Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 37 in total

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  1. Fulltext Combining ability of pod yield and related traits of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under salinity stress
    Azad MA, Shah-E-Alam M, Hamid MA, Rafii MY, Malek MA
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:589586.
    PMID: 24737982 DOI: 10.1155/2014/589586
    A study was performed using 6 × 6 F1 diallel population without reciprocals to assess the mode of inheritance of pod yield and related traits in groundnut with imposed salinity stress. Heterosis was found for pod number and yield. Data on general and specific combining ability (gca and sca) indicated additive and nonadditive gene actions. The gca: sca ratios were much less than unity suggesting predominant role of nonadditive gene effects. Cultivars "Binachinabadam-2" and "Dacca-1" and mutant M6/25/64-82 had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod number, as well as gca values, respectively. These two cultivars and another mutant M6/15/70-19 also had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod yield, as well as gca values, respectively. Therefore, "Dacca-1", "Binachinabadam-2", M6/25/64-82, and M6/15/70-19 could be used as source of salinity tolerance. Cross combinations showing high sca effects arising from parents with high and low gca values for any trait indicate the influence of nonadditive genes on their expression. Parents of these crosses can be used for biparental mating or reciprocal recurrent selection for developing high yielding varieties. Crosses with high sca effects having both parents with good gca effects could be exploited by pedigree breeding to get transgressive segregants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis/physiology*
  2. Evaluation of aflatoxin and Aspergillus sp. contamination in raw peanuts and peanut-based products along this supply chain in Malaysia
    Norlia M, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Selamat J, Abu Bakar F, Radu S, Chin CK
    Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2018 Sep;35(9):1787-1802.
    PMID: 29912639 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488276
    The peanut supply chain in Malaysia is dominated by three main stakeholders (importers, manufacturers, retailers). The present study aimed to determine the levels and critical points of aflatoxin and fungal contamination in peanuts along the supply chain. Specifically, two types of raw peanuts and six types of peanut-based products were collected (N = 178). Samples were analysed for aflatoxins by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results revealed that the aflatoxin contamination was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in raw peanuts and peanut-based products from the retailers. However, there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in fungal contamination for both types of peanuts except for the total fungal count in raw peanuts from the retailers. Furthermore, raw peanut kernels from the retailers were the most contaminated ones ranged from
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis/microbiology; Arachis/chemistry*
  3. Pharmaceutical Development of Intraperitoneal Arachis hypogaea as a Renal Protective Agent
    Gul A, Khan H, Shah SI, Alsharif KF, Qahl SH, Rehman IU, et al.
    Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 2023 Jan 17;28(1):14.
    PMID: 36722262 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2801014
    BACKGROUND: Kidneys are among the vital organs of the human body; therefore, damage from any exogenous/endogenous agent may put human life at risk. Arachis hypogaea (AH) contains different free radical scavenging flavonoids, stilbenes, and tannins. This research aimed to elucidate the possible nephroprotective mechanism of AH methanolic crude extract (AHcr) and n-hexane oil fraction (AHO) against gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity.

    METHODS: After the extraction of the crude oil of the plant, they were tested against a Gentamycin (GM)-treated group of Swiss Albino mice for their nephroprotective action. Animals were divided into six (6) equal groups with five (5) animals in each group. These groups were: control group (0.5 mL normal saline via intraperitoneal -i.p), gentamycin group (gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p), Silymarin + gentamycin group (Silymarin 50 mg/kg and gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p), plant extract (AHcr1) and gentamycin group (AHcr1 250 mg/kg and gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p), AHcr2 + gentamycin group (AHcr2; 500 mg/kg and gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p) and the hexane oil fraction (AHO) + gentamycin (AHO 1 mL/kg and GM 100 mg/kg i.p). After completion of doses, animals were sacrificed for the collection of blood to further investigate biochemical changes and histopathological changes in kidney tissues.

    RESULTS: Serum creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the gentamycin-treated group as compared to the control group. The elevated level of serum creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen was decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in groups treated with AHcr and AHO compared to the gentamycin group. Similarly, the histopathological study of kidney tissues from the gentamycin group showed tubular necrosis, vacuolation, and fibrosis.

    CONCLUSIONS: The effect of crude extract and hexane soluble fraction of AH caused a significant reversal of gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity.

    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis*
  4. Purification and Characterization of Desferrioxamine B of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Its Application to Improve Oil Content, Nutrient Uptake, and Plant Growth in Peanuts
    Nithyapriya S, Sundaram L, Eswaran SUD, Perveen K, Alshaikh NA, Sayyed RZ, et al.
    Microb Ecol, 2024 Apr 17;87(1):60.
    PMID: 38630182 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02377-0
    Microorganisms produce siderophores, which are low-molecular-weight iron chelators when iron availability is limited. The present analyzed the role of LNPF1 as multifarious PGPR for improving growth parameters and nutrient content in peanut and soil nutrients. Such multifarious PGPR strains can be used as effective bioinoculants for peanut farming. In this work, rhizosphere bacteria from Zea mays and Arachis hypogaea plants in the Salem area of Tamil Nadu, India, were isolated and tested for biochemical attributes and characteristics that stimulate plant growth, such as the production of hydrogen cyanide, ammonia (6 µg/mL), indole acetic acid (76.35 µg/mL), and solubilizing phosphate (520 µg/mL). The 16S rRNA gene sequences identified the isolate LNPF1 as Pseudomonas fluorescens with a similarity percentage of 99% with Pseudomonas sp. Isolate LNPF1 was evaluated for the production of siderophore. Siderophore-rich supernatant using a Sep Pack C18 column and Amberlite-400 Resin Column (λmax 264) produced 298 mg/L and 50 mg/L of siderophore, respectively. The characterization of purified siderophore by TLC, HPLC, FTIR, and 2D-NMR analysis identified the compound as desferrioxamine, a hydroxamate siderophore. A pot culture experiment determined the potential of LNPF1 to improve iron and oil content and photosynthetic pigments in Arachis hypogaea L. and improve soil nutrient content. Inoculation of A. hypogea seeds with LNPF1 improved plant growth parameters such as leaf length (60%), shoot length (22%), root length (54.68%), fresh weight (47.28%), dry weight (37%), and number of nuts (66.66) compared to the control (untreated seeds). This inoculation also improved leaf iron content (43.42), short iron content (38.38%), seed iron (46.72%), seed oil (31.68%), carotenoid (64.40%), and total chlorophyll content (98.%) compared to control (untreated seeds). Bacterized seeds showed a substantial increase in nodulation (61.65%) and weight of individual nodules (95.97) vis-à-vis control. The results of the present study indicated that P. fluorescens might be utilized as a potential bioinoculant to improve growth, iron content, oil content, number of nuts and nodules of Arachishypogaea L., and enrich soil nutrients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis*
  5. Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhization in Sterile and Non-sterile Soils
    Al-Khaliel AS
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2010 Aug;21(1):55-70.
    PMID: 24575190
    Mycorrhiza, a mutualistic association between fungi and higher plants, has been documented extensively, but much less is known about the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their effects on the growth of peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.). Therefore, the mycorrhizal status of Glomus spp. was investigated in the following diverse substrate soil conditions: non-autoclaved soil, autoclaved soil and autoclaved soil plus soil microbiota. The results indicated that both the arbuscular mycorrhizae, Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe emend. Walker & Koske were infective to peanut, but displayed a differential impact on peanut growth depending on the microbial biomass content of the substrate soils. G. mosseae proved to be the most effective at improving peanut growth.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  6. Aflatoxins in unrefined groundnut oil
    Chong YH, Beng CG
    Med J Malaya, 1965 Sep;20(1):49-50.
    PMID: 4221413
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis*
  7. Reduction of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins in peanut sauce processing by oil-less frying of chilli powder and retort processing
    Farawahida AH, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Samsudin NIP
    Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2017 Dec;34(12):2242-2250.
    PMID: 28871861 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1375605
    Among the many roles played by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the food industry is the production of heritage foods such as peanut sauce. Unfortunately, the safety of peanut sauce is not always assured as the processing line is not controlled. Peanut sauce is usually made of peanuts and chilli, and these commodities are normally contaminated with Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins (AFs). Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the practices related to reduction of AF hazard and the effect of interventions in peanut sauce processing. Peanut samples were collected from each step of peanut sauce processing from a small peanut sauce company according to four designs: (1) control; (2) oil-less frying of chilli powder; (3) addition of retort processing; and (4) combination of oil-less frying of chilli powder and retort processing. Oil-less frying of chilli powder (Design 2) reduced total AFs by 33-41%, retort processing (Design 3) reduced total AFs by 49%, while combination of these two thermal processes (Design 4) significantly reduced total AFs, by 57%. The present work demonstrated that Design 4 yielded the highest reduction of total AFs and is therefore recommended to be employed by SME companies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis/chemistry*
  8. Fulltext The extraction of different proteins in selenium enriched peanuts and their antioxidant properties
    Zhao P, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo T, Zhang Z, Zhang WJ, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2016 May;23(3):353-7.
    PMID: 27081360 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.08.007
    In this study, the selenium enriched peanuts and the different solubility proteins extracted from them were investigated. The dried defatted selenium enriched peanuts (SeP) powder (0.3147 μg/g) had a 2.5-fold higher mean total selenium concentration than general peanuts (GP) power (0.1233 μg/g). The SeP had higher concentration of selenium, manganese and zinc than that of GP, but less calcium. The rate of extraction of protein was 23.39% for peanuts and alkali soluble protein was the main component of protein in SeP, which accounted for 92.82% of total soluble protein and combined selenium was 77.33% of total selenium protein. In different forms of proteins from SeP, the WSePr due to higher concentration of selenium had higher DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, higher reducing activity and longer induction time than other proteins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  9. Fulltext Prevalence of Aspergillus spp. and occurrence of aflatoxins in peanut sauce processing by peanut sauce manufacturers
    Farawahida Abdul Halim, Jinap Selamat, Nor Khaizura Mahmud @ Ab Rashid, Chin, C. K., Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin, Norlia, M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(1):121-130.
    MyJurnal
    The aims of the present work were to determine the prevalence of Aspergillus spp. and occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) along the peanut sauce processing line from different peanut sauce
    companies in Malaysia, and to determine to which extent peanut sauce processing steps
    employed by the peanut sauce industries could efficiently reduce AFs in peanut sauce. Peanut
    and chili samples were collected at each processing step along the peanut sauce production
    from three peanut sauce companies which were different in companies’ profile. Peanut
    samples from Companies B (87.5%) and C (100%) were contaminated with AFs. Of these,
    12.5% (Company B) and 75% (Company C) samples exceeded the Malaysian regulatory limit.
    None of the samples from Company A was contaminated. The steps efficient in reducing AFs
    in peanut sauce identified in the present work were (i) safety monitoring of raw materials, (ii)
    sorting of raw materials, and (iii) heat treatment of raw materials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  10. Fulltext A narrative action on the battle against hunger using mushroom, peanut, and soybean-based wastes
    Mohd Zaini NA, Azizan NAZ, Abd Rahim MH, Jamaludin AA, Raposo A, Raseetha S, et al.
    Front Public Health, 2023;11:1175509.
    PMID: 37250070 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175509
    Numerous generations have been affected by hunger, which still affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The hunger crisis is worsening although many efforts have been made to minimize it. Besides that, food waste is one of the critical problems faced by most countries worldwide. It has disrupted the food chain system due to inefficient waste management, while negatively impacting the environment. The majority of the waste is from the food production process, resulting in a net zero production for food manufacturers while also harnessing its potential. Most food production wastes are high in nutritional and functional values, yet most of them end up as low-cost animal feed and plant fertilizers. This review identified key emerging wastes from the production line of mushroom, peanut, and soybean (MPS). These wastes (MPS) provide a new source for food conversion due to their high nutritional content, which contributes to a circular economy in the post-pandemic era and ensures food security. In order to achieve carbon neutrality and effective waste management for the production of alternative foods, biotechnological processes such as digestive, fermentative, and enzymatic conversions are essential. The article provides a narrative action on the critical potential application and challenges of MPS as future foods in the battle against hunger.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  11. Polyphasic approach to the identification and characterization of aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from peanuts and peanut-based products marketed in Malaysia
    Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Son R, Chin CK, Sardjono
    Int J Food Microbiol, 2018 Oct 03;282:9-15.
    PMID: 29885975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.030
    Peanuts are widely consumed as the main ingredient in many local dishes in Malaysia. However, the tropical climate in Malaysia (high temperature and humidity) favours the growth of fungi from Aspergillus section Flavi, especially during storage. Most of the species from this section, such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius, are natural producers of aflatoxins. Precise identification of local isolates and information regarding their ability to produce aflatoxins are very important to evaluate the safety of food marketed in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and characterize the aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi in peanuts and peanut-based products. A polyphasic approach, consisting of morphological and chemical characterizations was applied to 128 isolates originating from raw peanuts and peanut-based products. On the basis of morphological characters, 127 positively identified as Aspergillus flavus, and the other as A. nomius. Chemical characterization revealed six chemotype profiles which indicates diversity of toxigenic potential. About 58.6%, 68.5%, and 100% of the isolates are positive for aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and aspergillic acid productions respectively. The majority of the isolates originating from raw peanut samples (64.8%) were aflatoxigenic, while those from peanut-based products were less toxigenic (39.1%). The precise identification of these species may help in developing control strategies for aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts, especially during storage. These findings also highlight the possibility of the co-occurrence of other toxins, which could increase the potential toxic effects of peanuts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis/microbiology*; Arachis/chemistry
  12. Fulltext Influence of drying treatments on antioxidant capacity of forage legume leaves
    Sang SY, Jamharee F, Prasad KN, Azlan A, Maliki N
    J Food Sci Technol, 2014 May;51(5):988-93.
    PMID: 24803709 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0596-5
    This study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacities of four common forage legume leaves namely, Arachis pintoi (Pintoi), Calapogonium mucunoides (Calapo), Centrosema pubescens (Centro), and Stylosanthes guanensis (Stylo). Two different drying methods (oven-drying and freeze-drying) were employed and antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Freeze-dried extract showed the highest antioxidant activities by DPPH (EC50 values 1.17-2.13 mg/ml), FRAP (147.08-246.42 μM of Fe(2+)/g), and β-carotene bleaching (57.11-78.60%) compared to oven drying. Hence, freeze drying treatment could be considered useful in retention of antioxidant activity and phenolic content.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  13. Fulltext Effect of superheated-steam roasting on physicochemical properties of peanut (Arachis hypogea) oil
    Idrus NFM, Zzaman W, Yang TA, Easa AM, Sharifudin MS, Noorakmar BW, et al.
    Food Sci Biotechnol, 2017;26(4):911-920.
    PMID: 30263619 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0132-0
    Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important source of protein and lipid globally. The effect of superheated-steam roasting on quality of peanut oil was evaluated based on physicochemical quality parameters. Three roasting temperatures (150, 200, and 250 °C) were used for different periods of roasting time and the obtained results were compared with those of conventional roasting. At 250 °C, superheated-steam roasted peanuts yielded more oil (26.84%) than conventionally roasted peanuts (24.85%). Compared with conventional roasting, superheated-steam roasting resulted in lower oil color, peroxide, p-anisidine, free fatty acid, conjugated diene and triene, and acid values and higher viscosity and iodine values in the roasted peanut oil. These values were significantly different from each other (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  14. Fulltext An investigation into the effect of denture adhesives in limiting the food impaction
    Marlynda Ahmad, Dayang Fadzlina Abang Ibrahim, Nur Hafizah Hazmi, Natasya Ahmad Tarib, Kamarul Hisham Kamarudin
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2010;31(2):65-70.
    MyJurnal
    Aim of the study: To compare the weight of retrieved food accumulated under the dentures base with and without adhesive treatment.

    Materials and Method: Each subject was given 32 g of non-salted dry roasted peanuts to chew and swallow. After finishing all the peanuts, the subject was asked to brush their denture using toothbrush and toothpaste without removing the denture from the mouth and rinsed their mouth vigorously with water. The weight of the retrieved peanuts accumulated under the denture base collected, dried, and weighted. All procedures were repeated with denture adhesive.

    Results: On average, the mean weight of peanuts particles recovered beneath upper dentures without application of denture adhesive was 51.21 mg which is higher than the mean weight of upper denture with adhesive treatment (35.36 mg). The similar pattern was detected for the lower dentures but at higher mean weight.

    Conclusion: Application of denture adhesive significantly reduced the amount of retrieved peanut particles collected under the denture base compared to no-adhesive treatment (p< 0.005).
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  15. Fulltext Effect of germination on total phenolic, tannin and phytic acid contents in soy bean and peanut
    Megat Rusydi, M.R., Azrina, A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):673-677.
    MyJurnal
    Legume is a plant in the family of Fabacae or Leguminosae that rich in protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, and minerals. Germination of legume causes some important changes in the biochemical and a nutritional characteristic of the legumes that may be beneficial to human’s health and nutritional status. This study was carried out to determine the effect of germination on total phenolic, tannin and phytic acid contents of soy beans and peanut. The process of germination was carried out by soaking legumes in water for 6 hours, followed by germinating them in wet muslin cloth for 48 hours. After germination, samples were dried and stored in refrigerator before analysis. Total phenolic, tannin and phytic acid were determined spectrophotometrically. Total phenolic contents were decreased significantly (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  16. Screening and production of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by bacterial strains isolated from Rhizosphere soil of groundnut plants
    Haliru Musa, Bolanle BB, Farizul Hafiz Kasim, Arbain D
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1469-1476.
    Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) otherwise known as bioplastics are biodegradable materials that are accumulated in various microorganisms to serve as carbon and energy reservoirs and regarded as an attractive alternative to petroleum-derived plastics. Although research has been conducted on isolation of PHB-producing microorganisms from different ecological environments, few studies have been carried out on isolation of potential PHB-producing microorganisms from rhizosphere environment of groundnut plants, Arachis hypogaea which can be regarded as a good environment for the isolation of potential PHB-producing microorganisms. In the present study, a total of twenty-one (21) bacterial strains were primarily screened and isolated from rhizosphere soil of a groundnut plant. Four bacterial isolates with maximum PHB-producing potential upon screening using submerged fermentation were selected for further studies. The fermentation pattern of PHB production was studied using different nutrient sources. The influence of agitation on PHB production was also studied. Mannitol stimulated maximum (6.076a mg/mL) PHB production by Bacillus sp. 1; KNO3 used as a limiting nutrient induced best (5.728a mg/mL) PHB production by Citrobacter sp. and MgSO4.7H2O supported maximum (5.972a mg/mL) PHB production in Enterococcus sp. A low agitation speed of 150 rpm was found to support best (5.802a mg/mL) PHB production by Bacillus sp.1. Findings from this study indicated that the isolated bacterial strains have high PHB- producing potential. The need to explore other environment harbouring microbial strains with high PHB-producing potential is paramount to the discovery of bioplastics with improved properties for potential industrial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis
  17. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in chilli, peanut and rice using silica based monolithic column
    Khayoon WS, Saad B, Lee TP, Salleh B
    Food Chem, 2012 Jul 15;133(2):489-96.
    PMID: 25683424 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.010
    A simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic with fluorescence detection method for the determination of the aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in peanuts, rice and chilli was developed. The sample was extracted using acetonitrile:water (90:10, v/v%) and then purified by using ISOLUTE® multimode solid phase extraction. After the pre-column derivatisation, the analytes were separated within 3.7 min using Chromolith® performance RP-18e (100-4.6mm) monolithic column. To assess the possible effects of endogenous components in the food items, matrix-matched calibration was used for the quantification and validation. The recoveries of aflatoxins that were spiked into food samples were 86.38-104.5% and RSDs were <4.4%. The method was applied to the determination of aflatoxins in peanut (9), rice (5) and chilli (10) samples. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis using triple quadruple analyser and operated in the multiple reaction monitoring modes on the contaminated samples was performed for confirmation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis/chemistry*
  18. Sorption of acid dyes by chemically modified peanut hulls
    Low KS, Lee CK, Koo WH
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1999 Apr;62(4):428-33.
    PMID: 10094725
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis*
  19. Evaluation and application of a simple and rapid method for the analysis of aflatoxins in commercial foods from Malaysia and the Philippines
    Ali N, Hashim NH, Yoshizawa T
    Food Addit Contam, 1999 Jul;16(7):273-80.
    PMID: 10656052
    For application to the analysis of aflatoxins (AF) in commercial peanut and corn products, the ISOLUTE multimode column (IMC, solid phase multifunctional column) method was validated by comparing with the modified Florisil column (MFC) method. Twenty-two peanut and eight corn products from Malaysia and the Philippines were analysed for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 firstly by the MFC method and then by the IMC method. For peanut products, 14 out of 22 samples were positive by the two methods in the range of 1-378 micrograms/kg of AF, and correlation coefficients (r) for AFB1 and AFB2 were 0.987 and 0.997, respectively. For corn and corn products, all the samples were positive in the range of 1-130 micrograms/kg, and r values were 0.992 and 0.805 for AFB1 and AFB2 respectively. Thus, the results were significantly (p < 0.01) in close agreement, particularly for lower range of 1-50 micrograms/kg of AF concentrations in all the samples. For the occurrence of AF, 11 (65%) of peanut products from Malaysia were contaminated with AF at a mean level of 50 micrograms/kg (maximum 180 micrograms/kg) and two (40% products from the Philippines were contaminated with as high as 375 micrograms/kg and 177 micrograms/kg of AF, respectively. All the corn products from the Philippines were contaminated with AF at a mean level of 44 micrograms/kg (maximum 130 micrograms/kg). Contamination of commercial foods with high levels of AF is a very important issue to both the countries since these foods are very popular among children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis/chemistry*
  20. Modelling the effect of temperature and water activity on the growth rate of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in peanut meal extract agar
    Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Radu S, John JM, Rahman MAH, et al.
    Int J Food Microbiol, 2020 Dec 16;335:108836.
    PMID: 33065380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108836
    Aspergillus flavus is the predominant species that produce aflatoxins in stored peanuts under favourable conditions. This study aimed to describe the growth and aflatoxin production by two A. flavus strains isolated from imported raw peanuts and to model the effects of temperature and aw on their colony growth rate as a function of temperature and aw in Peanut Meal Extract Agar (PMEA). A full factorial design with seven aw levels (0.85-0.98 aw) and five temperature levels (20-40 °C) was used to investigate the growth and aflatoxin production. Colony diameter was measured daily for 28 days while AFB1 and total aflatoxin were determined on day 3, 7, 14, and 21. The maximum colony growth rate, μmax (mm/day) was estimated by using the primary model of Baranyi, and the μmax was then fitted to the secondary model; second-order polynomial and linear Arrhenius-Davey to describe the colony growth rate as a function of temperature and aw. The results indicated that both strains failed to grow at temperature of 20 °C with aw <0.94 and aw of 0.85 for all temperatures except 30 °C. The highest growth rate was observed at 30 °C, with 0.98 aw for both strains. The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of strain, temperature, and aw on the fungal growth and aflatoxin production (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Arachis/microbiology*
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