Fulltext

Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study

Fountoulakis KN 1 , Karakatsoulis G 2 , Abraham S 3 , Adorjan K 4 , Ahmed HU 5 , Alarcón RD 6 Show all authors , Arai K 7 , Auwal SS 8 , Berk M 9 , Bjedov S 10 , Bobes J 11 , Bobes-Bascaran T 12 , Bourgin-Duchesnay J 13 , Bredicean CA 14 , Bukelskis L 15 , Burkadze A 16 , Abud IIC 17 , Castilla-Puentes R 18 , Cetkovich M 19 , Colon-Rivera H 20 , Corral R 21 , Cortez-Vergara C 22 , Crepin P 23 , De Berardis D 24 , Zamora Delgado S 25 , De Lucena D 26 , De Sousa A 27 , Stefano RD 28 , Dodd S 29 , Elek LP 30 , Elissa A 31 , Erdelyi-Hamza B 32 , Erzin G 33 , Etchevers MJ 34 , Falkai P 35 , Farcas A 36 , Fedotov I 37 , Filatova V 38 , Fountoulakis NK 39 , Frankova I 40 , Franza F 41 , Frias P 42 , Galako T 43 , Garay CJ 44 , Garcia-Álvarez L 45 , García-Portilla MP 46 , Gonda X 47 , Gondek TM 48 , González DM 49 , Gould H 50 , Grandinetti P 51 , Grau A 52 , Groudeva V 53 , Hagin M 54 , Harada T 55 , Hasan MT 56 , Hashim NA 57 , Hilbig J 58 , Hossain S 59 , Iakimova R 60 , Ibrahim M 61 , Iftene F 62 , Ignatenko Y 63 , Irarrazaval M 64 , Ismail Z 65 , Ismayilova J 66 , Jacobs A 67 , Jakovljević M 68 , Jakšić N 69 , Javed A 70 , Kafali HY 71 , Karia S 72 , Kazakova O 73 , Khalifa D 74 , Khaustova O 75 , Koh S 76 , Kopishinskaia S 77 , Kosenko K 78 , Koupidis SA 79 , Kovacs I 80 , Kulig B 81 , Lalljee A 82 , Liewig J 83 , Majid A 84 , Malashonkova E 85 , Malik K 86 , Malik NI 87 , Mammadzada G 88 , Mandalia B 89 , Marazziti D 90 , Marčinko D 91 , Martinez S 92 , Matiekus E 93 , Mejia G 94 , Memon RS 95 , Martínez XEM 96 , Mickevičiūtė D 97 , Milev R 98 , Mohammed M 99 , Molina-López A 100 , Morozov P 101 , Muhammad NS 102 , Mustač F 103 , Naor MS 104 , Nassieb A 105 , Navickas A 106 , Okasha T 107 , Pandova M 108 , Panfil AL 109 , Panteleeva L 110 , Papava I 111 , Patsali ME 112 , Pavlichenko A 113 , Pejuskovic B 114 , Pinto Da Costa M 115 , Popkov M 116 , Popovic D 117 , Raduan NJN 118 , Ramírez FV 119 , Rancans E 120 , Razali S 121 , Rebok F 122 , Rewekant A 123 , Flores ENR 124 , Rivera-Encinas MT 125 , Saiz P 126 , de Carmona MS 127 , Martínez DS 128 , Saw JA 129 , Saygili G 130 , Schneidereit P 131 , Shah B 132 , Shirasaka T 133 , Silagadze K 134 , Sitanggang S 135 , Skugarevsky O 136 , Spikina A 137 , Mahalingappa SS 138 , Stoyanova M 139 , Szczegielniak A 140 , Tamasan SC 141 , Tavormina G 142 , Tavormina MGM 143 , Theodorakis PN 144 , Tohen M 145 , Tsapakis EM 146 , Tukhvatullina D 147 , Ullah I 148 , Vaidya R 149 , Vega-Dienstmaier JM 150 , Vrublevska J 151 , Vukovic O 152 , Vysotska O 153 , Widiasih N 154 , Yashikhina A 155 , Prezerakos PE 156 , Smirnova D 157

Affiliations 

  • 1 3(rd) Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: Kostasfountoulakis@gmail.com
  • 2 3(rd) Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: gregkarakatsoulis@gmail.com
  • 3 Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Core Psychiatry training, Health Education England North West, United Kingdom. Electronic address: seri.abraham@nhs.net
  • 4 Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Kristina.Adorjan@med.uni-muenchen.de
  • 5 Child Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electronic address: soton73@gmail.com
  • 6 Section of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Lima, Peru; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: renato.alarcon@upch.pe
  • 7 School of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Health Science Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan. Electronic address: k_arai@shinshu-u.ac.jp
  • 8 Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Electronic address: auwal01@yahoo.com
  • 9 IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: michael.berk@deakin.edu.au
  • 10 Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: sarahbjedov@gmail.com
  • 11 Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM. Electronic address: bobes@uniovi.es
  • 12 Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM. Electronic address: bobesmaria@uniovi.es
  • 13 Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France. Electronic address: julie.bourgin@gmail.com
  • 14 Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania. Electronic address: brediceancristina@gmail.com
  • 15 Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: bukelskis@gmail.com
  • 16 Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia; NGO Healthcare Research and Quality Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia. Electronic address: dr.burkadze@gmail.com
  • 17 Hospital San Juan de Dios Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico. Electronic address: indira_ica@hotmail.com
  • 18 Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, American Society of Hispanic Psychiatry and WARMI Women Mental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: rcastil4@its.jnj.com
  • 19 Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: mcetkovich@ineco.org.ar
  • 20 APM Board Certified in General Psychiatry and Neurology, Addiction Psychiatry, & Addiction Medicine, UPMC, DDAP, Philadelphia, USA. Electronic address: hectorcolonriveramd@gmail.com
  • 21 Department of Teaching and Research, Hospital Borda, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: rcorral33@gmail.com
  • 22 Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Clínica AngloAmericana, Lima, Perú. Electronic address: carla.cortez.v@upch.pe
  • 23 Sanitaire and Social Union for Accompaniment and Prevention, Center of Ambulatory Psychiatry of Narbonne and Lezigan, Narbonne, France. Electronic address: piirika.crepin@gmail.com
  • 24 Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy; School of Nursing, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Psychiatry, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy. Electronic address: domenico.deberardis@aslteramo.it
  • 25 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: szamora@calvomackenna.cl
  • 26 Departamento de Fisiología e Farmacología, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Electronic address: alienista@ufc.br
  • 27 Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India; Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: avinashdes888@gmail.com
  • 28 University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: ramonadist@gmail.com
  • 29 IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: seetaldodd@gmail.com
  • 30 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Electronic address: elek.livia.priyanka@gmail.com
  • 31 Psychiatry department, Ankara dışkapı training and research hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: annaelissa.md@gmail.com
  • 32 Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: hamzaberta@gmail.com
  • 33 Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centre of Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: gamze.erzin@gmail.com
  • 34 Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ryazan State Medical University n.a. academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. Electronic address: martinjetchevers@gmail.com
  • 35 Department of Psychiatry, Ludiwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Peter.Falkai@med.uni-muenchen.de
  • 36 State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Electronic address: 6amf@queensu.ca
  • 37 State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Electronic address: ilyafdtv11@gmail.com
  • 38 State Budgetary Institution of the Rostov Region "Psychoneurological Dispensary", Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Electronic address: filatovaviktoria@mail.ru
  • 39 Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: nikolasfountoulakis@gmail.com
  • 40 Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Electronic address: iryna.frankova@gmail.com
  • 41 "Villa dei Pini" Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center, Avellino, Italy; Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy. Electronic address: franza.francesco@virgilio.it
  • 42 Hospital Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: friaspn@gmail.com
  • 43 Department of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology and Drug Abuse, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. Electronic address: tatiana-galako@yandex.ru
  • 44 Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: cristiangaray@psi.uba.ar
  • 45 Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM. Electronic address: lettti@gmail.com
  • 46 Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Mental Health Center of La Ería, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM. Electronic address: albert@uniovi.es
  • 47 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: kendermagos@yahoo.com
  • 48 Specialty Training Section, Polish Psychiatric Association, Wroclaw, Poland. Electronic address: tomaszmgondek@gmail.com
  • 49 Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón De la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: danielamorera@gmail.com
  • 50 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. Electronic address: hgould@health.ucsd.edu
  • 51 Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy. Electronic address: grandinetti.paolo@gmail.com
  • 52 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile; Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Israel. Electronic address: doctorgrau@yahoo.com
  • 53 Faculty of Human Sciences, Education Bureau of the Laboratory Schools, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: violetagroudeva@gmail.com
  • 54 Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Electronic address: michal.hagin@gmail.com
  • 55 Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electronic address: tkharada77@gmail.com
  • 56 Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Public Health Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electronic address: tasdikhdip@yahoo.com
  • 57 Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: azreen@uitm.edu.my
  • 58 Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia. Electronic address: hilbig.jan@gmail.com
  • 59 Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electronic address: sahadat.hossain@juniv.edu
  • 60 Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: rosica.iakimova@abv.bg
  • 61 Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: monaawaad99@gmail.com
  • 62 Ministry of Health, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: iftenef@providencecare.ca
  • 63 Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: hvala_korolevna@rambler.ru
  • 64 National Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan. Electronic address: matias.irarrazaval@minsal.cl
  • 65 Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, USA. Electronic address: zaliha78@uitm.edu.my
  • 66 New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA. Electronic address: ismayilova.d@gmail.com
  • 67 Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center Health System, Valhalla, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA. Electronic address: AsafJacobs@gmail.com
  • 68 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jakovljevic.miro@yahoo.com
  • 69 Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: nenad_jaksic@yahoo.com
  • 70 Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan; Child Psychiatry Department, Ankara city hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Electronic address: afzalj@gmail.com
  • 71 International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia. Electronic address: helinyilmaz136@gmail.com
  • 72 Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: kariabhai117@gmail.com
  • 73 Kirov State Medical University, Kirov, Russia. Electronic address: olga.kazakova.md@gmail.com
  • 74 Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: doaakhalifa72@gmail.com
  • 75 Medical Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Electronic address: 7974247@gmail.com
  • 76 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. Electronic address: shkoh@ucsd.edu
  • 77 Kirov State Medical University, Kirov, Russia; Psychiatry, Drug abuse and Psychology Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine. Electronic address: kopishinskaya@gmail.com
  • 78 Occupational & Environmental Health Sector, Public Health Policy. Electronic address: sun2003@ukr.net
  • 79 Occupational and Environmental Health Sector, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Greece. Electronic address: sotirioskoupidis@yahoo.gr
  • 80 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: kovilles@gmail.com
  • 81 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: kulig.barbara@hotmail.com
  • 82 Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India
  • 83 Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France. Electronic address: j.liewig@gmail.com
  • 84 Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. Electronic address: maajid72@gmail.com
  • 85 Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Orsay, France. Electronic address: e.malashonkova@gh-nord-essonne.fr
  • 86 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Electronic address: khameliapsi@gmail.com
  • 87 Department of Psychiatry, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan. Electronic address: Najma.iqbal@uos.edu.pk
  • 88 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: gulay.mammadzada@gmail.com
  • 89 Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: bilveshmandalia@gmail.com
  • 90 Unicamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy; Brain Research Foundation onus, Lucca, Italy; Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address: dmarazzi@psico.med.unipi.it
  • 91 Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: predstojnik.psi@kbc-zagreb.hr
  • 92 Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy. Electronic address: stm032@health.ucsd.edu
  • 93 Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: eimantasmatiekus@yahoo.com
  • 94 Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy. Electronic address: ggmejia@health.ucsd.edu
  • 95 Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address: memon.roha@gmail.com
  • 96 Private outpatient clinics "JSC InMedica klinika", Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: xarahmeza22@gmail.com
  • 97 Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria. Electronic address: dalia.mickeviciute@gmail.com
  • 98 Psychiatry department, Ankara dışkapı training and research hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: roumen.milev@queensu.ca
  • 99 General Office for the Psychiatric Services of the Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: miftahmuhammad101@gmail.com
  • 100 Department of Postgraduate Education, Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pirogov, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: doctor.alex.psiquiatra@gmail.com
  • 101 Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Electronic address: prof.morozov@gmail.com
  • 102 Sackler School of Medicine New York State American Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. Electronic address: nurusulemuhammad@gmail.com
  • 103 Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: filip.mustac@gmail.com
  • 104 Compartment of Liaison Psychiatry, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania. Electronic address: Mikanaor@mail.tau.ac.il
  • 105 Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: amiraelbatrawy@gmail.com
  • 106 Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: alvydas.navickas@mf.vu.lt
  • 107 Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: tarek.okasha@gmail.com
  • 108 Second Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment in Neurology and Psychiatry "Saint Naum", Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: milena.pandova@gmail.com
  • 109 Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. Electronic address: anca.livia.panfil@gmail.com
  • 110 School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece. Electronic address: p.lilya12@gmail.com
  • 111 Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania. Electronic address: papava.ion@umft.ro
  • 112 School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus. Electronic address: mikaellapatsali@gmail.com
  • 113 Education center, Mental Health Clinic No 1n.a. N.A. Alexeev of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: apavlichenko76@gmail.com
  • 114 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinical Department for Crisis and Affective Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: bpejuskovic@hotmail.com
  • 115 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: mariana.pintodacosta@gmail.com
  • 116 Department of the Introduction to Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. Electronic address: mihailpopkovanat@gmail.com
  • 117 Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat-Yam, Israel. Electronic address: popovic.dina@gmail.com
  • 118 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: norjannah@uitm.edu.my
  • 119 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: fvargas.ra@gmail.com
  • 120 Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia. Electronic address: erancans@latnet.lv
  • 121 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. Electronic address: drsalmi@uitm.edu.my
  • 122 Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Institute of Clinical Psychiatry (IAPC), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: federicorebok@gmail.com
  • 123 General Psychiatry Unit I, Greater Poland Neuropsychiatric Center, Kościan, Poland. Electronic address: reweana@gmail.com
  • 124 Department of Psychiatry, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Electronic address: elena.reyes@unah.edu.hn
  • 125 Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental "Honorio Delgado - Hideyo Noguchi", Lima, Perú. Electronic address: mriverae@usmp.pe
  • 126 Psychiatry Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM; Mental Health Center of La Corredoria, Oviedo, Spain, ISPA, INEUROPA. CIBERSAM. Electronic address: frank@uniovi.es
  • 127 Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: msanchezdecarmona@mac.com
  • 128 Department of Psychiatry. Escuela Nacional de Medicina, TEC de Monterrey. Servicio de geriatría. Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González" UANL. Monterrey, Nuevo León México. Electronic address: davidsaucedomartinez1@gmail.com
  • 129 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: annejosaw@uitm.edu.my
  • 130 Assistant Professor at Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department Tilburg University. Electronic address: gsaygili@gmail.com
  • 131 Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Ost, Psychiatrische Institutsambulanz, Klinikum am Weissenhof, Weissenhof, Germany. Electronic address: p.schneidereit@klinikum-weissenhof.de
  • 132 DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India. Electronic address: bhumikarshah47@gmail.com
  • 133 Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: shirasaka.t@gmail.com
  • 134 Mental Hub, Tbilisi, Georgia. Electronic address: ketevani26@gmail.com
  • 135 Psychiatric Unit, Pambalah Batung General Hospital, South Kalimantan, Amuntai, Indonesia. Electronic address: sattiradja_96@yahoo.co.id
  • 136 Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus. Electronic address: skugarevsky@gmail.com
  • 137 Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Dispensary No2, Saint Petersburg, Russia. Electronic address: a-spikina@yandex.ru
  • 138 Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, The Liasion Team, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sridevi.siramahalingappa@nhs.net
  • 139 Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: mb_milenkova@yahoo.com
  • 140 Department of Psychoprophylaxis, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: anna.szczegielniak@gmail.com
  • 141 Department of Medical Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. Electronic address: simona_tamasan@yahoo.com
  • 142 Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy; European Depression Association and Italian Association on Depression, Brussels, Belgium; Bedforshire Center for Mental Health Research in association with the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: dr.tavormina.g@libero.it
  • 143 Psychiatric Studies Centre, Provaglio d'Iseo, Italy. Electronic address: mtavormina@virgilio.it
  • 144 Health Policy, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Electronic address: theodorakisp@who.int
  • 145 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Electronic address: MTohen@salud.unm.edu
  • 146 ″Agios Charalambos" Mental Health Clinic, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 1st Department of Academic Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: emtsapakis@doctors.org.uk
  • 147 Centre for Global Public Health, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.tukhvatullina@smd20.qmul.ac.uk
  • 148 Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan. Electronic address: Irfanullahecp2@gmail.com
  • 149 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Electronic address: r.vaidya@newcastle.ac.uk
  • 150 Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Electronic address: johann.vega.d@upch.pe
  • 151 Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga, Latvia; Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. Electronic address: vrublevskaja@inbox.lv
  • 152 Servicio de Emergencia, Acute inpatient Unit, Hospital Moyano, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: olivukovic@gmail.com
  • 153 Educational and Research Center - Ukrainian Family Medicine Training Center, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Electronic address: uafmed@gmail.com
  • 154 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: widiasih_1973@yahoo.com
  • 155 International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; Department for Research and Education, Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: akvaraul@mail.ru
  • 156 Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Laboratory of Integrated Health Care, Tripoli, Greece. Electronic address: prezerpot@gmail.com
  • 157 International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia. Electronic address: daria.smirnova.md.phd@gmail.com
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2022 Jan;54:21-40.
PMID: 34758422 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.004

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: There are few published empirical data on the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, and until now, there is no large international study.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire gathered data from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables.

RESULTS: Probable depression was detected in 17.80% and distress in 16.71%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (31.82% vs. 13.07%). At least half of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop depression was associated with history of Bipolar disorder and self-harm/attempts (RR = 5.88). Suicidality was not increased in persons without a history of any mental disorder. Based on these results a model was developed.

CONCLUSIONS: The final model revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to probable depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable. Future research and interventions should specifically focus on them.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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