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The effect of sleeping posture on occupant injury in frontal coach crashes

Tingting S, Ripin ZM, Yi CP, Ridzwan MIZ

Sci Rep, 2025 Mar 27;15(1):10659.
PMID: 40148416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-86670-z

The safety of coaches in frontal crashes is attracting attention in various countries. Coach crash studies are done based on standard postures. Occupants travelling long distances in coaches may fall asleep, with postures that can be different from the standard posture. This paper investigates the effects of different sleeping postures on occupant injuries in frontal coach collisions by using sled test model and dummies. Four different sleeping postures are considered including head tilted sideway, slide down on seat in neutral position, turned torso-head diagonal with backrest and turned torso-head perpendicular with backrest posture. The results showed that the head tilted sideway posture increases occupant head injuries with the Head Injury Criteria (HIC) values of 399.3 to 494.6 and the peak head acceleration over 3 milliseconds (H3ms) reaches a maximum of 88.53 g which is above the accepted threshold of 80 g. Slide down on seat in neutral position posture reduces occupant head injuries where the HIC decreased by 28.47%, and for H3ms the decrease is 12.15%. Turned torso posture reduces neck injuries, and all those four sleeping postures are beneficial to reduce thorax injuries. The different turned torso postures simultaneously include the lowest risk and the highest risk postures.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
Fulltext Research and design of ergonomics rostrum

Mohamad Norashraf Mohd Noh, Hari Krishnan, Roseni Abd Aziz, Raemy Md Zein, Noorul Azreen Azis

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(1):183-186.
MyJurnal

This invention is more on ergonomics scope. This ergonomics rostrum fulfills the ergonomics criteria especially
when used while standing. The important parts in this invention are rostrum head and platform. The rostrum head is
adjustable so the users can set the height of rostrum head for their suitability and comfort. Another important part in
this invention is platform. The purpose of the platform is to help users reach the rostrum head. The platform can flip
into the rostrum body. This invention can be used by anyone especially for Malaysian people because its designed was
based on the Malaysian height.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Fulltext Automotive seat fit parameters based on representative Nigerian anthropometric data

Abdulazeez Uba Muhammad, Kassim Abdulrahman Abdullah, Waleed Fekry Faris

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2018;18(102):32-40.
MyJurnal

The best commonly applied approach in seating ergonomics is the concept that the seat must fit the sitter.
Understanding of population anthropometry is necessary because, in the mass vehicle market, a single seat should fit
a huge portion of the population. This research work proposes some automotive seat fit parameters based on a
representative Nigerian anthropometric data, to ensure an optimum fit between the vehicle seats and the occupants,
as well as providing adequate accommodation. Anthropometric data of 863 Nigerians captured with special emphasis
on the dimensions that are applicable in automotive seat design. A comparison made between the data obtained and
that of five other countries. The proposed dimensions includes: seat cushion width (475mm); seat cushion length
(394mm); seat height (340mm); seat lateral location (583mm); seat back height (480mm); seat back width (427mm);
armrest height (246mm); headrest height (703mm); armrest surface length (345mm); backrest width (thoracic level)
(524mm); seat adjustment (186mm); backrest width (lumbar level) (475mm) and distance between armrests
(475mm). A comparison made between the proposed dimensions and those recommended by four other scholars for
other populations. Finally, an ergonomic automotive seat suitable for the Nigerian population was designed using
AutoCAD 2016 software based on the proposed established dimensions.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Fulltext Clinical interpretations of the effectiveness of changes in body position during aerobic fitness after neurologic injury

Izan NF, Salleh SH, Ting CM, Noman F, Sh-Hussain H, Poznanski RR, et al.

J Integr Neurosci, 2020 Sep 30;19(3):479-487.
PMID: 33070527 DOI: 10.31083/j.jin.2020.03.222

The purpose is to estimate the effectiveness of electrocardiograms during resting and active participation by the differentiation between the electrical activity of the heart while standing and sitting in a resting state. The concern is to identify the electrocardiogram parameters that did not show significant changes within these positions. The electrocardiogram parameters can be considered to be a standard marker for medically compromised patients. The electrocardiogram is recorded in the standing and sitting positions focusing on healthy participants using standard electrode placement of lead-I. Combined lead-I patterns (camel-hump or ST-segment prolongation) are usually seen in neurologic injury or hypothermia patients. The pairwise comparisons of a year data are about 454,400 cycles of sitting and 493,470 cycles of standing data. Thus, it is essential to quantify the nature and magnitude of changes seen in the electrocardiogram with a change of posture from sitting to standing in a healthy individual. This makes the findings of electrocardiogram analysis in this paper interesting in which some parameters (i.e., camel-hump patterns in lead-I) are helpful for clinical interpretations and could be suggestive of neurologic injury.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
Fulltext The effect on human balance of standing with toe-extension

Ku PX, Abu Osman NA, Yusof A, Wan Abas WA

PLoS One, 2012;7(7):e41539.
PMID: 22848523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041539

Postural balance is vital for safely carrying out many daily activities, such as locomotion. The purpose of this study was to determine how changes in normal standing (NS) and standing with toe-extension (SWT) impact postural control during quiet standing. Furthermore, the research aimed to examine the extent to which the effect of these factors differed between genders.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
Fulltext Postural behaviour of intraocular pressure

Singh M, Chin SSH

Med J Malaysia, 1986 Mar;41(1):38-43.
PMID: 3796346

Raised intraocular pressure (lOP) is generally held responsible for causing visual loss in chronic simple glaucoma. It is therefore desirable that a safe level of lOP be maintained all the time. Elevation of lOP with change of body position has been suggested as one of the factors which result in tissue damage in low tension as well as in primary wide open angle glaucoma. Postural behaviour of lOP was therefore studied in 58 normal and 30 glaucomatous Malaysian eyes. Clinical significance and possible pathogenesis of abnormal postural response of lOP has been discussed. More application of this simple procedure is advocated.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
Fulltext Development of a decision support system for analysis and solutions of prolonged standing in the workplace

Halim I, Arep H, Kamat SR, Abdullah R, Omar AR, Ismail AR

Saf Health Work, 2014 Jun;5(2):97-105.
PMID: 25180141 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2014.04.002

BACKGROUND: Prolonged standing has been hypothesized as a vital contributor to discomfort and muscle fatigue in the workplace. The objective of this study was to develop a decision support system that could provide systematic analysis and solutions to minimize the discomfort and muscle fatigue associated with prolonged standing.
METHODS: The integration of object-oriented programming and a Model Oriented Simultaneous Engineering System were used to design the architecture of the decision support system.
RESULTS: Validation of the decision support system was carried out in two manufacturing companies. The validation process showed that the decision support system produced reliable results.
CONCLUSION: The decision support system is a reliable advisory tool for providing analysis and solutions to problems related to the discomfort and muscle fatigue associated with prolonged standing. Further testing of the decision support system is suggested before it is used commercially.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Fulltext Ergonomic risk assessment of manual handling tools by oil palm collectors and loaders

Nur Syazwani, M. N., Baba, M. D., Mohd Nizam, A.R., Ezrin Hani, S., Norani, N., Shamsul Bahri, M.T., et al.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(20):56-60.
MyJurnal

Oil palm workers are exposed to ergonomics problems in their routine works. Although many technological advances have been developed, a large number of workers are still using manual handling tools in their daily work. A study was done to identify and solve the problems or issues of material handling effect on oil palm collectors and loaders during their daily work activities. A cross sectional study was done in an oil palm plantation in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Twenty five workers were selected randomly to participate in this study. Musculoskeletal symptoms were recorded using Modified Nordic Questionnaires and awkward postures of the workers were assessed using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Result showed that 61% of workers were exposed to high risk level and 39% to very high risk level of working posture problems. In conclusion, majority of oil palm collectors and loaders need to correct their working posture as soon as possible. The manual handling activities need to be improved with respect to correct procedure for health and safety concerns.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Ergonomic study for optimum printing workstation using factorial experiment and response surface methodology

Mohammad Iqbal, Hartomo Soewardi, Azmi Hassan, Che Hassan Che Haron

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2004;1(2):42-48.
MyJurnal

This paper presents the use of factorial experiments and response surface methodology to determine the best workstation design configuration of an existing electronic industry. The aim is to find the value of physical dimensions that gives the best performance for the workstation. Four performance measures are selected; the cycle time, the metabolic energy expenditure, worker’s posture during the task and lifting limitations. The methodology used in this study consists of two parts. The first part is based on factorial experiments and handles discrete search over combinations of factor-levels for improving the initial solution. In the second part, the solution that was obtained earlier is further refined by changing the continuous factors by using response surface methodology. The result of this optimization study shows that the optimum value of physical dimensions gives a significant improvement for the performance measures of the workstation.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Fulltext Space research areas and capacity needs - gaps, issues and challenges

Varatharajoo, R.

ASM Science Journal, 2011;5(2):153-155.
MyJurnal

Malaysia has adopted various strategies in developing its space sector. Indigenous space technologies would enable a sustainable growth of the space field and at the same time develop the strategic space technologies. Therefore, issues related to the current space research level are fundamentally crucial to be highlighted. Subsequently, the space focus areas can be derived in order to meet the expectations of the national and international space technology growth requirements, which are moving on to a stronger posture in R&D. In the absence of a strong R&D national space industry leadership, the Malaysian space sector remains in a traditional downstream mode of the world space technology supply chain ever since. The space technology supply chain can be divided into the ground segment and the space segment. This paper examines the current space research activities in Malaysia within the framework of the space technology supply chain. As a result, a preliminary gap in the overview of space research in Malaysia is established.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Fulltext Perception study on ergonomics practices in Malaysian quarry and mining industry

Norhidayah Mat Sout, Muhamad Arifpin Mansor, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(1):197-202.
MyJurnal

Ergonomics can be viewed as an approach to reduce injury and illness rates to improve the overall working
conditions for employees by addressing risk factor exposure that may occur during manual tasks. The objective
of this research was to analyze ergonomics risk factors by associating the perception of employer and employees
towards their workplace condition in quarry and mining industry. A Questionnaire on Ergonomics Risk Assessment
was used to determine the comparison level awareness and perception analysis among quarry and mining industry in
Malaysia. The findings of this research prove that the exposure of ergonomics risk factors towards the workers is in
a moderate level with a mean of 3.59 for the overall respondent review about the ergonomics risk among workers at
their workplace. Besides, the most concern in ergonomics is about the awkward posture at work. Some 8.8% of them
agreed and 6.6% of them totally agreed that they were in awkward posture while doing their work. As a conclusion,
assessment of ergonomics in quarry and mining industry will be a platform to provide a safe and healthy working
environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Development of a statistical model for predicting seat pressure felt level in simulated condition based on direct and anthropometric measurement

Khamis NK, Deros BM

J Phys Ther Sci, 2018 Jun;30(6):764-769.
PMID: 29950761 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.764

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of seat pressure distribution measurements based on a specific posture to predict the pressure felt level when seated. [Subjects and Methods] To examine the relationship between body pressure data and the driver's perception, eleven subjects were selected to participate in a simulated driving experiment using a pressure mat as a direct measurement method to measure the seat pan's pressure distribution. The buttock-popliteal length was measured using an anthropometer, and the pressure felt ratings evaluated after the body pressure measurements were recorded. Accordingly, this was then followed by performing statistical analysis using seat pressure measurements, and the buttock-popliteal length as independent variables along with subjective ratings selected of the pressure felt by the drivers' as dependent variables. [Results] The findings of this study suggest that the direct measurements and anthropometric body data are positively correlated with the predictive model thereby confirming the validity of the model with an R2 value of 0.952. [Conclusion] The proposed model is expected to provide a useful reference value for new vehicle drivers by providing the pressure felt level based on direct and body measurements in a specific posture.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
A study on body movement analysis by the foot slip pattern in a fall

Kim SH, Kim DW

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1745-1750.

A fracture, which mostly results from a fall, is fatal for the elderly. A fall occurred when a person cannot maintain the
body position. Most falls occurred when a person walks on a slippery surface or trips over an object on the ground during
a gait. Most people try to avoid falls instinctively and fall when their attempt fails. As such, this study investigated the
difference between two movements- a movement to avoid falls and a forward-falling movement without a fall-avoiding
movement- by analyzing the body movements of the subjects. A fast-moving fall-guiding device with a pneumatic actuator
was used to guide falls. The movement of the device could simulate a foot slip that may happen during daily activities.
A three-axis acceleration sensor and a Bluetooth module were used to avoid disturbing the body movement during a fall
as a wire sensor or a movement analysis system does.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Fulltext Thismiadomei and T.terengganuensis (Thismiaceae), two new species, and T.javanica, a new record from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia

Yunoh SM, Nikong D

PhytoKeys, 2019;124:123-137.
PMID: 31274980 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.124.34728

Two new species of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia Griff. (Thismiaceae), Thismiadomei Siti-Munirah and T.terengganuensis Siti-Munirah from Peninsular Malaysia, are described and illustrated. Thismiadomei, characterized by its perianth lobes that are upright and curve inward, but are imperfectly connate, falls within sectionOdoardoa. Thismiaterengganuensis is characterized by its mitre with three appendages on its apex, so falls within sectionGeomitra. Both new species are unique and totally different from other described species, T.domei by the trichomes on its outer perianth tube surface and T.terengganuensis by its mitre with slender appendages. Thismiajavanica J.J.Sm, also from Terengganu, is a new record for Peninsular Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Validity and Reliability of the Wii Balance Board for Static Balance Assessment in Healthy Young Adults

Kaewkaen K, Uthama S, Ruengsirarak W, Puntumetakul R

Malays J Med Sci, 2019 Mar;26(2):114-121.
PMID: 31447614 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.2.12

Introduction: The Wii Balance Board (WBB) is a commonly used tool for balance assessment, however the inconsistency in the reported validity for the WBB when used for the assessment of healthy young adults needs to be clarified.
Aim: To investigate the concurrent validity and reliability of the WBB for balance assessment in healthy young adults.
Methods: Thirty-two young adults participated in this study. Their ability to balance was tested while standing on a WBB and a laboratory-grade force platform, under three conditions: feet together with eyes open, feet together with eyes closed and semi-tandem standing with eyes open. They had 10 min resting period between tests. The agreement between the WBB and the laboratory-grade force platform was investigated, and the reliability of the WBB was determined.
Results: A poor agreement between the WBB and the laboratory-grade force platform was found for all standing conditions [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.03 to 0.07]. A moderate to high reliability was found for the WBB for balance assessment in healthy young adults (ICC = 0.66 to 0.76).
Conclusion: The WBB was found to be a reliable tool for static balance assessment in healthy young adults. However, it had poor validity compared to the laboratory-grade force platform.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture
Fulltext Balance control in lower extremity amputees during quiet standing: a systematic review

Ku PX, Abu Osman NA, Wan Abas WA

Gait Posture, 2014 Feb;39(2):672-82.
PMID: 24331296 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.07.006

Postural control has been widely evaluated for the normal population and different groups over the past 20 years. Numerous studies have investigated postural control in quiet standing posture among amputees. However, a comprehensive analysis is lacking on the possible contributing factors to balance. The present systematic review highlights the current findings on variables that contribute to balance instability for lower extremity amputees. The search strategy was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and CINAHL and then followed by additional manual searching via reference lists in the reviewed articles. The quality of the articles was evaluated using a methodological quality assessment tool. This review included and evaluated a total of 23 full-text articles. Despite the inconsistencies in the methodological design of the studies, all articles scored above the acceptable level in terms of quality. A majority of the studies revealed that lower extremity amputees have increased postural sway in the standing posture. Asymmetry in body weight, which is mainly distributed in the non-amputated leg, was described. Aside from the centre of pressure in postural control, sensory inputs may be a related topic for investigation in view of evidence on their contribution, particularly visual input. Other balance-related factors, such as stump length and patients' confidence level, were also neglected. Further research requires examination on the potential factors that affect postural control as the information of standing postural is still limited.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
Biomechanical evaluation of the relationship between postural control and body mass index

Ku PX, Abu Osman NA, Yusof A, Wan Abas WA

J Biomech, 2012 Jun 1;45(9):1638-42.
PMID: 22507349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.029

Postural stability is crucial in maintaining body balance during quiet standing, locomotion, and any activities that require a high degree of balance performance, such as participating in sports and dancing. Research has shown that there is a relationship between stability and body mass. The aims of this study were to examine the impact that two variables had on static postural control: body mass index (BMI) and gender. Eighty healthy young adults (age=21.7±1.8 yr; height=1.65±0.09 m; mass=67.5±19.0 kg) participated in the study and the static postural control was assessed using the Biodex Balance System, with a 20 Hz sampling rate in the bipedic stance (BLS) and unipedic stance (ULS) for 30s. Five test evaluations were performed for each balance test. Postural control was found to be negatively correlated with increased adiposity, as the obese BMI group performed significantly poorer than the underweight, normal weight and overweight groups during BLS and ULS tests. The underweight, normal weight and overweight groups exhibited greater anterior-posterior stability in postural control during quiet stance. In addition, female displayed a trend of having a greater postural sway than male young adults, although it was evidenced in only some BMI groups. This study revealed that BMI do have an impact on postural control during both BLS and ULS. As such, BMI and gender-specific effects should be taken into consideration when selecting individuals for different types of sporting activities, especially those that require quiet standing.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology*
Ergonomic evaluation of postural stress in school workshop

Hashim AM, Dawal SZ, Yusoff N

Work, 2012;41 Suppl 1:827-31.
PMID: 22316824 DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0249-827

The objective of this study is to compare the evaluation of postural analysis between a self-report questionnaire and physical assessments methods for students aged 13 to 15 years old in school workshop. 336 students were volunteered as participants to fill in the questionnaire and being observed in the workshop. Total of 104 positions were selected and analyzed while students performing their tasks. Questionnaire data was examined to specify the prevalence of postural stress symptoms. The relationship of postural stress by physical assessment methods (RULA and REBA methods) was defined to identify the risk level of students' working posture. From the results, comparison of four factors categorized from total of 22 questions among ages, the mean values were lower for 13 years old students meaning that they were faced higher posture problems while using the workstation. The obtained results from both physical assessment methods and questionnaire analysis have identified 13 years old students faced higher risk exposure. Analysis results emphasized the fact that self-reports questionnaire method has almost accurate as postural evaluation methods to identify physical risks in workplace. The result also shows that an intervention is needed to overcome the posture problems.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture*
Real-time stability measurement system for postural control

Gopalai AA, Senanayake SM, Kiong LC, Gouwanda D

J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2011 Oct;15(4):453-64.
PMID: 21943619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.10.005

A method for assessing balance, which was sensitive to changes in the postural control system is presented. This paper describes the implementation of a force-sensing platform, with force sensing resistors as the sensing element. The platform is capable of measuring destabilized postural perturbations in dynamic and static postural conditions. Besides providing real-time qualitative assessment, the platform quantifies the postural control of the subjects. This is done by evaluating the weighted center of applied pressure distribution over time. The objective of this research was to establish the feasibility of using the force-sensing platform to test and gauge the postural control of individuals. Tests were conducted in Eye Open and Eye Close states on Flat Ground (static condition) and the balance trainer (dynamic condition). It was observed that the designed platform was able to gauge the sway experienced by the body when subject's states and conditions changed.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture/physiology
Fulltext Sleep position and infant care practices in an urban community in Kuala Lumpur

Lope RJ, Kong WK, Lee VW, Tiew WT, Wong SY

Med J Malaysia, 2010 Mar;65(1):45-8.
PMID: 21265248 MyJurnal

Several modifiable risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have been identified such as sleeping prone or on the side, sleeping on a soft surface, bed-sharing, no prenatal care and maternal ante-natal smoking. A cross-sectional survey of infant sleep and care practices was conducted among parents of babies aged below 8 months to determine the prevalence and predictors of non-supine sleep position and the prevalence of other high-risk infant care practices for SIDS. Of 263 infants, 24.7% were placed to sleep in the non-supine position and age of infants was a factor positively associated with this (adjusted odds ratio 1.275, 95% CI=1.085, 1.499). The most common modifiable risk factor was the presence of soft toys or bedding in the infants' bed or cot (89.4%). Results from this study indicate that although the predominant sleep position of Malaysian infants in this population is supine, the majority of infants were exposed to other care practices which have been shown to be associated with SIDS.

Matched MeSH terms: Posture*

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