that cross-linking and nanofiller loading can significantly improve the targeted release. Therefore, applying metallic nanoparticles seems to be a promising strategy to develop GIT controlled drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  8. Fulltext Scoring System for Lesions Induced by Different Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken
    Hussein EA, Hair-Bejo M, Adamu L, Omar AR, Arshad SS, Awad EA, et al.
    Vet Med Int, 2018;2018:9296520.
    PMID: 30631413 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9296520
    Newcastle disease virus strains are velogenic, mesogenic, and lentogenic. This study aims to design a scoring system for lesions induced by different strains of Newcastle disease virus in chicken. Three experiments were conducted. In experiments 1 and 2, chickens were divided into infected and control groups. Infected groups of experiments 1 and 2 consisted of 6 and 24 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, respectively. Control groups in experiments 1 and 2 consisted of 6 and 15 SPF chickens, respectively. In infected groups, infection was induced by intranasal administration of 105 50% EID50/0.1 mL of velogenic Newcastle disease virus strain (vNDV). Infected chickens in experiment 1 were euthanised by cervical dislocation on days 3, 6, and 7 postinoculation (pi). Infected chickens in experiment 2 were euthanised at hours (hrs) 2, 4, 6, 12 and days 1, 2, 4, and 6 pi. Chickens of the control group in experiment 1 were euthanised on days 3 and 7 pi, whereas control group chickens in experiment 2 were euthanised on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 pi. Then in experiment 3, 15 SPF chickens were divided into three groups; in the first group, 5 SPF chickens were infected with vNDV, in the second group, 5 SPF chickens were infected with lentogenic NDV (lNDV) (103.0 EID50/0.1 mL), and the third group was kept without infection as a control group. Chickens were euthanised on day 5 pi. In all previous experiments, tissues of brain, trachea, lung, caecal tonsil, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, proventriculus, intestine, and thymus were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. HS staining was applied. Tissues were examined under light microscope and changes were recorded. A scoring system was designed for lesions induced by different strains of NDV and, accordingly, lesions were scored. The scoring system was found helpful in the evaluation of disease severity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  9. Fulltext Identification and occurrence of antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli isolated from recreational parks around Kota Kinabalu, SabahRajeena Sugumaran
    Rajeena Sugumaran, Pamela David Jocksing, Nur Athirah Yusof
    Borneo International Journal of Biotechnology, 2020;1(1):55-75.
    MyJurnal
    Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are contributors to infection cases among the Asian population. S. aureus is found in the mucous lining of noses and is mainly non-pathogenic while E. coli, mostly harmless bacteria, are found in the intestine. Pathogenic strains of both bacteria have adverse effects on the elderly and younger age group of the population. Samples were collected from recreational parks around Kota Kinabalu as they are hotspots frequently visited by families with both age groups. The bacterial samples were isolated and cultured on selective media such as Baird-Parker agar (BPA), Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar, MacConkey agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. Morphological characteristics of bacterial growth were observed, where S. aureus had black-shiny growth in BPA and E. coli had a metallic-green sheen in EMB agar. The suspected bacteria samples were then stained and viewed under a light microscope. S. aureus was identified as gram-positive, stained violet with a circular shape and clustered appearance. E. coli was identified as gram-negative, stained red, rod-shaped with 2 – 3 bacterial alignment. Antibiotic resistance test resulted in S. aureus and E. coli samples did not display 100% resistance among 4 antibiotics tested (ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol). Most of the bacteria samples were a minimum inhibitory of 0.1 mg/mL of antibiotic concentration. These results provide a foundation for further research on identifying bacterial strains using molecular methods. The findings can then be used to disseminate information to the public to create awareness of potential disease outbreaks in the city.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  10. Fulltext Small bowel obstruction secondary to obturator hernia: A pre-operative diagnosis at computed tomography
    Marlina Tanty Ramli Hamid, Mohd Shukry Mohd Khalid, Kartini Rahmat
    Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2021;6(1):46-49.
    MyJurnal
    Obturator hernia is rare, but it must be considered in elderly patients who present with small
    bowel obstruction. The diagnosis is challenging unless there is a high index of suspicion as
    the presenting symptoms and signs are usually non-specific. Presence of positive HowshipRomberg sign is considered pathognomonic. Early diagnosis and rapid surgical intervention
    will reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed obturator hernia. We
    report a case of a 93-year-old female patient who was admitted to our surgical department with
    symptoms of intestinal obstruction of 3-days duration. Howship-Romberg sign was negative.
    Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated the presence of left obturator hernia with proximal
    small bowel obstruction and no sign of strangulation. The patient had emergency laparotomy
    post-CT where the incarcerated bowel loop was released and the obstructed bowel was
    decompressed without any complication. The hernial defect was close with a mesh and the
    patient had an uneventful recovery post-surgery. In this case, we highlight that diagnosis of
    obturator hernia must always be considered in elderly patients who present with intestinal
    obstruction. Urgent CT could establish a rapid pre-operative diagnosis and aids in appropriate
    surgical intervention planning which is crucial in optimising the outcome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  11. Infectious bronchitis associated with Escherichia coli infection in commercial broiler chickens: a case report
    Nordin N, Sani NIM, Kadir AA, Shaari R, Mohamed M, Reduan MFH, et al.
    J Adv Vet Anim Res, 2021 Mar;8(1):101-104.
    PMID: 33860019 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h491
    Objective: In this case report, we have investigated the infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) outbreak with the co-infection of Escherichia coli in 28-33-day-old broiler chickens in Malaysia.

    Materials and Methods: A farmer complained that Cobb 500 chickens, raised in the open house, were having bloody diarrhea, open mouth breathing, non-uniform growth, and ruffled feathers. The mortality was about 100 birds (from about 7000 birds) per day. The sick birds were isolated and subjected to physical examination, postmortem, and histopathological analyses. Gross lesions were observed and recorded. The lung samples have proceeded with histopathological evaluations. The lungs, kidneys, trachea, air sac, and heart samples were collected to isolate bacteria and fungi through a series of conventional cultural methods, followed by molecular confirmation of the IBV.

    Results: Postmortem examination revealed air sacculitis, hemorrhagic tracheitis, pulmonary congestion, fibrin deposition in the liver and air sac, hemorrhagic enteritis, and renomegaly. The bacterial culture and biochemical tests revealed E. coli in the lungs, trachea, liver, intestine, and kidney samples. However, no fungus could be isolated from those samples. Histological evaluation of lung samples demonstrated infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pulmonary tissues. Apart from this, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of avian coronavirus responsible for infectious bronchitis (IB).

    Conclusion: The chickens were diagnosed with IB concurrent with E.coli. The chickens exhibited typical nephropathogenic strain of IBV infection, causing high mortality.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  12. Fulltext The eyes do not see what the mind does not know: an underreported feature in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary
    Wong, Y.P., Tan, G.C.
    Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):223-228.
    MyJurnal
    Mature cystic teratoma is the commonest ovarian germ cell tumour which accounts for 70% of all benign ovarian neoplasms in the reproductive age groups. Being a pluripotent germ cell tumour, mature cystic teratoma has at least two out of three mature embryonic germ cell components: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The presence of multiple cystic spaces within the tumour wall, also known as pneumatosis cystoides-like appearance is rarely described but a characteristic feature in cystic teratoma of the ovary. Currently, there is little information concerning the mechanism of its formation. Herein, we described an unusual case of ovarian mature cystic teratoma in a 31-year-old pregnant female with multiple sieve-like areas resembling pneumatosis cystoides of the intestine. Macroscopic and histological examination of the ovary revealed features diagnostic of mature cystic teratoma. Intriguingly, multiple cystic spaces of variable sizes were found within the cyst wall histologically. They were lined partially or completely by foamy histiocytes and foreign body type multinucleated giant cells, exhibiting strong CD68 immunoreactivity. Vascular endothelial markers (CD31 and CD34) and epithelial marker (cytokeratin AE1/AE3) were negative. A diagnosis of mature cystic teratoma with pneumatosis cystoides-like feature was rendered. The patient was discharged well with no signs and symptoms of early labour. The etiopathogenesis of this intriguing histological feature is briefly discussed in this article.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  13. Sarcocystis myopathy in a patient with HIV-AIDS
    Anderson D, Nathoo N, Lu JQ, Kowalewska-Grochowska KT, Power C
    J Neurovirol, 2018 06;24(3):376-378.
    PMID: 29508303 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0620-x
    Sarcocystosis is a zoonotic infection that causes intestinal and muscular illnesses in humans. Sarcocystosis was until recently considered rare in humans. To complete their life cycle, Sarcocystis species require both a definitive and an intermediate host. Humans are the definitive host when infected by one of two species: Sarcocystis hominis (from eating undercooked beef) or Sarcocystis suihominis (from eating uncooked pork). Infection with either of these species results in intestinal sarcocystosis, causing a self-limited disease characterized by nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Humans act as the intermediate host when infected by Sarcocystis nesbitti, resulting in the markedly different clinical picture of muscular sarcocystosis. Most documented cases of muscular sarcocystosis were assumed to be acquired in Malaysia, in addition to other regions of Southeast Asia and India. Published cases of muscular sarcocystosis from the Middle East, Central and South America, and Africa are all rare. Although the clinical presentation of muscular sarcocystosis remains to be fully characterized, fever, myalgia, and headache are among the most common symptoms. Here, we report a patient from sub-Saharan Africa with chronic Sarcocystis myopathy and well-controlled HIV-AIDS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  14. Fulltext Optimisation of the production of fish gelatine nanoparticles as a carrier for sunflower-derived biopeptide
    Akbar, I., Jaswir, I., Jamal, P.
    International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(1):171-181.
    MyJurnal
    Gelatine obtained from fish skin has become a potential source of preparing nanoparticles and
    encapsulation of bioactive compounds. Within these fish skin, gelatine nanoparticles show
    potent benefits for application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The encapsulated
    bioactive ingredients within nanoparticles have improved bioavailability, delivery properties,
    and solubility of the nutraceuticals within the human body and blood stream. Many of such
    bioactive peptides (biopeptides) are potent antioxidants; and as oxidative stress is the main
    cause of the onset of various chronic diseases, encapsulation of antioxidant biopeptides within
    fish gelatine nanoparticles could be a potential remedy to prevent or delay the onset of such
    diseases and for better health prospects. The purpose of the present work was to prepare a
    simple, safe, and reproducible novel food delivery nanoparticle system encapsulating a desirable antioxidant biopeptide. An optimisation study was conducted to produce a desirable size
    of gelatine nanoparticles which showed a higher encapsulation efficiency of an antioxidant
    biopeptide. Sunflower biopeptide was chosen as the antioxidant biopeptide, as the activity of
    this protein hydrolysate is quite high at DPPH of 89% and FRAP assay of 968 µm/L. Tilapia
    fish was used as gelatine source at an average yield of the process at 10% wt/wt. Effects of
    parameters such as pH, biopeptide concentration, and cross-linking agent ‘glutaraldehyde’ on
    the size, stability, and encapsulation efficiency on the nanoparticles were studied. The average
    diameter of the biopeptide loaded gelatine nanoparticle was between 228.3 and 1,305 nm.
    Encapsulation efficiency was 76% at an optimal pH of 2, glutaraldehyde concentration of 2
    mL, and biopeptide concentration of 0.1 mg/mL exhibited DPPH at 92% and FRAP assay of
    978 µm/L. To understand the absorption of sunflower biopeptide in stomach, blood stream,
    and biopeptide release of the gelatine nanoparticles, biopeptide loaded gelatine nanoparticles
    were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal conditions mimicking human stomach and
    intestine; and showed peptide release of 0.1464 and 0.277 mg/mL upon pepsin and pancreatin
    digestion, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  15. Fulltext Data on the mechanisms of antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretaceae): Involvement of opioidergic and (α1 and β)-adrenergic pathways
    Ahmad MH, Zezi AU, Anafi SB, Alhassan Z, Mohammed M, Danraka RN
    Data Brief, 2021 Jun;36:107155.
    PMID: 34041327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107155
    This article describes the dataset for the elucidation of the possible mechanisms of antidiarrhoeal actions of methanol leaves extract of Combretum hypopilinum (Diels) Combretaceae in mice. The plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhoea in Nigeria and other African countries. We introduce the data for the antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum at 1,000 mg/kg investigated using charcoal meal test in mice with loperamide (5 mg/kg) as the standard antidiarrhoeal agent. To elucidate the possible mechanisms of its antidiarrhoeal action, naloxone (2 mg/kg), prazosin (1 mg/kg), yohimbine (2 mg/kg), propranolol (1 mg/kg), pilocarpine (1 mg/kg) and isosorbide dinitrate (150 mg/kg) were separately administered to different groups of mice 30 minutes before administration of the extract. Each mouse was dissected using dissecting set, and the small intestine was immediately removed from pylorus to caecum, placed lengthwise on moist filter paper and measured the distance travelled by charcoal relative to the length of the intestine using a calibrated ruler in centimetre. Besides, the peristaltic index and inhibition of charcoal movement of each animal were calculated and recorded. The methods for the data collection is similar to the one used to investigate the possible pathways involved in the antidiarrhoeal action of Combretum hypopilinum in mice in the research article by Ahmad et al. (2020) "Mechanisms of Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Methanol Leaf Extract of Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretaceae): Involvement of Opioidergic and (α1 and β)-Adrenergic Pathways" (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113750) [1]. Therefore, this datasets could form a basis for in-depth research to elucidate further the pharmacological properties of the plant Combretum hypopilinum and its bioactive compounds to develop standardized herbal product and novel compound for management of diarrhoea. It could also be instrumental for evaluating the plant's pharmacological potentials using other computational-based and artificial intelligence approaches, including predictive modelling and simulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  16. Fulltext Effect of storage conditions on quality of prebiotic dark chocolate
    Norhayati, H., Rasma Suzielawanis, Mohd Khan AMohd Khan, A.
    Malays J Nutr, 2013;19(1):111-119.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: A prebiotic such as inulin is a well-known functional plant food ingredient. It is capable of stimulating growth of beneficial bifidobacteria in the intestine thus protecting against intestinal infections, preventing constipation, increasing mineral absorption, reducing the incidence of colon cancer, and producing B vitamins. Inulin added to food therefore has to be stable during food processing especially against heat treatment, low pH and Maillard reaction. Methods: Newly developed dark chocolate, DC-1, containing inulin (replacing sugar component) as an added value, was stored at 18oC, 60% relative humidity and 25oC, 80% relative humidity (RH) to determine shelf life stability compared to control dark chocolate, DC-0 (with high content of sugar). Sensory evaluation (quantitative descriptive analysis), water activity (aw), microbiological content and presence of inulin after storage of the prebiotic chocolate under both conditions were evaluated to determine shelf life. Results: The DC-1 chocolate had at least 12 months of shelf life at 18oC, 60% RH with better acceptance than DC-0; moreover, it did not experience microbiological and inulin content changes. At 25oC, 80% RH, the growth of Aspergillus sp. was observed on the surface of both DC-0 and DC-1 with aw >0.50 after a 2-month storage. Conclusion: Shelf life stability of DC-1 is almost similar to DC-0.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  17. Diagnostics of intestinal parasites by light microscopy among the population of children between the ages of 4-12 in eastern Turkey
    Babat SO, Sirekbasan S, Macin S, Kariptas E, Polat E
    Trop Biomed, 2018 Dec 01;35(4):1087-1091.
    PMID: 33601855
    Intestinal parasitic infections are among important health problems in developing countries. In societies living in low socioeconomic conditions, it has been neglected and mostly affects children. It is important to determine the prevalence and type of intestinal parasites in order to determine the intervention strategies for these infections. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate intestinal parasite prevalence and IgE levels and the factors associated with the region in which the children population live, in Sirnak province, in the eastern of Turkey. A total of 357 symptomatic children aged 4 to 12 years, who were admitted to the Paediatric Polyclinic of Sirnak State Hospital, were examined prospectively. The collected stool samples were examined with direct wet-mount and concentration method under light microscope. In addition, total serum IgE levels were compared among 223 children with parasitic disease and 134 children without parasitic disease. One or more intestinal parasites were detected in 223 out of the 357 children participating in the study. The ratio of single, double, and triple parasitic infections in children was 32.5 %, 22.4 % and 7.6 %, respectively. The most common parasites determined in the study were Taenia spp. (39.9%), Enterobius vermicularis (38.6%) and Giardia intestinalis. (30 %). The difference between IgE levels determined in both groups was not regarded to be statistically significant. This study indicated that that intestinal polyparism is very common in children living in the province of Sirnak, which is located in the east of Turkey, neighbouring Iraq and Syria in the South. For this reason, sustainable control measures are urgently needed to improve personal hygiene and sanitation, to provide a healthy infrastructure and to improve the quality of existing water resources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  18. Fulltext A retrospective study of bovine tuberculosis at the municipal abattoir of Bauchi State, Northeastern Nigeria
    Jajere SM, Atsanda NN, Bitrus AA, Hamisu TM, Goni MD
    Vet World, 2018 May;11(5):598-605.
    PMID: 29915497 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.598-605
    Background and Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) still remains a major zoonotic bacterial disease affecting livestock and humans worldwide. The disease remains a poorly managed tropical disease in most developing countries of the world; where in addition to productivity losses and significance in international trade, it posed a major public health threat to both humans and animals. A retrospective study was designed to investigate the occurrence of bTB lesions at Bauchi municipal abattoir.

    Materials and Methods: The study utilized abattoir records spanning a period of 10 years (2004-2013). The records indicated that a total of 1,08,638 heads of cattle comprising n = 56,070 males and n = 52,570 females were slaughtered at the municipal abattoir during the study period.

    Result: Of these heads, n = 1230 (1.13%) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07, 1.19) had tuberculous lesions. The annual occurrence during the study period varied significantly (p<0.001) from 0.53% (95% CI: 0.40, 0.67) to 1.87% (95% CI: 1.66, 2.10) in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Females had a significantly higher (p<0.001) prevalence of 2.10% (95% CI: 1.98, 2.23) compared with the males 0.23% (95% CI: 0.19, 0.27). The distribution of suspected gross bTB lesions in different organs showed 11.87% in the lungs, 5.93% in the liver, 1.14% in the heart, and 0.49% accounted for generalized bTB. However, none was observed on the lymph nodes and intestines.

    Conclusion: It can be concluded that bTB persists in Bauchi State with annual variations during the study period. This study highlights the importance of meat inspection as an important tool for detecting the presence of bTB lesions.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  19. Prevalence of salmonella sp. In African catfish (clarias gariepinus) obtained from farms and wet markets in Kelantan, Malaysia and their antibiotic resistance
    Sing CK, Md. Zahirul Islam Khan, Hassan Hj. Mohd Daud, Abd. Rahman Aziz
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1597-1602.
    The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella sp. isolated from
    African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). A total of 30 catfish were harvested from four different farms and four different
    wet markets. A total of 60 samples (30 catfish skins and 30 catfish intestines) were used for Salmonella sp. isolation
    (pellet-method), its biochemical and serological test. Confirmation of Salmonella sp. were determined by polyvalent
    O antisera and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genus specific primers for invA genes (DNA amplification
    showed one distinct band with molecular weight of 389 bp) and the species of isolated Salmonella sp. were identified
    by serotyping. The result showed 6/30 (20%) of fish or 6/60 (10%) of organ samples were positive for Salmonella sp.
    Among those positive for Salmonella sp., 4/6 were from intestine samples and 2/6 were from skin samples. No significant
    difference was found in the prevalence of Salmonella sp. isolates between fish harvested from farms and wet markets
    (p-value= 0.406). The Salmonella serovars identified were Salmonella corvallis (n=3), Salmonella mbandaka (n=2)
    and Salmonella typhmurium (n=1). Salmonella sp. isolates were resistance to Penicillin (P 10, 100%), Clindamycin
    (DA 2, 100%), Tetracycline (TE 30, 100%) and Rifampicin (RD 5, 100%) and all of the isolates were susceptible or
    intermediate resistance to Ceftazidime (CAZ 30) and Trimethopin (W 5). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of
    all Salmonella sp. isolates in current study was 0.67 indicating that fish sampled in the present study was under high
    risk of been exposed to the tested antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
  20. Chitosan-Coated Alginate Nanoparticles Enhanced Absorption Profile of Insulin Via Oral Administration
    Jaafar MHM, Hamid KA
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2019;16(7):672-686.
    PMID: 31250754 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190620110748
    BACKGROUND: In this study, four nanoparticle formulations (F1 to F4) comprising varying ratios of alginate, Pluronic F-68 and calcium chloride with a constant amount of insulin and chitosan as a coating material were prepared using polyelectrolyte complexation and ionotropic gelation methods to protect insulin against enzymatic degradation.

    METHODS: This study describes the formulation design, optimisation, characterisation and evaluation of insulin concentration via oral delivery in rats. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated to quantify insulin concentration in rat plasma. The proposed method produced a linear response over the concentration range of 0.39 to 50 µg/ml.

    RESULTS: In vitro release study showed that dissolution of insulin in simulated gastric juice of pH 1.2 was prevented by alginate core and chitosan coating but rapidly released in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8). Additionally, Formulation 3 (F3) has a particle size of 340.40 ± 2.39 nm with narrow uniformity exhibiting encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 72.78 ± 1.25 % produced highest absorption profile of insulin with a bioavailability of 40.23 ±1.29% and reduced blood glucose after its oral administration in rats.

    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, insulin oral delivery system containing alginate and chitosan as a coating material has the ability to protect the insulin from enzymatic degradation thus enhance its absorption in the intestine. However, more work should be done for instance to involve human study to materialise this delivery system for human use.

    Matched MeSH terms: Intestines
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