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Fulltext The effectiveness of miswak (Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) practices in reducing plaque and gingivitis among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ramli H, Nor Aripin KN, Mohd Said S, Mohamad Hanafiah R, Mohd Dom TN

J Ethnopharmacol, 2022 Nov 15;298:115598.
PMID: 35944735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115598

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachtaindica A.Juss. are listed within the most common sources of miswak or chewing stick that widely used among Western Asia and Muslim populations worldwide. Miswak use in conjunction with toothbrush (adjunctive) has become apparent among the adults. Furthermore, miswak has been reported to have mechanical and pharmacological activities, and benefits to the oral health, by many studies.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the effectiveness of miswak in maintaining periodontal health among adults.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of miswak published in PubMed, EBSCOHOST (Dentistry & Oral Sciences), SCOPUS, and Cochrane Database for Systematic Review (CDSR) from inception to May 08, 2022. The primary outcomes of interest were changes in the periodontal health measured with plaque and gingivitis scores as well as subgingival bacteria load. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach while the estimates of effect were pooled using a random-effects model.
RESULTS: Ten eligible articles were identified, of which 9 could be analysed quantitatively. The remaining report was included as part of the qualitative analysis. The meta-analysis showed that miswak was comparable with the toothbrush in reducing the mean plaque score (p= 0.08, SMD: 0.39, and 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.83) and mean gingivitis score (p= 0.37, SMD: 0.13, and 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.43). Even higher certainty of evidence for the effect of miswak on mean plaque reduction on labial surface of anterior teeth. However, the adjunctive effect of miswak was significantly more superior for reducing plaque (p= 0.01, SMD: 0.68, and 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.22) and gingivitis score (p= 0.04, SMD: 0.66, and 95% CI: 0.03 to 1.29).
CONCLUSIONS: Miswak effectively reduced plaque and gingivitis scores to a level comparable to toothbrush when used exclusively. Adjunctive miswak use was particularly effective in improving periodontal health. However, the included studies inadequately reported on the method of toothbrushing using miswak and the frequency of miswak use. Therefore, further clinical studies are recommended to explore on the advantages and proper method of miswak practice for optima outcome and safety.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
Investigation on the physico-chemical properties of soil and mineralization of three selected tropical tree leaf litter

Thamizharasan A, Rajaguru VRR, Gajalakshmi S, Lim JW, Greff B, Rajagopal R, et al.

Environ Res, 2024 Feb 15;243:117752.
PMID: 38008202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117752

Plant leaf litter has a major role in the structure and function of soil ecosystems as it is associated with nutrient release and cycling. The present study is aimed to understand how well the decomposing leaf litter kept soil organic carbon and nitrogen levels stable during an incubation experiment that was carried out in a lab setting under controlled conditions and the results were compared to those from a natural plantation. In natural site soil samples, Anacardium. occidentale showed a higher value of organic carbon at surface (1.14%) and subsurface (0.93%) and Azadirachta. indica exhibited a higher value of total nitrogen at surface (0.28%) and subsurface sample (0.14%). In the incubation experiment, Acacia auriculiformis had the highest organic carbon content initially (5.26%), whereas A. occidentale had the highest nitrogen level on 30th day (0.67%). The overall carbon-nitrogen ratio showed a varied tendency, which may be due to dynamic changes in the complex decomposition cycle. The higher rate of mass loss and decay was observed in A. indica leaf litter, the range of the decay constant is 1.26-2.22. The morphological and chemical changes of soil sample and the vermicast were substantained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
A review of pre- and post-surface-modified neem (Azadirachta indica) biomass adsorbent: Surface functionalization mechanism and application

Karim AR, Danish M, Alam MG, Majeed S, Alanazi AM

Chemosphere, 2024 Mar;351:141180.
PMID: 38218237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141180

In contemporary wastewater treatment industry, advanced oxidation techniques, membrane filtration, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis are used to treat chemically loaded wastewater. All these methods required highly toxic oxidizing chemicals, high capital investment in membrane/filter materials, and the installation of sophisticated equipment. Wastewater treatment through an adsorption process using biomass-based adsorbent is economical, user-friendly, and sustainable. Neem tree waste has been explored as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The chemical components in the neem biomass include carbohydrates, fat, fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which support the functionalization of neem biomass. Moreover, adsorbent preparation from renewable resources is not only cost-effective and environmentally friendly but also helps in waste management for sustainable growth. Contemporary researchers explored the pre- and post-surface-modified neem biomass adsorbents in scavenging the pollutants from contaminated water. This review extensively explores the activation process of neem biomass, physical and chemical methods of surface modification mechanism, and the factors affecting surface modification. The pollutant removal through pre and post-surface-modified neem biomass adsorbents was also summarized. Furthermore, it also provides a comprehensive summary of the factors that affect the adsorption performance of the neem biomass-derived adsorbents against dyes, metal ions, and other emerging pollutants. Understanding the surface-modification mechanisms and the adsorption efficiency factor of adsorbents will help in harnessing their potential for more efficiently combatting environmental pollution and making strides toward a greener and more sustainable future.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
Fulltext Optimization of extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves

Hismath, I., Wan Aida, W. M., Ho, C.W.

International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(3):-.
MyJurnal

The objective of this study was to optimise the extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was applied to determine the effects of acetone concentration (%), extraction time (mins), and extraction temperature ( o C) on total phenolic content (TPC) from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves. The independent variables were coded at five levels and their actual values were selected based on the results of single factor experiments. Results showed that acetone concentration and extraction time were the most significant (p

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta
Fulltext Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica against house dust mites

Hanifah AL, Awang SH, Ho TM, Abidin SZ, Omar MH

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2011 Oct;1(5):365-9.
PMID: 23569794 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60081-6

To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract (lemongrass) and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract (neem) against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus).

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta/chemistry*
Fulltext Daily feeding of fresh Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) for worm control in sheep

Chandrawathani P, Chang KW, Nurulaini R, Waller PJ, Adnan M, Zaini CM, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2006 Jun;23(1):23-30.
PMID: 17041548 MyJurnal

This study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) on nematode parasites of sheep. Twelve Santa Ines cross bred sheep from a government farm were randomly selected and equally divided into control (n = 6) and treated groups (n =6). Faecal egg counts (FEC) using the modified McMaster technique and the FAMACHA score for assessing clinical anaemia were carried out daily and recorded for 6 weeks. At the end of the study all the animals were slaughtered and the total worm count (TWC) was done. The results of FEC showed that there was no significant difference between the control and treated group (p = 0.081). However, worm burden estimations showed that the number of parasites was significantly higher in the control group compared to the treated group (p < 0.05). This result indicated that feeding Neem had an effect on worm numbers in sheep, but was not reflected in their faecal egg counts. Further work is needed to reconfirm the effect of Neem on helminth infections of sheep.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
Fulltext Review on pharmacological and toxicologyical effects of oleum azadirachti oil

Koriem KM

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2013 Oct;3(10):834-40.
PMID: 24075352 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60165-3

Oleum azadirachti consists of the oil obtained from dried seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (family: Meliaceae). Local names of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. are Abodua, aforo-oyinbo, anwe egyane, arista, azad dirakht, azadarakht, azedarach and bead tree. Indigenous to India, and widely distributed in South and South-East Asia and cultivated in Africa, the South Pacific Islands, South and Central America and Australia, and in southern Florida and California, United States of America, it is a straight-boled deciduous tree, which is 6-25 m high. Bark is dark-brown, externally fissured with a buff inner surface and fibrous fracture. Leaves alternately arranged, pinnately compound and up to 40 cm long, and composed of 8-18 short-petiolate narrow-ovate, pointed and curved toothed leaflets, 3-10 cm long and 1-4 cm wide arranged in alternate pairs. The major constituents are oxidized tetranortriterpenes including azadirachtin (azadirachtin A), azadiriadione, epoxyazadiradione, azadirone, nimbidin, nimbin, deacetylnimbin, salannin, gedunin, mahmoodin, 17-hydroxydiradione and related derivatives. It is of various medicinal uses, such as a contraceptive for intravaginal use, a mosquito repellent, and treatment of vaginal infections, treatment of gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, malaria, rheumatism and skin disorders, external applications for treatment of septic wounds, ulcers and boils, treatment of allergic skin reactions, asthma, bruises, colic, conjunctivitis, dysmenorrhoea, fever, gout, headache, itching due to varicella, kidney stones, leukorrhoea, psoriasis, scabies, sprains and muscular pain, and wounds. It is also used as an emmenagogue, tonic, stomatic and vermicide. In conclusion, the plant oil had antifertility, antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiulcer, estrogenic, immune, contraceptive, antibacterial, insect repellent, and skin treatment effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta/chemistry*
Fulltext Purification and Characterization of Gum-Derived Polysaccharides of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica and Their Applications as Plant Stimulants and Bio-Pesticidal Agents

Shobana N, Prakash P, Samrot AV, Jane Cypriyana PJ, Kajal P, Sathiyasree M, et al.

Molecules, 2022 Jun 09;27(12).
PMID: 35744846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123720

Plant gums are bio-organic substances that are derived from the barks of trees. They are biodegradable and non-adverse complex polysaccharides that have been gaining usage in recent years due to a number of advantages they contribute to various applications. In this study, gum was collected from Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica trees, then dried and powdered. Characterizations of gum polysaccharides were performed using TLC, GC-MS, NMR, etc., and sugar molecules such as glucose and xylose were found to be present. Effects of the gums on Abelmoschus esculentus growth were observed through root growth, shoot growth, and biomass content. The exposure of the seeds to the plant gums led to bio stimulation in the growth of the plants. Poor quality soil was exposed to the gum polysaccharide, where the polysaccharide was found to improve soil quality, which was observed through soil analysis and SEM analysis of soil porosity and structure. Furthermore, the plant gums were also found to have bio-pesticidal activity against mealybugs, which showed certain interstitial damage evident through histopathological analysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
Cloning and sequencing of its region of two isolates of Phellinus spp obtained from diseased roots of setang (Azadirachta excelsa [Jack] Jacobs)

Mohd Rosli Haron, Mohd Farid Ahmad, Lee, Su See, Norwati Muhammad

Buletin Persatuan Genetik Malaysia, 2005;11(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Two isolates of brown root disease fungi were obtained from diseased roots of sentang (Azadirachta excelsa). Morphological characters from macroscopic and microscopic studies suggested that both isolates were from the same genus namely Phellinus noxius and Phellinus sp. Cloning and sequencing of ITS region were conducted to investigate further the variation between the two species at
molecular level. PCR-amplified ITS regions were cloned in pCR2.1 and sequenced. DNA sequences sized 723bp and 710bp were obtained for Phellinus noxius and Phellinus sp respectively. Comparison between the two sequences showed 98% similarity where three nucleotide substitutions and three insertion/deletion regions were found sized 8bp, 2bp and 3bp respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta
Utilization of gum polysaccharide of Araucaria heterophylla and Azadirachta indica for encapsulation of cyfluthrin loaded super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for mosquito larvicidal activity

Samrot AV, Bhavya KS, Angalene JLA, Roshini SM, Preethi R, Steffi SM, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Jun 15;153:1024-1034.
PMID: 31751703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.232

Surface engineering of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) favor the tagging of any molecule or compound onto it, encapsulating them with a biopolymer make them biocompatible and favor slow release of loaded molecules. Recovery of SPIONs is easier as they obey to external magnetic field. In this study, SPIONS were used for mosquito larvicidal activity after surface engineered with oleic acid to favor the tagging of Cyfluthrin (mosquito larvicidal agent), it was then encapsulated with gum polysaccharide derived from Azadirachta indica and Araucaria heterophylla. Every stage of coreshell formation was microscopically and spectroscopically characterized. The coreshell SPIONs produced using Azadirachta indica and Araucaria heterophylla gum derived polysaccharide encapsulation were found to be the size around 80 nm. Thus, prepared coreshell SPIONs was subjected for mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex sp. The coreshell SPIONs was efficiently killing the mosquito larva and its impact was studied by percentage mortality studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta
Effect of four selected plant powder as rice grain protectant against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Asmanizar, Djamin A, Idris A

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:863-869.

A study to evaluate the effect of four selected plant powder as rice grain protectant against Sitophilus zeamais adult mortality, F1 progeny production, weight loss and rice grain damaged was conducted. The plant powders used were made from seed of Annona muricata, Jatropha curcas, Azadirachta indica and from leaf of J. curcas at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% (w/w) concentrations. Probit analysis showed that J. curcas seed powder was highly toxic (LC50 = 0.28%) to S. zeamais adult followed by A. muricata seed (LC50 = 0.33%), J. curcas leaf (LC50 = 1.15%) and A. indica seed (LC50= 3.63%). The Annona muricata and J. curcas seed had caused the highest mean mortality (100 and 98.85%) at 2% concentration, while the A. indica seed and J. curcas leaf powder had only caused 32.32 and 77.84%, respectively at 2.5% concentration. There was no progeny produced, no weight loss recorded and no rice grain damaged on treated rice grain with A. muricata and J. curcas seed at 1% concentration. In contrast, J. curcas leaf and A. indica seed powder had the least toxicity effect on the weevil as shown by number of progeny produced (167 and 228), total of weight loss (10.04 and 10.49%) and rice grain damaged (19.35 and 21.14%) even at the highest powder concentration (2.5%)
tested. Results of this study revealed the potential of J. curcas and A. muricata seed powder to be used in controlling S. zeamais on stored rice grain.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta
In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) on three pre-parasitic stages of susceptible and resistant strains of Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta

Al-Rofaai A, Rahman WA, Sulaiman SF, Yahaya ZS

Vet Parasitol, 2012 Aug 13;188(1-2):85-92.
PMID: 22455724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.002

Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes is considered as one of the main limiting factors causing significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry. The anthelmintic properties of some plants are among the suggested alternative solutions to control these parasitic worms. The present study investigated the anthelmintic activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf extracts against the susceptible and resistant strains of one of the most important nematodes in small ruminants, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta. Three different in vitro tests: egg hatch test, larval development assay, and larval paralysis assay were used to determine the efficiency of neem and cassava extracts on three pre-parasitic stages of T. circumcincta. The LC(50) was determined for the most potent extract in each plant as well as the phytochemical tests, total tannin quantification and cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of goats. The results revealed a high anthelmintic activity of neem methanol extract (NME) and cassava methanol extract (CME) on both strains of T. circumcincta without significant differences between the strains. The first stage larvae were more sensitive with the lowest LC(50) at 7.15 mg/ml and 10.72 mg/ml for NME and CME, respectively, compared with 44.20mg/ml and 56.68 mg/ml on eggs and 24.91 mg/ml and 71.96 mg/ml on infective stage larvae.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta/chemistry*
The effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) extract and dietary selenium on distribution of selenium in hepatocarcinogenesis induced rat

Hanachi P, Loh LN, Fauziah O, Rafiuz ZH, Tee ST, Lye CW, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:208-9.
PMID: 15468891

Neem, Azadirachta indica, is a plant from the family Meliaceae, known as "Pokok Semambu" in Malay community. It has been extensively used in India as traditional Ayurvedic and folklore minedicine for the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to determine the distribution of selenium in the liver of rats during hepatocarcinogenesis when neem aqueous extract and dietary selenium was supplemented.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
Fulltext The impact of different plant extracts on population suppression of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) yield under field conditions

Ali S, Li Y, Haq IU, Abbas W, Shabbir MZ, Khan MM, et al.

PLoS One, 2021;16(12):e0260470.
PMID: 34852006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260470

Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) is a destructive pest of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) crop in Pakistan. Although insecticides are the primary management strategy used to control H. armigera, most of them are not effective due to considerable toxic residual effects on the fruits. Nonetheless, H. armigera is rapidly evolving resistance against the available pesticides for its management. This situation calls upon the need of alternative management options against the pest. Different plant extracts have been suggested as a viable, environment-friendly option for plant protection with minimal side effects. Furthermore, the plant extracts could also manage the insect species evolving resistance against pesticides. This study evaluated the efficacy of different plant extracts (i.e., Neem seed, turmeric, garlic and marsh pepper) against H. armigera. Furthermore, the impact of the plant extracts on growth and yield of tomato crop was also tested under field conditions. The results revealed that all plant extracts resulted in higher mortality of H. armigera compared to control. Similarly, the highest plant height was observed for the plants treated with the plant extracts compared to untreated plants. Moreover, the highest tomato yield was observed in plants treated with plant extracts, especially with neem seed (21.013 kg/plot) followed by pepper extract (19.25 kg/plot), and garlic extract 18.4 kg/plot) compared to the untreated plants (8.9 kg/plot). It is concluded that plant extracts can be used as eco-friendly approaches for improving tomato yield and resistance management of H. armigera.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta/chemistry
Elucidating the structural, catalytic, and antibacterial traits of Ficus carica and Azadirachta indica leaf extract-mediated synthesis of the Ag/CuO/rGO nanocomposite

Fayyaz Z, Farrukh MA, Ul-Hamid A, Chong KK

Microsc Res Tech, 2024 May;87(5):957-976.
PMID: 38174385 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24487

The present exploration demonstrates the efficient, sustainable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly green approach for the synthesis of silver (Ag)-doped copper oxide (CuO) embedded with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite using the green one-pot method and the green deposition method. Leaf extracts of Ficus carica and Azadirachta indica were used for both methods as reducing and capping agents. The effect of methodology and plant extract was analyzed through different characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The lowest band gap of 3.0 eV was observed for the Ag/CuO/rGO prepared by the green one-pot method using F. carica. The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the formation of metal oxide was confirmed through functional group detection using FT-IR. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters showed that all reactions involved were nonspontaneous and endothermic which shows the stability of nanocomposites. XRD studies revealed the crystallinity, phase purity and small average crystallite size of 32.67 nm. SEM images disclosed that the morphology of the nanocomposites was spherical with agglomeration and rough texture. The particle size of the nanocomposites calculated through HRTEM was found in agreement with the XRD results. The numerous properties of the synthesized nanocomposites enhanced their potential against the degradation of methylene blue, rhodamine B, and ciprofloxacin. The highest percentage degradation of Ag/CuO/rGO was found to be 97%, synthesized using the green one-pot method with F. carica against ciprofloxacin, which might be due to the lowest band gap, delayed electron-hole pair recombination, and large surface area available. The nanocomposites were also tested against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Facile synthesis of Ag/CuO/rGO nanocomposite using a green one-pot method and the green deposition method. The lowest band gap of 3.0 eV was observed for nanocomposite prepared by a green one-pot method using Ficus carica. Least average crystallite size of 32.67 nm was found for nanocomposite prepared by a green one-pot method using F. carica. Highest antibacterial and catalytic activity (97%) was obtained against ciprofloxacin with nanocomposite prepared through green one-pot method using F. carica. A mechanism of green synthesis is proposed.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
Fulltext Efficacy of the Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica Against the Marine Parasitic Leech and Its Phytochemical Profiling

Venmathi Maran BA, Josmeh D, Tan JK, Yong YS, Shah MD

Molecules, 2021 Mar 29;26(7).
PMID: 33805254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071908

Zeylanicobdella arugamensis (Hirudinea), a marine parasitic leech, not only resulted in the mortality of the host fish (Groupers) but also caused economic losses. The current study aimed to elucidate the antiparasitic efficacy of the aqueous extract of the Azadirachta indica leaves against Z. arugamensis and to profile the composition via LC-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) of A. indica extract were prepared and tested on the parasitic leeches. The total mortality of leeches was noticed with an exposure to the A. indica aqueous extract. The average times required for the aqueous extract at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL to kill the leeches were 42.65 ± 9.20, 11.69 ± 1.11 and 6.45 ± 0.45 min, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. The Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of five flavonoids (myricetin 3-O-galactoside, trifolin, isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol), four aromatics (4-methoxy benzaldehyde, scopoletin, indole-3-acrylic acid and 2,4-quinolinediol), three phenolics (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and phloretin) and two terpenoids (pulegone and caryophyllene oxide). Thus, our study indicates that A. indica aqueous extract is a good source of metabolites with the potential to act as a biocontrol agent against the marine parasitic leech in aquaculture.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta
Fulltext Efficacy of Several Plants Extracts on the Tunneling Activity and Survival of Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes gestroi and Globitermes sulphureus)

Bakaruddin NH, Ab Majid AH

Trop Life Sci Res, 2019 Jan;30(1):33-56.
PMID: 30847032 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2019.30.1.3

This study examined the tunneling activity and the behaviour of two subterranean termites, Globitermes sulphurues and Coptotermes gestroi treated with four plant extracts, namely Pyllanthus niruri, Azadirachta indica, Leucaena leucocephala and Andrographis paniculata. All plants were extracted with three different solvents (methanol, hexane and water) and were diluted into three concentrations (500, 5,000 and 10,000 ppm). A group of 50 workers and 2 soldiers were tested and observed daily during the exposure in order to determine their survivorship and behaviour. Both sections were scored to determine their tunneling activities after seven days. There was a significant difference of tunneling activities of C. gestroi on sand treated with plant extracts (X2(2) = 31.790, p < 0.0001) with a mean rank of 8.50 for methanolic extracts and 32.50 for both hexane and water extracts. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed on tunneling activity of G. sulphureus on treated sand (X2(2) = 2.200, p = 0.333) with a mean rank of 20.72 for methanolic extracts, 26.31 for water extracts and 26.47 for hexane extracts. Results showed that plants extracted with methanol demonstrated strong repellent properties with 0 tunneling activity on the treated sand and low survivorship of both termites. Moreover, both termites did not survive (0%) when they were treated with methanolic extracts at 10,000 ppm. They also displayed a different behaviour post-exposure such as avoidance, gradually losing the ability to walk and low feeding consumption. These results indicate that there is a strong termiticidal activity of plants extracted with methanol against C. gestroi and G. sulphureus.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta
Fulltext Coupled Oxides/LLDPE Composites for Textile Effluent Treatment: Effect of Neem and PVA Stabilization

Basiron N, Sreekantan S, Kang LJ, Akil HM, Mydin RBSMN

Polymers (Basel), 2020 Feb 09;12(2).
PMID: 32050485 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020394

The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and neem extract were grafted onto coupled oxides (3ZT-CO) via reflux process to stabilize the particles to form 3ZT-CO/PVA and 3ZT-CO/Neem. These were then incorporated into LLDPE by melt blending process to give LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA and LLDPE/3ZT-CO/Neem composites. The Neem and PVA stabilized particles showed high zeta potential and dispersed homogeneously in water. The stabilization process altered the shape of the particles due to plane growth along the (002) polar direction. The stabilizers acted as capping agents and initiated the one-dimensional growth. The alkyl chain groups from PVA increased the polarity of the LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA and played a dominant role in the water adsorption process to activate the photocatalytic activity. This was further enhanced by the homogeneous distribution of the particles and low degree of crystallinity (20.87%) of the LLDPE composites. LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA exhibited the highest photodegradation (93.95%), which was better than the non-stabilized particles. Therefore, the photocatalytic activity of a polymer composite can be enhanced by grafting PVA and neem onto couple oxides. The LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA composite was further used to treat textile effluent. The results showed the composite was able to remove dye color by 93.95% and to reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 99.99%.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta
Multi-constituent synergism is responsible for anti-inflammatory effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract

Umar MI, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A, Abdul Majid AM, Atangwho IJ, Khadeer Ahamed MB, et al.

Pharm Biol, 2014 Nov;52(11):1411-22.
PMID: 25026347 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.895017

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceaes) leaves have been used traditionally to treat swelling and rheumatism in Indian cultures.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta*
Sensitivity of two in vitro assays for evaluating plant activity against the infective stage of Haemonchus contortus strains

Al-Rofaai A, Rahman WA, Abdulghani M

Parasitol Res, 2013 Feb;112(2):893-8.
PMID: 22961237 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3113-5

The sensitivity of larval paralysis assay (LPA) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide-formazan (MTT-formazan) assay was compared to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of plant extracts. In this study, the methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) was evaluated for its activity against the infective-stage larvae (L(3)) of susceptible and resistant Haemonchus contortus strains using the two aforementioned assays. In both in vitro assays, the same serial concentrations of the extract were used, and the median lethal concentrations were determined to compare the sensitivity of both assays. The results revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the sensitivity of the LPA and the MTT-formazan assay. The MTT-formazan assay is more feasible for practical applications because it measured the L(3) mortality more accurately than LPA. This study may help find a suitable assay for investigating the anthelmintic activity of plant extracts against trichostrongylid nematodes.

Matched MeSH terms: Azadirachta/chemistry*

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