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The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit

Ma H 1 , Crowther TW 2 , Mo L 2 , Maynard DS 2 , Renner SS 3 , van den Hoogen J 2 Show all authors , Zou Y 2 , Liang J 4 , de-Miguel S 5 , Nabuurs GJ 6 , Reich PB 7 , Niinemets Ü 8 , Abegg M 9 , Adou Yao YC 10 , Alberti G 11 , Almeyda Zambrano AM 12 , Alvarado BV 13 , Alvarez-Dávila E 14 , Alvarez-Loayza P 15 , Alves LF 16 , Ammer C 17 , Antón-Fernández C 18 , Araujo-Murakami A 19 , Arroyo L 19 , Avitabile V 20 , Aymard GA 21 , Baker TR 22 , Bałazy R 23 , Banki O 24 , Barroso JG 25 , Bastian ML 26 , Bastin JF 27 , Birigazzi L 28 , Birnbaum P 29 , Bitariho R 30 , Boeckx P 31 , Bongers F 6 , Bouriaud O 32 , Brancalion PHS 33 , Brandl S 34 , Brearley FQ 35 , Brienen R 22 , Broadbent EN 12 , Bruelheide H 36 , Bussotti F 37 , Cazzolla Gatti R 38 , César RG 33 , Cesljar G 39 , Chazdon R 40 , Chen HYH 41 , Chisholm C 2 , Cho H 42 , Cienciala E 43 , Clark C 44 , Clark D 45 , Colletta GD 46 , Coomes DA 47 , Valverde FC 48 , Corral-Rivas JJ 49 , Crim PM 50 , Cumming JR 50 , Dayanandan S 51 , de Gasper AL 52 , Decuyper M 6 , Derroire G 53 , DeVries B 54 , Djordjevic I 55 , Dolezal J 56 , Dourdain A 53 , Engone Obiang NL 57 , Enquist BJ 58 , Eyre TJ 59 , Fandohan AB 60 , Fayle TM 61 , Feldpausch TR 62 , Ferreira LV 63 , Finér L 64 , Fischer M 65 , Fletcher C 66 , Fridman J 67 , Frizzera L 68 , Gamarra JGP 69 , Gianelle D 68 , Glick HB 70 , Harris DJ 71 , Hector A 72 , Hemp A 73 , Hengeveld G 6 , Hérault B 74 , Herbohn JL 75 , Herold M 76 , Hillers A 77 , Honorio Coronado EN 78 , Hui C 79 , Ibanez TT 80 , Amaral I 81 , Imai N 82 , Jagodziński AM 83 , Jaroszewicz B 84 , Johannsen VK 85 , Joly CA 86 , Jucker T 87 , Jung I 42 , Karminov V 88 , Kartawinata K 15 , Kearsley E 89 , Kenfack D 90 , Kennard DK 91 , Kepfer-Rojas S 85 , Keppel G 92 , Khan ML 93 , Killeen TJ 19 , Kim HS 94 , Kitayama K 95 , Köhl M 96 , Korjus H 97 , Kraxner F 98 , Kucher D 99 , Laarmann D 97 , Lang M 97 , Lewis SL 22 , Lu H 100 , Lukina NV 101 , Maitner BS 58 , Malhi Y 102 , Marcon E 103 , Marimon BS 104 , Marimon-Junior BH 104 , Marshall AR 75 , Martin EH 105 , Meave JA 106 , Melo-Cruz O 107 , Mendoza C 108 , Merow C 40 , Monteagudo Mendoza A 109 , Moreno VS 33 , Mukul SA 75 , Mundhenk P 96 , Nava-Miranda MG 110 , Neill D 111 , Neldner VJ 59 , Nevenic RV 55 , Ngugi MR 59 , Niklaus PA 112 , Oleksyn J 83 , Ontikov P 88 , Ortiz-Malavasi E 13 , Pan Y 113 , Paquette A 114 , Parada-Gutierrez A 19 , Parfenova EI 115 , Park M 4 , Parren M 116 , Parthasarathy N 117 , Peri PL 118 , Pfautsch S 119 , Phillips OL 22 , Picard N 120 , Piedade MTF 121 , Piotto D 122 , Pitman NCA 123 , Mendoza-Polo I 124 , Poulsen AD 71 , Poulsen JR 44 , Pretzsch H 125 , Ramirez Arevalo F 126 , Restrepo-Correa Z 127 , Rodeghiero M 68 , Rolim SG 122 , Roopsind A 128 , Rovero F 129 , Rutishauser E 130 , Saikia P 131 , Salas-Eljatib C 132 , Saner P 133 , Schall P 17 , Schelhaas MJ 6 , Schepaschenko D 98 , Scherer-Lorenzen M 134 , Schmid B 135 , Schöngart J 121 , Searle EB 114 , Seben V 136 , Serra-Diaz JM 137 , Sheil D 116 , Shvidenko AZ 98 , Silva-Espejo JE 138 , Silveira M 139 , Singh J 140 , Sist P 74 , Slik F 141 , Sonké B 142 , Souza AF 143 , Miścicki S 144 , Stereńczak KJ 23 , Svenning JC 145 , Svoboda M 146 , Swanepoel B 147 , Targhetta N 121 , Tchebakova N 115 , Ter Steege H 24 , Thomas R 148 , Tikhonova E 101 , Umunay PM 149 , Usoltsev VA 150 , Valencia R 151 , Valladares F 152 , van der Plas F 153 , Van Do T 154 , van Nuland ME 155 , Vasquez RM 109 , Verbeeck H 89 , Viana H 156 , Vibrans AC 52 , Vieira S 157 , von Gadow K 158 , Wang HF 159 , Watson JV 160 , Werner GDA 161 , Westerlund B 67 , Wiser SK 162 , Wittmann F 163 , Woell H 164 , Wortel V 165 , Zagt R 166 , Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T 167 , Zhang C 168 , Zhao X 168 , Zhou M 4 , Zhu ZX 159 , Zo-Bi IC 169 , Zohner CM 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland. haozhi.ma@usys.ethz.ch
  • 2 Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
  • 3 Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
  • 4 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
  • 5 Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
  • 6 Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
  • 7 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
  • 8 Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
  • 9 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
  • 10 UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
  • 11 Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  • 12 Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
  • 13 Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
  • 14 Fundacion ConVida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, Medellin, Colombia
  • 15 Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
  • 16 Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • 17 Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
  • 18 Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
  • 19 Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
  • 20 European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
  • 21 UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela
  • 22 School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
  • 23 Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
  • 24 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
  • 25 Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
  • 26 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
  • 27 TERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
  • 28 Forestry Consultant, Grosseto, Italy
  • 29 Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia
  • 30 Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
  • 31 Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 32 Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
  • 33 Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
  • 34 Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
  • 35 Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
  • 36 Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
  • 37 Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
  • 38 Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 39 Department of Spatial Regulation GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 40 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
  • 41 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
  • 42 Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  • 43 IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic
  • 44 Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
  • 45 Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
  • 46 Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
  • 47 Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
  • 48 Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
  • 49 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 50 Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
  • 51 Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
  • 52 Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
  • 53 Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
  • 54 Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
  • 55 Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 56 Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
  • 57 IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
  • 58 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
  • 59 Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
  • 60 Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
  • 61 School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
  • 62 Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
  • 63 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Pará, Brasil
  • 64 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
  • 65 Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  • 66 Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 67 Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Umea, Sweden
  • 68 Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy
  • 69 Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
  • 70 Glick Designs LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
  • 71 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
  • 72 Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 73 Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
  • 74 Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 75 Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
  • 76 Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
  • 77 Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
  • 78 Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 79 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 80 AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
  • 81 National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
  • 82 Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
  • 83 Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
  • 84 Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
  • 85 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 86 Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
  • 87 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
  • 88 Forestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation
  • 89 CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 90 CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
  • 91 Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
  • 92 UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
  • 93 Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
  • 94 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 95 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 96 Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 97 Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
  • 98 Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
  • 99 Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 100 Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
  • 101 Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  • 102 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 103 AgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 104 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
  • 105 Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
  • 106 Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 107 Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
  • 108 Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
  • 109 Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Pasco, Peru
  • 110 Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
  • 111 Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
  • 112 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 113 Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA
  • 114 Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  • 115 V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
  • 116 Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
  • 117 Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
  • 118 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina
  • 119 School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
  • 120 GIP Ecofor, Paris, France
  • 121 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
  • 122 Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
  • 123 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
  • 124 Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia
  • 125 Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
  • 126 Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
  • 127 Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida and Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
  • 128 Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
  • 129 Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 130 Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 131 Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
  • 132 Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
  • 133 Rhino and Forest Fund e.V., Kehl, Germany
  • 134 Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
  • 135 Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
  • 136 National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
  • 137 Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
  • 138 Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
  • 139 Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
  • 140 Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
  • 141 Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
  • 142 Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
  • 143 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
  • 144 Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
  • 145 Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
  • 146 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 147 Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
  • 148 Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana
  • 149 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
  • 150 Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
  • 151 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
  • 152 LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
  • 153 Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
  • 154 Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 155 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
  • 156 Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal
  • 157 Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
  • 158 Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • 159 Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
  • 160 Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
  • 161 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • 162 Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
  • 163 Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • 164 Independent Researcher, Sommersbergseestrasse, Bad Aussee, Austria
  • 165 Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
  • 166 Tropenbos International, Wageningen, the Netherlands
  • 167 Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
  • 168 Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
  • 169 Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
Nat Plants, 2023 Nov;9(11):1795-1809.
PMID: 37872262 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01543-5

Abstract

Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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