MyMedR

Displaying publications 141 - 160 of 783 in total

Abstract:

Sort:

Fulltext Why are Some Games More Addictive than Others: The Effects of Timing and Payoff on Perseverance in a Slot Machine Game

James RJ, O'Malley C, Tunney RJ

Front Psychol, 2016;7:46.
PMID: 26869955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00046

Manipulating different behavioral characteristics of gambling games can potentially affect the extent to which individuals persevere at gambling, and their transition to problematic behaviors. This has potential impact for mobile gambling technologies and responsible gambling interventions. Two laboratory models pertinent to this are the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) and the trial spacing effect. Both of these might speed up or delay the acquisition and extinction of conditioned behavior. We report an experiment that manipulated the rate of reinforcement and inter trial interval (ITI) on a simulated slot machine where participants were given the choice between gambling and skipping on each trial, before perseverative gambling was measured in extinction, followed by measurements of the illusion of control, depression and impulsivity. We hypothesized that longer ITI's in conjunction with the low rates of reinforcement observed in gambling would lead to greater perseverance. We further hypothesized, given that timing is known to be important in displaying illusory control and potentially in persevering in gambling, that prior exposure to longer intervals might affect illusions of control. An interaction between ITI and rate of reinforcement was observed, as low reinforced gamblers with a long ITI gambled for longer. Respondents also displayed extinction and a PREE. Gamblers exposed to a higher rate of reinforcement gambled for longer in acquisition. Impulsivity was associated with extended perseverance in extinction, and more depressed gamblers in the high reinforcement short ITI group persevered for longer. Performance in the contingency judgment failed to support the second hypothesis: the only significant contrast observed was that participants became better calibrated as the task progressed.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
The effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults in long-term care: a systematic review

Syed Elias SM, Neville C, Scott T

Geriatr Nurs, 2015 Sep-Oct;36(5):372-80.
PMID: 26099638 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015.05.004

Loneliness, anxiety and depression are common problems for older adults in long-term care. Reminiscence therapy is a non-pharmacological intervention that may be of some benefit. In comparison to individual reminiscence therapy, group reminiscence therapy is a preferred option when dealing with the resource constraints of long-term care. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the literature in order to explore the effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for older adults with loneliness, anxiety and depression in long-term care. Results indicated that group reminiscence therapy is an effective treatment for depression in older adults, however to date, there is limited research support for its effectiveness to treat loneliness and anxiety. Further research and an improvement in methodological quality, such as using qualitative and mixed methods approaches, is recommended to help establish an evidence base and provide better understanding of the effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Somatization of depression in psychiatric out-patients

Salleh MR

Med J Malaysia, 1989 Dec;44(4):275-82.
PMID: 2520035

The severity of anxiety and depression in 72 patients presenting with somatic complaints to the psychiatric clinic were assessed after excluding organic illnesses. Majority of the patients were females, between 15 to 34 years of age and came from lower socio-economic background. A high percentage of patients were brought up by dominant mothers and the married patients had passive husbands or active wives controlling the family. Generally the severity of depression was correlated with the severity of anxiety (C.C = 0.704, P less than 0.01). Majority of the patients were found to have both mixed anxiety depressive symptoms and the anxiety symptoms masking the underlying depressive symptomatology.
Study site: Psychiatric Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/complications*; Depression/diagnosis; Depression/psychology
Fulltext Investigating Emotion in Malay, Australian and Iranian Individuals with and without Depression

Jobson L, Mirabolfathi V, Moshirpanahi S, Parhoon H, Gillard J, Mukhtar F, et al.

Sci Rep, 2019 12 04;9(1):18344.
PMID: 31797979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54775-x

This study investigated the influence of culture and depression on (1) emotion priming reactions, (2) the recall of subjective experience of emotion, and (3) emotion meaning. Members of individualistic culture (Australia, n = 42) and collectivistic culture (Iran, n = 32, Malaysia, n = 74) with and without depression completed a biological motion task, subjective experience questionnaire and emotion meaning questionnaire. Those with depression, regardless of cultural group, provided significantly fewer correct responses on the biological motion task than the control group. Second, the collectivistic control groups reported greater social engaging emotion than the Australian control group. However, the three depressed groups did not differ culturally. The Australian depressed group reported significantly greater interpersonally engaging emotion than the Australian control group. Third, the collectivistic groups reported significantly greater social worth, belief changes and sharing of emotion than the individualistic group. Depression did not influence these cultural effects. Instead we found that those with depression, when compared to controls, considered emotions as subjective phenomena, that were qualifying for relationships with others, and associated with greater agency appraisals. The applicability of the biocultural framework of emotion in depression was considered.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/epidemiology; Depression/pathology; Depression/psychology*
Fulltext Contextualized School-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Intervention for Malaysian Secondary School Students

Saw JA, Tam CL, Thanzami V, Bonn G

Front Psychiatry, 2020;11:565896.
PMID: 33408652 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565896

This study investigates the effectiveness of the school-based Shine Through Any Roadblocks (STAR) CBT intervention, by a screening conducted on 634 students from eight secondary schools in Malaysia. Participants (n = 85) who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were assigned randomly to either the intervention group (n = 42) or the assessment-only waitlist control group (n = 43). The intervention consisted of eight group-based sessions over a period of 2 months. Sessions were 60-min each and conducted according to the STAR module. Outcome measures (depressive symptoms and automatic negative thoughts) were administered at five intervals: baseline/pre-intervention, mid-intervention, post-intervention, 1-month after intervention, and 3-months after intervention. Results showed significant and lasting lower levels of depressive symptoms and automatic negative thoughts in the intervention group, indicating that the STAR intervention could be an effective means of reducing depressive symptomatology among adolescents. Clinical implications for the Malaysian secondary school context are further discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Tianeptine dependence: a case report

Syed Nabil, Ng, Chong Guan, Rusdi Abd Rashid

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;27(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Tianeptine is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that is prescribed mainly for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorder. There have been scattered reported cases of tianeptine dependence and abuse in the literature. We report the case of a 32-year-old gentleman with resistant major depressive disorder that was initially successfully treated with Tianeptine. When his depression relapse due to work-related issue, he step-up his dosages without supervision. He developed tolerance and withdrawal to tianeptine making it difficult for him to stop without help. This case highlights the possibility of tianeptine abuse to its high tolerability and easy access for purchase.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Psychological morbidities amongst house officers in Sarawak General Hospital Kuching

Yeoh CM, Thong KS, Seed HF, Nur Iwana AT, Maruzairi H

Med J Malaysia, 2019 08;74(4):307-311.
PMID: 31424038

INTRODUCTION: Psychological morbidities are common amongst healthcare professionals particularly among junior house officers (HO) who are in a transitional stage from being a medical student to a doctor. They undergo many stressors during this period and hence might suffer from higher psychological morbidities such as depression, anxiety and stress.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among HO in Sarawak General Hospital (SGH), Kuching, Sarawak. The socialdemographic factors were also evaluated to identify the high-risk groups.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 227 house officers in SGH over a period of three months. The social-demographic data such as age, sex, marital status, current posting, duration of posting, place of graduate and state of origin were obtained from interviews with the respondents. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS) questionnaire was completed to assess the psychological morbidities.
RESULTS: HO were found to have high prevalence of psychiatric morbidities such as depression (42%), anxiety (50%) and stress (42.7%). Foreign graduates showed a significantly higher odds of depression (odds ratio, OR: 3.851; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI: 2.165, 6.851), anxiety (OR: 2.427; 95%CI: 1.394, 4.225) and stress (OR: 2.524; 95%CI: 1.439, 4.427) as compared to local graduates.. Further, non-Sarawakians were observed to have higher odds of developing anxiety (OR: 1.772; 95%CI: 1.022, 3.073) as compared to the Sarawakians.
CONCLUSION: HO in SGH had high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress. Therefore, psychiatric morbidities should be screened regularly amongst the HOs in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/diagnosis; Depression/etiology; Depression/epidemiology*
Fulltext The prevalence of depression and its relationship to health related quality of life among Prostate cancer patients in tertiary centres, Kuala Lumpur

Mohamad Rodi Isa, Moy FM, Azad Hassan Abdul Razack, Zulkifli Mohd Zainuddin, Nur Zuraida Zainal

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2016;1:36-45.

To determine the prevalence of depression and its relationship with health related quality of life among prostate cancer patients in tertiary medical centres, Kuala Lumpur.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext A phenome-wide association and Mendelian Randomisation study of polygenic risk for depression in UK Biobank

Shen X, Howard DM, Adams MJ, Hill WD, Clarke TK, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, et al.

Nat Commun, 2020 05 08;11(1):2301.
PMID: 32385265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16022-0

Depression is a leading cause of worldwide disability but there remains considerable uncertainty regarding its neural and behavioural associations. Here, using non-overlapping Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) datasets as a reference, we estimate polygenic risk scores for depression (depression-PRS) in a discovery (N = 10,674) and replication (N = 11,214) imaging sample from UK Biobank. We report 77 traits that are significantly associated with depression-PRS, in both discovery and replication analyses. Mendelian Randomisation analysis supports a potential causal effect of liability to depression on brain white matter microstructure (β: 0.125 to 0.868, pFDR

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/genetics*; Depression/metabolism; Depression/pathology
Fulltext Real-Time Stress Assessment Using Sliding Window Based Convolutional Neural Network

Naqvi SF, Ali SSA, Yahya N, Yasin MA, Hafeez Y, Subhani AR, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2020 Aug 07;20(16).
PMID: 32784531 DOI: 10.3390/s20164400

Mental stress has been identified as a significant cause of several bodily disorders, such as depression, hypertension, neural and cardiovascular abnormalities. Conventional stress assessment methods are highly subjective and tedious and tend to lack accuracy. Machine-learning (ML)-based computer-aided diagnosis systems can be used to assess the mental state with reasonable accuracy, but they require offline processing and feature extraction, rendering them unsuitable for real-time applications. This paper presents a real-time mental stress assessment approach based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The CNN-based approach afforded real-time mental stress assessment with an accuracy as high as 96%, the sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 97%. The proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art ML techniques in terms of accuracy, time utilisation, and quality of features.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: A study of seven middle-income countries in Asia

Wang C, Tee M, Roy AE, Fardin MA, Srichokchatchawan W, Habib HA, et al.

PLoS One, 2021;16(2):e0246824.
PMID: 33571297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246824

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the economy, livelihood, and physical and mental well-being of people worldwide. This study aimed to compare the mental health status during the pandemic in the general population of seven middle income countries (MICs) in Asia (China, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). All the countries used the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure mental health. There were 4479 Asians completed the questionnaire with demographic characteristics, physical symptoms and health service utilization, contact history, knowledge and concern, precautionary measure, and rated their mental health with the IES-R and DASS-21. Descriptive statistics, One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression were used to identify protective and risk factors associated with mental health parameters. There were significant differences in IES-R and DASS-21 scores between 7 MICs (p<0.05). Thailand had all the highest scores of IES-R, DASS-21 stress, anxiety, and depression scores whereas Vietnam had all the lowest scores. The risk factors for adverse mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic include age <30 years, high education background, single and separated status, discrimination by other countries and contact with people with COVID-19 (p<0.05). The protective factors for mental health include male gender, staying with children or more than 6 people in the same household, employment, confidence in doctors, high perceived likelihood of survival, and spending less time on health information (p<0.05). This comparative study among 7 MICs enhanced the understanding of metal health in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/diagnosis; Depression/etiology*; Depression/psychology
Fulltext HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEBIMBANGAN DAN KEMURUNGAN DENGAN KUALITI HIDUP WARGA EMAS DEMENSIA: KEPERLUAN TERAPI KENANGAN BERKELOMPOK DI INSTITUSI PENJAGAAN (The Relationship between Anxiety and Depression With Quality of Life Among the Elderly With Dementia Living: The Need of Reminiscene Group Therapy in Resident Institutions)

Khadijah Alavi, Noraini Che’ Sharif, Ponnusamy Subramaniam, Ponnusamy Subramaniam

UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(4):95-104.
MyJurnal

Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti hubungan antara kebimbangan dan kemurungan dengan kualiti hidup warga emas demensia di institusi jagaan warga emas. Kajian ini turut mencadangkan terapi kelompok reminiscence dalam menurunkan kebimbangan dan kemurungan dalam kalangan penghuni di institusi. Reka bentuk kajian yang digunakan ialah kajian keratan rentas dan telah dijalankan di Rumah Sri Kenangan Cheras. Seramai 58 warga emas demensia tahap ringan dan sederhana dipilih melalui proses penyaringan oleh pakar psikologi klinikal. Kajian kuantitatif ini telah menggunakan instrumen Quality of Life-AD (QoL-AD), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)) dan Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kebimbangan dan kemurungan dengan kualiti hidup warga emas demensia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang tidak signifikan antara kualiti hidup dengan tahap kebimbangan. Manakala hubungan antara kualiti hidup dan tahap kemurungan warga emas demensia di RSK Cheras adalah signifikan. Pengaplikasian terapi kelompok reminiscence sebagai salah satu intervensi yang berkesan dalam membantu meningkatkan kualiti hidup dan menurunkan kebimbangan dan kemurungan dalam kalangan warga emas di institusi penjagaan telah dibincangkan.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Effects of a brief stress reduction intervention on medical students’ depression, anxiety and stress level during stressful period.

Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;12(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether students exposed to a brief stress reduction intervention would have lesser stress, anxiety and depression levels compared to their non-exposed classmates during stressful events. Methods: The Ex Post Facto design was applied in this study. Students who were exposed and not exposed to a brief stress reduction intervention were surveyed during a continuous examination and during the final examination. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) was used to
examine effects on anxiety, stress, and depression levels. Results: The exposed students statistically had lower anxiety and depression scores than the nonexposed students during the stressful period. Reduction of stress, anxiety and depression scores was sustained during the stressful period. Conclusion: The significant reduction of anxiety and depression scores suggested that brief intervention was effective in the enhancement of the psychological wellbeing of exposed medical students during stressful period.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Concurrent validity of the depression and anxiety components in the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS).

Ramli Musa, Kartini Abdullah, Roszaman Ramli, Rosnani Sarkarsi

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;12(1):66-70.
MyJurnal

Objectives: The Bahasa Malaysia (BM) version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21-item (DASS-21) has been widely used ever since the establishment of its validity. To consolidate the evidence of the BM DASS-21 validity by examining its concurrent validity.
Methods: The BM DASS was administered together with the Hospital Anxiety and Depressive Scale (HADS) to a total of 246 patients at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Infertility Centre.
Results: The anxiety domain of BM DASS-21 had good correlation with anxiety domain in HADS (0.61) but for DASS depressive domain, it had modest correlation with its respective domain in HADS (0.49).
Conclusions: The results of this study further ensconced the evidence that the BM DASS-21 had relatively satisfactory psychometric properties for clinical subjects in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Depression, distress and self-efficacy: The impact on diabetes self-care practices

Devarajooh C, Chinna K

PLoS One, 2017;12(3):e0175096.
PMID: 28362861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175096

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in Malaysia, and people with diabetes have been reported to suffer from depression and diabetes distress which influences their self-efficacy in performing diabetes self-care practices. This interviewer administered, cross sectional study, conducted in the district of Hulu Selangor, Malaysia, involving 371 randomly selected patients with type 2 diabetes, recruited from 6 health clinics, aimed to examine a conceptual model regarding the association between depression, diabetes distress and self-efficacy with diabetes self-care practices using the partial least square approach of structural equation modeling. In this study, diabetes self-care practices were similar regardless of sex, age group, ethnicity, education level, diabetes complications or type of diabetes medication. This study found that self-efficacy had a direct effect on diabetes self-care practice (path coefficient = 0.438, p<0.001). Self-care was not directly affected by depression and diabetes distress, but indirectly by depression (path coefficient = -0.115, p<0.01) and diabetes distress (path coefficient = -0.122, p<0.001) via self-efficacy. In conclusion, to improve self-care practices, effort must be focused on enhancing self-efficacy levels, while not forgetting to deal with depression and diabetes distress, especially among those with poorer levels of self-efficacy.
Study site: 6 primary health clinics (Klinik Kesihatan), Hulu Selangor. Selangor. Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/blood; Depression/physiopathology*; Depression/psychology*
Fulltext Psychological distress among cancer patients on chemotherapy

Nor Zuraida, Z., Ng, C.G.

JUMMEC, 2010;13(1):12-18.
MyJurnal

Distress has become a major issue in cancer population. Patients may suffer from either physical,psychological distress or both. Cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy are more likely to experience psychological distress. This could be due to the negative effects of chemotherapy agents, the uncertainty of post-treatment, and the occurrence of psychosocial problems. As a result, the patient may experience a normal reaction such as sadness or may develop common psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext Hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program is more effective than home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in improving the quality of life of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. [Program rehabilitasi pulmonari di hospital lebih berkesan daripada program rehabilitasi pulmonari di rumah dalam meningkatkan kualiti hidup pesakit obstruksi pulmonari kronik (COPD)]

Ayiesah Ramli, Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin, Asfarina Zanudin, Wong, Judy

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2009;7(2):47-58.
MyJurnal

This study identified the effectiveness between home-based and hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on the quality of life of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Thirty five patients who met the inclusion criteria were referred by physicians and randomized to either hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PRPH) or home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PRPR). The PRPH program was scheduled twice a week for eight weeks at the Physiotherapy Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Whilst, the PRPR group was required to attend sessions at the Physiotherapy Department twice to learn the exercise regimens before carrying out the exercises themselves at home. Subjects were asked to record activitites in a diary and a telephone call was made once every two weeks to ensure compliance towards the exercise regimens. The SF-36 questionnaire and Geriatric Depression Scale were outcome measures used in assessing status of patients prior to treatment and after intervention at the 8th week Seventeen (48.6%) subjects completed the PRPH and 15 (43%), the PRPR. Results indicated that in the PRPH group there were significant improvements in some of the domains of SF-36, i.e., role physical (p = 0.012) body pain (p = 0.040), general health (p = 0.008) and role emotional (p = 0.012). In the PRPR group, the Geriatric Depression Scale mean score was 1.8 ± 0.41 at baseline compared to 1.69 ± 0.48 following intervention (p > 0.05). Whilst, among the PRPH group, the mean was 1.87 ± 0.35 at baseline and 1.53 ± 0.52 after eight week (p < 0.05). In conclusion, hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation is more effective than the home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in improving the quality of life and reducing depression among patients with COPD.
Keywords: Home Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRPR); Hospital based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRPH); COPD; Quality of life (QOL).

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext A case report of a patient involved in an alleged homicide-attempted suicide case - a theoretical discussion on the theory of homicide-suicide

Ahmad Nabil, M.R., Suarn, S.

Medicine & Health, 2015;10(2):141-145.
MyJurnal

This case report stresses the role of depression in the manifestation of a homicide-attempted suicide. We report the case of a man who allegedly murdered his partner and then attempted suicide. Previously, he had several failures and rejections in relationships in addition to work-related stress. He was diagnosed with major depressive disorder and treated with antidepressant. The scarcity of homicide-attempted suicide as exemplified in this case could give an insight to the Psychiatrist for better understading and possible prevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Fulltext The psychological impact of diabetic limb problems

Bahari R

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2015;14(2):3-8.
MyJurnal

Limb problem is a common complication for patients with diabetes. While the impact of diabetic limb problems
on physical health is well known, the psychological impact of the condition is still largely unknown. People with
diabetes with or without foot ulcers frequently suffer from major depressive disorder, and this is made worse
by the presence of limb complications. Furthermore, depression itself can have negative consequences on the
person’s diabetes. Hence, in caring for people with diabetic foot problem, the psychological sequelae must not
be overlooked but managed accordingly

Matched MeSH terms: Depression
Relationship between levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, age, and gender, with symptoms of depression among patients with thyroid disorders as measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21)

Saidi S, Iliani Jaafar SN, Daud A, Musa R, Nik Ahmad NNF

Enferm Clin, 2018 Feb;28 Suppl 1:180-183.
PMID: 29650181 DOI: 10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30063-9

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between levels of depression symptoms and age, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, and stressful life events of the participants.
METHOD: Patients above 18 years old, with any thyroid disorders, and without psychiatric disorders were included in this study. All participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21). The depression symptom score was calculated and interpreted as follows: less than 9: no depression; between 10 and 13: mild depression; between 14 and 20: moderate depression; between 21 and 27: severe depression, and more than 28: extremely severe depression.
RESULTS: The total number of participants in this study was 199. There was no correlation between age, thyroid stimulating hormone, and the DASS score. There was also no significant difference in the DASS-21 score between genders. However, there was a positive correlation between depression symptoms and stressful life events (r=0.201, n=199, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings would suggest that increased depression symptom scores correlate with increased stressful life events. A larger study should be undertaken to confirm these findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Depression/blood*; Depression/diagnosis*; Depression/etiology

Filters

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links