Displaying publications 141 - 160 of 283 in total

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  1. Harnessing amphiphilic polymeric micelles for diagnostic and therapeutic applications: Breakthroughs and bottlenecks
    Kaur J, Mishra V, Singh SK, Gulati M, Kapoor B, Chellappan DK, et al.
    J Control Release, 2021 06 10;334:64-95.
    PMID: 33887283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.014
    Amphiphilic block copolymers are widely utilized in the design of formulations owing to their unique physicochemical properties, flexible structures and functional chemistry. Amphiphilic polymeric micelles (APMs) formed from such copolymers have gained attention of the drug delivery scientists in past few decades for enhancing the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs, molecular targeting, sustained release, stimuli-responsive properties, enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reducing drug associated toxicity. Their properties including ease of surface modification, high surface area, small size, and enhanced permeation as well as retention (EPR) effect are mainly responsible for their utilization in the diagnosis and therapy of various diseases. However, some of the challenges associated with their use are premature drug release, low drug loading capacity, scale-up issues and their poor stability that need to be addressed for their wider clinical utility and commercialization. This review describes comprehensively their physicochemical properties, various methods of preparation, limitations followed by approaches employed for the development of optimized APMs, the impact of each preparation technique on the physicochemical properties of the resulting APMs as well as various biomedical applications of APMs. Based on the current scenario of their use in treatment and diagnosis of diseases, the directions in which future studies need to be carried out to explore their full potential are also discussed.
  2. Fulltext Calcium sensing receptor hyperactivation through viral envelop protein E of SARS CoV2: A novel target for cardio-renal damage in COVID-19 infection
    Singh Y, Ali H, Alharbi KS, Almalki WH, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, et al.
    Drug Dev Res, 2021 09;82(6):784-788.
    PMID: 33687087 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21810
    Over the recent decades, a number of new pathogens have emerged within specific and diverse populations across the globe, namely, the Nipah virus, the Ebola virus, the Zika virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs) to name a few. Recently, a new form of coronavirus was identified in the city of Wuhan, China. Interestingly, the genomic architecture of the virus did not match with any of the existing genomic sequencing data of previously sequenced CoVs. This had led scientists to confirm the emergence of a new CoV strain. Originally, named as 2019-nCoV, the strain is now called as SARS-CoV-2. High serum levels of proinflammatory mediators, namely, interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), chemoattractant protein-1, and IFN-inducible protein, have been repeatedly observed in subjects who were infected with this virus. In addition, the virus demonstrated strong coagulation activation properties, leading to further the understanding on the SARS-CoV2. To our understanding, these findings are unique to the published literature. Numerous studies have reported anomalies, namely, decline in the number of lymphocytes, platelets and albumins; and a rise in neutrophil count, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, troponins, creatinine, complete bilirubin, D-dimers, and procalcitonin. Supplementation of calcium during the SARS CoV-2 associated hyperactive stage of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) may be harmful to the cardio-renal system. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of CaSR may prevent the increase in the levels of intracellular calcium, oxidative, inflammatory stress, and cardio-renal cellular apoptosis induced by high cytokines level in COVID-19 infection.
  3. Interleukin-13: A pivotal target against influenza-induced exacerbation of chronic lung diseases
    Shastri MD, Allam VSRR, Shukla SD, Jha NK, Paudel KR, Peterson GM, et al.
    Life Sci, 2021 Oct 15;283:119871.
    PMID: 34352260 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119871
    Non-communicable, chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) affect millions of individuals worldwide. The course of these CRDs (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis) are often punctuated by microbial infections that may result in hospitalization and are associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, as well as reduced quality of life. Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a key protein that regulates airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. There has been much interest in IL-13 from the last two decades. This cytokine is believed to play a decisive role in the exacerbation of inflammation during the course of viral infections, especially, in those with pre-existing CRDs. Here, we discuss the common viral infections in CRDs, as well as the potential role that IL-13 plays in the virus-induced disease pathogenesis of CRDs. We also discuss, in detail, the immune-modulation potential of IL-13 that could be translated to in-depth studies to develop IL-13-based therapeutic entities.
  4. Fulltext Nutritional Profile, Antioxidative and Antihyperglycemic Properties of Padina tetrastromatica from Tioman Island, Malaysia
    Palaniveloo K, Yee-Yinn L, Jia-Qi L, Chelliah A, Sze-Looi S, Nagappan T, et al.
    Foods, 2021 Aug 20;10(8).
    PMID: 34441709 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081932
    Seaweeds are an important ingredient of functional foods recommended for daily food, due to their unique compositions and nutritional value. Padina tetrastromatica is a brown edible seaweed that is commonly found along the coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia and consumed as food by some coastal communities. This study investigates the nutritional and antihyperglycaemic potential of P. tetrastromatica extracts, which is generally accepted as an important functional food. In our methodology, we induced diabetes intraperitoneally in experimental animals with a dose of 65 mg kg-1 body weight of streptozotocin. Oral treatment with 200 and 400 mg kg-1 of P. tetrastromatica ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were initiated, respectively, to experimental rats once daily for 18 days. Metformin was used as the positive control. Biochemical estimations and histopathological analysis were included in this study. Treatment with P. tetrastromatica extracts significantly lowered the plasma glucose levels in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In addition, P. tetrastromatica extract treatment also showed a significant reduction in serum alanine transaminase levels. However, no significant changes were observed in serum aspartate transaminase levels. The ethyl acetate extract of P. tetrastromatica at 400 mg kg-1 dose shows some nephroprotective effect, which is observed from the significant increase in the plasma albumin levels. Histopathological evaluation revealed no marked morphological changes in tissues of the isolated organs of the ethyl acetate extract-treated group, revealing the safe nature of P. tetrastromatica.
  5. MicroRNAs as Biomarker for Breast Cancer
    Aggarwal T, Wadhwa R, Gupta R, Paudel KR, Collet T, Chellappan DK, et al.
    Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2020;20(10):1597-1610.
    PMID: 32342824 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200428113051
    Regardless of advances in detection and treatment, breast cancer affects about 1.5 million women all over the world. Since the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been extensively conducted for breast cancer to define the role of miRNA as a tool for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that are associated with the regulation of key cellular processes such as cell multiplication, differentiation, and death. They cause a disturbance in the cell physiology by interfering directly with the translation and stability of a targeted gene transcript. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of non-coding RNAs, which regulate target gene expression and protein levels that affect several human diseases and are suggested as the novel markers or therapeutic targets, including breast cancer. MicroRNA (miRNA) alterations are not only associated with metastasis, tumor genesis but also used as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis or prognosis. These are explained in detail in the following review. This review will also provide an impetus to study the role of microRNAs in breast cancer.
  6. The role of bevacizumab on tumour angiogenesis and in the management of gynaecological cancers: A review
    Chellappan DK, Leng KH, Jia LJ, Aziz NABA, Hoong WC, Qian YC, et al.
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 Jun;102:1127-1144.
    PMID: 29710531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.061
    OBJECTIVE: The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of bevacizumab in addressing the complications associated with gynecological cancers and evaluates effective treatments for various gynecological cancers.

    METHODS: The study follows a systematic review approach that has been implemented to analyze the qualitative published data from previous studies. Studies related with the trials of angiogenesis and bevacizumab were selected in the review.

    RESULTS: In general, the management of gynecological cancers include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy. Results suggest bevacizumab as an effective treatment modality for cervical and several other cancers. Overall, bevacizumab showed promising results in improving the overall survival rate of gynecological cancer patients through the combination of bevacizumab with other chemotherapeutic agents.

    CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab possess less documented adverse effects when compared to other chemotherapeutic agents. The manifestation and severity of adverse effects reported varied according to the chemotherapeutic agent(s) that were used with bevacizumab in combination therapy. Overall, bevacizumab effectively improved the survival rate in patients with several gynaecological cancers.

  7. Assessing the potential of liposomes loaded with curcumin as a therapeutic intervention in asthma
    Ng ZY, Wong JY, Panneerselvam J, Madheswaran T, Kumar P, Pillay V, et al.
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2018 Dec 01;172:51-59.
    PMID: 30134219 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.08.027
    Curcumin a component of turmeric, which is derived from Curcuma longa is used as a colouring agent and as a dietary spice for centuries. Extensive studies have been done on the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin along with its molecular mechanism involving different signalling pathways. However, the physicochemical and biological properties such as poor solubility and rapid metabolism of curcumin have led to low bioavailability and hence limits its application. Current therapies for asthma such as bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are aimed at controlling disease symptoms and prevent asthma exacerbation. However, this approach requires lifetime therapy and is associated with a constellation of side effects. This creates a clear unmet medical need and there is an urgent demand for new and more-effective treatments. The present study is aimed to formulate liposomes containing curcumin and evaluate for its anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation on BCi-NS1.1 cell line. Curcumin and salbutamol liposomes were formulated using lipid hydration method. The prepared liposomes were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in-vitro release profile. The liposomes were tested on BCI-NS1.1 cell line to evaluate its anti-inflammatory properties. The various pro-inflammatory markers studied were Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumour Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-a). Additionally, molecular mechanics simulations were used to elucidate the positioning, energy minimization, and aqueous dispersion of the liposomal architecture involving lecithin and curcumin. The prepared curcumin formulation showed an average size and zeta potential of 271.3 ± 3.06 nm and -61.0 mV, respectively. The drug encapsulation efficiency of liposomal curcumin is 81.1%. Both curcumin-loaded liposomes formulation (1 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL) resulted in significant (p 
  8. Multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis & oxidative stress complexity: Emerging need for novel drug delivery approaches
    Dua K, Rapalli VK, Shukla SD, Singhvi G, Shastri MD, Chellappan DK, et al.
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 Nov;107:1218-1229.
    PMID: 30257336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.101
    Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb) treatment involves multiple drug regimens for a prolonged period. However, the therapeutic benefit is often limited by poor patient compliance, subsequently leading to treatment failure and development of antibiotic resistance. Notably, oxidative stress is a crucial underlying factor that adversely influences the various treatment regimens in tuberculosis. Little information is available with advanced drug delivery systems that could be effectively utilized, in particular, for targeting the oxidative stress in tuberculosis. Thus, this presents an opportunity to review the utility of various available, controlled-release drug delivery systems (e.g., microspheres, liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers) that could be beneficial in tuberculosis treatments. This will help the biological and formulation scientists to pave a new path in formulating a treatment regimen for multi-drug resistant Mtb.
  9. Molecular signaling of G-protein-coupled receptor in chronic heart failure and associated complications
    Altamish M, Samuel VP, Dahiya R, Singh Y, Deb PK, Bakshi HA, et al.
    Drug Dev Res, 2020 02;81(1):23-31.
    PMID: 31785110 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21627
    The well-known condition of heart failure is a clinical syndrome that results when the myocardium's ability to pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic needs is impaired. Most of the cardiac activity is maintained by adrenoceptors, are categorized into two main α and β and three distinct subtypes of β receptor: β1-, β2-, and β3-adrenoceptors. The β adrenoreceptor is the main regulatory macro proteins, predominantly available on heart and responsible for down regulatory cardiac signaling. Moreover, the pathological involvement of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) axis and beneficial ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor axis also shows protective role via Gi βγ, during heart failure these receptors get desensitized or internalized due to increase in the activity of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and GRK5, responsible for phosphorylation of G-protein-mediated down regulatory signaling. Here, we investigate the various clinical and preclinical data that exhibit the molecular mechanism of upset level of GRK change the cardiac activity during failing heart.
  10. Formulation and characterization of glibenclamide and quercetin-loaded chitosan nanogels targeting skin permeation
    Chellappan DK, Yee NJ, Kaur Ambar Jeet Singh BJ, Panneerselvam J, Madheswaran T, Chellian J, et al.
    Ther Deliv, 2019 May 01;10(5):281-293.
    PMID: 31094299 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0019
    Aim: Our aim was to develop and characterize a nanogel formulation containing both glibenclamide and quercetin and to explore the permeation profile of this combination. Methods: Drug-loaded nanogel was prepared by ionic gelation. In addition, optimum encapsulation efficiencies of glibenclamide and quercetin were also obtained. The average nanoparticle size at optimum conditions was determined by Zetasizer. Results: The particle size of the nanogel was found to be 370.4 ± 4.78 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.528 ± 0.04, while the λ potential was positive in a range of 17.6 to 24.8 mV. The percentage cumulative drug release also showed favorable findings. Conclusion: The chitosan nanogel could be a potential alternative for delivering glibenclamide and quercetin through skin.
  11. Current Status on Immunological Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
    Xin GLL, Khee YP, Ying TY, Chellian J, Gupta G, Kunnath AP, et al.
    Curr. Diab. Rep., 2019 03 23;19(5):22.
    PMID: 30905013 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1144-3
    PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs when there is destruction of beta cells within the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas due to autoimmunity. It is considered a complex disease, and different complications can surface and worsen the condition if T1D is not managed well. Since it is an incurable disease, numerous treatments and therapies have been postulated in order to control T1D by balancing hyperglycemia control while minimizing hypoglycemic episodes. The purpose of this review is to primarily look into the current state of the available immunological therapies and their advantages for the treatment of T1D.

    RECENT FINDINGS: Over the years, immunological therapy has become the center of attraction to treat T1D. Immunomodulatory approaches on non-antigens involving agents such as cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD20, cytotoxic T cells, anti-TNF, anti-CD3, and anti-thymocyte globulin as well as immunomodulative approaches on antigens such as insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and heat shock protein 60 have been studied. Aside from these two approaches, studies and trials have also been conducted on regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, interleukin 2, interleukin 4, M2 macrophages, and rapamycin/interleukin 2 combination therapy to test their effects on patients with T1D. Many of these agents have successfully suppressed T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and in human trials. However, some have shown negative results. To date, the insights into the management of the immune system have been increasing rapidly to search for potential therapies and treatments for T1D. Nevertheless, some of the challenges are still inevitable. A lot of work and effort need to be put into the investigation on T1D through immunological therapy, particularly to reduce complications to improve and enhance clinical outcomes.

  12. Current biological and pharmacological updates on wogonin
    Rawat S, Gupta G, Pathak S, Singh SK, Singh H, Mishra A, et al.
    EXCLI J, 2020;19:635-640.
    PMID: 32536834
  13. Beyond the Obvious: Smoking and Respiratory Infection Implications on Alzheimer's Disease
    Wadhwa R, Paudel KR, Mehta M, Shukla SD, Sunkara K, Prasher P, et al.
    CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2020;19(9):698-708.
    PMID: 33109069 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319999200817112427
    Tobacco smoke is not only a leading cause for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disorders, and lung and oral cancers, but also causes neurological disorders such as Alzheimer 's disease. Tobacco smoke consists of more than 4500 toxic chemicals, which form free radicals and can cross blood-brain barrier resulting in oxidative stress, an extracellular amyloid plaque from the aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide deposition in the brain. Further, respiratory infections such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus have also been involved in the induction and development of the disease. The necessary information collated on this review has been gathered from various literature published from 1995 to 2019. The review article sheds light on the role of smoking and respiratory infections in causing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, resulting in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will be of interest to scientists and researchers from biological and medical science disciplines, including microbiology, pharmaceutical sciences and the translational researchers, etc. The increasing understanding of the relationship between chronic lung disease and neurological disease is two-fold. First, this would help to identify the risk factors and possible therapeutic interventions to reduce the development and progression of both diseases. Second, this would help to reduce the probable risk of development of AD in the population prone to chronic lung diseases.
  14. Fulltext Plants derived therapeutic strategies targeting chronic respiratory diseases: Chemical and immunological perspective
    Prasher P, Sharma M, Mehta M, Paudel KR, Satija S, Chellappan DK, et al.
    Chem Biol Interact, 2020 Jul 01;325:109125.
    PMID: 32376238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109125
    The apparent predicament of the representative chemotherapy for managing respiratory distress calls for an obligatory deliberation for identifying the pharmaceuticals that effectively counter the contemporary intricacies associated with target disease. Multiple, complex regulatory pathways manifest chronic pulmonary disorders, which require chemotherapeutics that produce composite inhibitory effect. The cost effective natural product based molecules hold a high fervor to meet the prospects posed by current respiratory-distress therapy by sparing the tedious drug design and development archetypes, present a robust standing for the possible replacement of the fading practice of poly-pharmacology, and ensure the subversion of a potential disease relapse. This study summarizes the experimental evidences on natural products moieties and their components that illustrates therapeutic efficacy on respiratory disorders.
  15. Fulltext Azelaic acid and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil co-loaded vesicular carrier for combinational therapy of acne
    Bisht A, Hemrajani C, Upadhyay N, Nidhi P, Rolta R, Rathore C, et al.
    Ther Deliv, 2022 Jan;13(1):13-29.
    PMID: 34842461 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2021-0059
    Aim: Azelaic acid (AzA), a comedolytic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory anti-melanogenic agent, prescribed against acne vulgaris is safe on skin. Its combination with another widely used anti-acne agent, tea tree oil (EO) whose delivery is limited by volatility, instability and lipophilicity constraints was attempted. Method: Solvent injection was used to prepare AzA-EO integrated ethosomes. Result: Ethosomes were transformed into carbopol hydrogel, which exhibited pseudo-plastic properties with appreciable firmness, work of shear, stickiness and work of adhesion. The hydrogel showed better permeation and retention characteristics vis-a-vis commercial formulation (AzidermTM), when evaluated in Wistar rat skin. Further, ethosome hydrogel composite was better tolerated with no side effects. Conclusion: The findings suggests that the aforementioned strategy could be a potential treatment used for acne management.
  16. Fulltext Gastric ulcer healing by chebulinic acid solid dispersion-loaded gastroretentive raft systems: preclinical evidence
    Negi P, Gautam S, Sharma A, Rathore C, Sharma L, Upadhyay N, et al.
    Ther Deliv, 2022 Feb;13(2):81-93.
    PMID: 35075915 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2021-0062
    Background: Chebulinic acid (CA), a component in Terminalia chebula, exhibits antiulcer activity, but has poor aqueous solubility. Raft-forming systems incorporating solid dispersions (SDs) of CA, were developed to overcome its poor biopharmaceutical properties and to prolong the gastric residence time for maximum activity. Methods: SDs were formulated by a solvent evaporation method using Eudragit EPO. Raft formulations consisted of sodium alginate as a polymer. Results: Release of CA in the dissolution medium was 40%, whereas SDs showed 95.45% release. The CA raft system (20 mg/kg) showed curative efficacy in an alcohol-induced gastric ulcer model and increased protection when compared with omeprazole (10 mg/kg) and CA suspension (20 mg/kg). Conclusion: These studies demonstrated SD raft systems to be a promising approach for antiulcer therapy by CA.
  17. Going Beyond Antibiotics: Natural Plant Extracts as an Emergent Strategy to Combat Biofilm-Associated Infections
    Kou J, Xin TY, McCarron P, Gupta G, Dureja H, Satija S, et al.
    J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2020;39(2):125-136.
    PMID: 32749122 DOI: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2020032665
    Biofilms are a collective of multiple types of bacteria that develop on a variety of surfaces. Biofilm development results in heightened resistance to antibiotics. Quorum sensing plays an important role in biofilm development as it is one of the common communication mechanisms within cells, which balances and stabilizes the environment, when the amount of bacteria increases. Because of the important implications of the roles biofilms play in infectious diseases, it is crucial to investigate natural antibacterial agents that are able to regulate biofilm formation and development. Various studies have suggested that natural plant products have the potential to suppress bacterial growth and exhibit chemopreventive traits in the modulation of biofilm development. In this review, we discuss and collate potential antibiofilm drugs and biological molecules from natural sources, along with their underlying mechanisms of action. In addition, we also discuss the antibiofilm drugs that are currently under clinical trials and highlight their potential future uses.
  18. Development of mushroom polysaccharide and probiotics based solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system loaded with curcumin and quercetin to improve their dissolution rate and permeability: State of the art
    Khursheed R, Singh SK, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Kapoor B, Jain SK, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Oct 31;189:744-757.
    PMID: 34464640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.170
    The role of mushroom polysaccharides and probiotics as pharmaceutical excipients for development of nanocarriers has never been explored. In the present study an attempt has been made to explore Ganoderma lucidum extract powder (GLEP) containing polysaccharides and probiotics to convert liquid self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) into solid free flowing powder. Two lipophilic drugs, curcumin and quercetin were used in this study due to their dissolution rate limited oral bioavailability and poor permeability. These were loaded into liquid SNEDDS by dissolving them into isotropic mixture of Labrafill M1944CS, Capmul MCM, Tween-80 and Transcutol P. The liquid SNEDDS were solidified using probiotics and mushroom polysaccharides as carriers and Aerosil-200 as coating agent. The solidification was carried out using spray drying process. The process and formulation variables for spray drying process of liquid SNEDDS were optimized using Box Behnken Design to attain required powder properties. The release of both drugs from the optimized spray dried (SD) formulation was found to be more than 90%, whereas, it was less than 20% for unprocessed drugs. The results of DSC, PXRD and SEM, showed that the developed L-SNEDDS preconcentrate was successfully loaded onto the porous surface of probiotics, mushroom polysaccharides and Aerosil-200.
  19. Fulltext Nanomaterials in Alzheimer's disease treatment: a comprehensive review
    Faiyaz M, Ganayee MA, Akhtar S, Krishnan S, Flora B, Dogra D, et al.
    Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 2021 10 30;26(10):851-865.
    PMID: 34719210 DOI: 10.52586/4992
    Alzheimer's, a progressive neurodegenerative disease affects brain and neurons through enormous reduction in nerve cell regenerative capacity. Dementia and impairment of cognitive functions are more prevalent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Various factors play significant role in molecular cascades that leads to neuronal inflammation, dementia and thereby AD progression. Current medications are symptomatic that alleviates pain while lack in absolute cure, urging researchers to explore targets and therapeutics. Interestingly, nanomedicines developed due to the onset of nanotechnology, are being extensively investigated for the treatment of AD. This review presents the advancement in nanotherapeutic strategies, involving the emergence of nanomaterials that offers advantage to pass through the blood-brain barrier and acts as a therapeutic modality against AD.
  20. Overcoming hydrolytic degradation challenges in topical delivery: non-aqueous nano-emulsions
    Kadukkattil Ramanunny A, Singh SK, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Kapoor B, Khursheed R, et al.
    Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2022 Jan;19(1):23-45.
    PMID: 34913772 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2019218
    INTRODUCTION: Non-aqueous nano-emulsions (NANEs) are colloidal lipid-based dispersions with nano-sized droplets formed by mixing two immiscible phases, none of which happens to be an aqueous phase. Their ability to incorporate water and oxygen sensitive drugs without any susceptibility to degradation makes them the optimum dosage form for such candidates. In NANEs, polar liquids or polyols replace the aqueous phase while surfactants remain same as used in conventional emulsions. They are a part of the nano-emulsion family albeit with substantial difference in composition and application.

    AREAS COVERED: The present review provides a brief insight into the strategies of loading water-sensitive drugs into NANEs. Further advancement in these anhydrous systems with the use of solid particulate surfactants in the form of Pickering emulsions is also discussed.

    EXPERT OPINION: NANEs offer a unique platform for delivering water-sensitive drugs by loading them in anhydrous formulation. The biggest advantage of NANEs vis-à-vis the other nano-cargos is that they can also be prepared without using equipment-intensive techniques. However, the use of NANEs in drug delivery is quite limited. Looking at the small number of studies available in this direction, a need for further research in this field is required to explore this delivery system further.

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