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  1. Nenny Noorina Saaid, Reena Rahayu Md Zin, Siti Aishah Md Ali, Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed Hussain, Zulkifli Zainuddin, Zubaidah Zakaria
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1317-1326.
    The identification of chromosomal aberrations in prostate cancer has been widely studied with several known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have successfully been discovered. The most frequent aberrations detected in western population were losses in chromosome 5q, 6q, 8p, 13q, 16q, 17p, 18q and gains of 7p/q and 8q. The purpose of this study was to determine the chromosomal aberrations among Malaysian men of Southeast Asia population and discover those potential genes within that chromosomal aberrant region. Thirty-six formalin-fixed paraffin embedded specimens consist of eight organ-confined prostate cancer cases, five with capsular invasion, 14 showed metastasis and nine cases had no tumor stage recorded, were analyzed by array CGH technique. Chromosomal losses were frequently detected at 4q, 6q, 8p, 13q, 18q while gains at 7q, 11q, 12p, 16q and 17q. Gain of 16q24.3 was statistically significant with tumor size. Gains of 6q25.1 and Xq12 as well as losses of 3p13-p1.2 and 13q33.1-q33.3 were significantly correlated with Gleason grade whereas 12p13.31 gain was associated with bone metastasis. Several potential genes have also been found within that aberrant region which is myopodin (4q26-q27), ROBO1 (3p13-p11.2), ERCC5 (13q33.1-q33.3) and CD9 (12p13.31), suggesting that these genes may play a role in prostate cancer progression. The chromosomal aberrations identified by array CGH analysis could provide important clues to discover potential genes associated with prostate tumorigenesis of Malaysian men.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  2. Mohd. Ridah L.J., Ismail A., A. Talib N., Muhammad N., Hussain F.A., Zainuddin N.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Methylation of promoter region of p16 leading to gene silencing has been implicated ina wide range of malignancies including lymphomas. In diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) particularly, a varying percentage of epigenetic inactivation of p16 promoter region was observed ranging from 16 -54%. However, quantitative analysis of p16 promoter methylation in DLBCL has not been extensively studied in Malaysia. Objective: This study aims to quantitatively analyse p16 methylation in DLBCL samples using pyrosequencing technique. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from 16 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lymphoma tissue blocks from patients diagnosed with DLBCL. Samples were retrieved from Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. Primers were designed to amplify bisulfite-treated DNA targeting p16 promoter region. Methylation status of 7 CpG sites was determined by pyrosequencing. Results: All the 16 samples studied showed promoter methylation of p16. The range of mean methylation percentage was between 18 to 81%. Conclusion: The present study has successfully measured the level of methylation of p16 in all 7 CpG sites despite the limitation in sample size. Since p16 methylation is a common event in our series of DLBCL cases, it is worth including a larger sample size in future studies to increase the chance of finding a significant correlation with clinical parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  3. Mohd Ridah LJ, A Talib N, Muhammad N, Hussain FA, Zainuddin N
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2017 10 26;18(10):2781-2785.
    PMID: 29072413
    Introduction: p16 gene plays an important role in the normal cell cycle regulation. Methylation of p16 has been reported to be one of the epigenetic events contributing to the pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) which occurring at varying frequency. DLBCL is an aggressive and high-grade malignancy which accounts for approximately 30% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. However, little is known regarding the epigenetic alterations of p16 gene in DLBCL cases in Malaysia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the status of p16 methylation in DLBCL. Methods: A total of 88 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded DLBCL tissues retrieved from two hospitals located in the east coast of Malaysia, namely Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA) Pahang and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) Kelantan, were chosen for this study. DNA specimens were isolated and subsequently subjected to bisulfite treatment prior to methylation specific-PCR. Two pairs of primers were used to amplify methylated and unmethylated regions of p16 gene. The PCR products were then separated using agarose gel electrophoresis and visualised under UV illumination. SPSS version 12.0 was utilised to perform all statistical analysis. Result: p16 methylation was detected in 65 of 88 (74%) samples. There was a significant association between p16 methylation status and patients aged >50 years old (p=0.04). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that methylation of p16 tumor suppressor gene in our DLBCL cases is common and significantly increased among patients aged 50 years and above. Aging is known to be an important risk factor in the development of cancers and we speculate that this might be due to the increased transformation of malignant cells in aging cell population. However, this has yet to be confirmed with further research and correlate the findings with clinicopathological parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  4. Sudiono, J., Zain, R.B.
    Ann Dent, 2003;10(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is one of the several markers of cellular proliferation. Epithelial proliferations play a significant role in the behaviour of odontogenic lesions. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the distribution of PCNA expression within the epithelial linings of odontogenic cysts. A total of 49 cases of odontogenic cysts consisting of 18 radicular cysts, 16 dentigerous cysts, 15 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) was studied. All tissues were processed routinely prior to embedding in paraffin. PCNA immunohistochemical staining was performed on 4 !-tm thick deparaffinized sections mounted on sialinized slides using the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. The distributions of PCNA expression in the cysts linings were noted and comparison was made qualitatively and quantitatively. PCNA labelling index was used for the quantitative assessment. The results showed that PCNA staining was distributed in the basal and supra basal cells for radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, and OKCs. PCNA labelling index was highest in OKC (22.33±4.07). The high PCNA labelling index in OKC is indicative of high proliferative activity thus supporting previous reports of OKC as the most aggressive type of odontogenic cysts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  5. Inn FX, Imran FH, Ali MF, Ih R, Z Z
    Malays J Med Sci, 2012 Oct;19(4):81-3.
    PMID: 23613653 MyJurnal
    Throughout history, a proportion of men appear to correlate penis size and dimensions directly with physical fitness and sexual prowess. Foreign materials, such as paraffin oil, paraffin balm, mineral oils, and silicone, have been used to promise an improvement in penile shaft contour and dimensions. These materials are injected directly into the penis; inducing granuloma formation to achieve increased penis length and girth. However, the result is a severely disfigured and swollen penis, which cannot achieve erection. Local complications of penile lipogranuloma include infection, ulceration, local migration, and cavernosal invasion; leading to functional impairment. Meanwhile, systemic complications include foreign body embolization, organ infarct, and death. Penile lipogranuloma is best treated surgically. Granulomatous skin needs to be completely excised; wound closure with a scrotal skin flap, Cecil's inlay operation and split thickness skin graft commonly used options. Our case series has shown that penile lipogranuloma, induced by subcutaneous foreign body injections into the penile shaft, and its subsequent adverse outcomes to patients and their partners.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  6. Okuma HS, Yoshida H, Kobayashi Y, Arakaki M, Mizoguchi C, Inagaki L, et al.
    Cancer Sci, 2023 Jun;114(6):2664-2673.
    PMID: 36919757 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15790
    Tissue specimen quality assurance is a major issue of precision medicine for rare cancers. However, the laboratory standards and quality of pathological specimens prepared in Asian hospitals remain unknown. To understand the methods in Southeast Asian oncology hospitals and to clarify how pre-analytics affect the quality of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens, a questionnaire surveying pre-analytical procedures (Part I) was administered, quality assessment of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and DNA/RNA extracted from the representative FFPE specimens from each hospital (Part II) was conducted, and the quality of DNA/RNA extracted from FFPE of rare-cancer patients for genomic sequencing (Part III) was examined. Quality measurements for DNA/RNA included ΔΔCt, DV200, and cDNA yield. Six major cancer hospitals from Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam participated. One hospital showed unacceptable quality for the DNA/RNA assessment, but improved by revising laboratory procedures. Only 57% (n = 73) of the 128 rare-cancer patients' specimens met both DNA and RNA quality criteria for next-generation sequencing. Median DV200 was 80.7% and 64.3% for qualified and failed RNA, respectively. Median ΔΔCt was 1.25 for qualified and 4.89 for failed DNA. Longer storage period was significantly associated with poor DNA (fail to qualify ratio = 1579:321 days, p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding/methods
  7. Ragunathan T, Husin H, Wood CD
    ACS Omega, 2020 Aug 11;5(31):19342-19349.
    PMID: 32803027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00753
    The ever-increasing demand for the finite source of oil has led oil production companies to produce and transport the produced crude oil as efficiently and economically as possible. One of the major concerns especially in waters like the South China Sea is the deposition of wax on the walls of the pipeline or wellbore, constricting and hindering the hydrocarbon flow. This is due to the low seabed temperatures, which can be below the wax appearance temperature (WAT), leading to the deposition of wax out of waxy crude oil through the molecular dispersion mechanism. Currently, many prevention and remedy methods are in place to overcome the problem, but most of the additives possess environmental threat, as most of the chemical solutions used are toxic, nonorganic, and costly. Hence, this paper aims to provide some insights into the effect of palm oil derivatives such as crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) on wax inhibition. The effect of aging time (i.e., immersion time) was also evaluated. A comparison was made between paraffin inhibition efficiency results (PIE %) obtained by CPO, CPKO, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), and triethanolamine (TEA). It was observed that the average efficiency of 81.67% was obtained when 1% CPO was added to heavy crude oil. The wax inhibition performance reached a plateau after 1.5 h of aging time for all of the investigated samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  8. Sulaiman R, Thanarajoo SS, Kadir J, Vadamalai G
    Plant Dis, 2012 May;96(5):767.
    PMID: 30727556 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-06-11-0482-PDN
    Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is an important biofuel crop worldwide. Although it has been reported to be resistant to pests and diseases (1), stem cankers have been observed on this plant at several locations in Peninsular Malaysia since early February 2008. Necrotic lesions on branches appear as scars with vascular discoloration in the tissue below the lesion. The affected area is brownish and sunken in appearance. Disease incidence of these symptomatic nonwoody plants can reach up to 80% in a plantation. Forty-eight samples of symptomatic branches collected from six locations (University Farm, Setiu, Gemenceh, Pulau Carey, Port Dickson, and Kuala Selangor) were surface sterilized in 10% bleach, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, air dried on filter paper, and plated on water agar. After 4 days, fungal colonies on the agar were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C. Twenty-seven single-spore fungal cultures obtained from all locations produced white, aerial mycelium that became dull gray after a week in culture. Pycnidia from 30-day-old pure cultures produced dark brown, oval conidia that were two celled, thin walled, and oval shape with longitudinal striations. The average size of the conidia was 23.63 × 12.72 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.86. On the basis of conidial morphology, these cultures were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae. To confirm the identity of the isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with ITS1/ITS4 primers and sequenced. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. HM466951, HM466953, HM466957, GU228527, HM466959, and GU219983). Sequences from the 27 isolates were 99 to 100% identical to two L. theobromae accessions in GenBank (Nos. HM008598 and HM999905). Hence, both morphological and molecular characteristics confirmed the isolates as L. theobromae. Pathogenicity tests were performed in the glasshouse with 2-month-old J. curcas seedlings. Each plant was wound inoculated by removing the bark on a branch to a depth of 2 mm with a 10-mm cork borer. Inoculation was conducted by inserting a 10-mm-diameter PDA plug of mycelium into the wound and wrapping the inoculation site with wetted, cotton wool and Parafilm. Control plants were treated with plugs of sterile PDA. Each isolate had four replicates and two controls. After 6 days of incubation, all inoculated plants produced sunken, necrotic lesions with vascular discoloration. Leaves were wilted and yellow above the point of inoculation on branches. The control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from lesions on inoculated branches. L. theobromae has been reported to cause cankers and dieback in a wide range of hosts and is common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem canker associated with L. theobromae on J. curcas in Malaysia. References: (1) S. Chitra and S. K. Dhyani. Curr. Sci. 91:162, 2006. (2) S. Mohali et al. For. Pathol. 35:385, 2005. (3) E. Punithalingam. Page 519 in: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK. 1976.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  9. Yajid AI, Mohd Nafi SN, Salehan NA, Tuan Sharif SE
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 May 01;21(5):1241-1245.
    PMID: 32458628 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.5.1241
    BACKGROUND: Chromosomal translocation t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) is the cytogenetic hallmark of synovial sarcoma and have been identified as an alternative diagnostic strategy in differentiating synovial sarcoma from other histologic mimics. This study was carried out to test the efficacy of two FISH protocols using the SYT-SSX break apart probe from Cytocell.

    METHODOLOGY: Representative paraffin blocks of synovial sarcoma were utilized in this study. FISH study was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections using the SYT-SSX break apart probe from Cytocell, to detect two form of SYT-SSX transcript, SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2. FISH protocol, including the hybridization was done following two different protocols, Cytocell FISH protocol and Optimized Dako FISH protocol.

    RESULTS: Tissue samples subjected to FISH using Cytocell FISH protocol showed the absence of signal corresponding to the probe used. Utilizing Optimized Dako FISH protocol, the two signals (red and green) corresponding to the break-apart probes was detected. These findings suggested that Optimised Dako FISH protocol is more suited for use with the tested probe on paraffin embedded tissues in comparison to Cytocell FISH protocol.

    CONCLUSION: Optimised Dako FISH protocol was noted to be more suited for detecting SYT-SSX FISH signals on paraffin embedded tissues in comparison to Cytocell FISH protocol.

    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin; Paraffin Embedding
  10. Shaminie J, Peh SC, Tan MJ
    Pathology, 2003 Oct;35(5):414-21.
    PMID: 14555386
    AIMS: PCR has been the primary method used for the detection of t(14;18) translocation in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. This technique mainly targets the well-characterised breakpoint regions in chromosomes 14 and 18. FISH is now applicable on paraffin tissue sections and has been suggested to be capable of detecting essentially 100% of t(14;18) translocated cases. In this study, we described the application of both PCR and FISH for the detection of t(14;18) translocation.

    METHODS: Fifty follicular lymphoma cases were retrieved from the files of the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Nested PCR amplification of MBR/JH and mcr/JH was performed in these cases, and those cases that did not demonstrate the translocation were subjected to FISH analysis.

    RESULTS: Thirty cases (60%) had t(14;18) translocation detected by PCR, 25 (50%) had breakpoint with MBR and five (10%) involved mcr. Twenty cases without detectable t(14;18) translocation by PCR were analysed by FISH. Eleven cases were successfully probed, and four of them showed positive translocation signal.

    CONCLUSIONS: The combination of PCR and FISH analysis on paraffin tissue sections for the detection of t(14;18) translocation increases the sensitivity of detection from 60 to 68%. Problems encountered in our FISH analysis on tissue sections impose certain limitations in using this technique for retrospective screening of large number of samples. Therefore, we suggested the application of PCR as the first screening tool on retrospective archival materials, followed by FISH on those PCR-negative cases.

    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  11. Shaminie J, Peh SC, Tan J
    Pathology, 2005 Feb;37(1):39-44.
    PMID: 15875732
    AIM: Tumour suppressor gene p53 is a common target in carcinogenesis, reported to be altered and functionally inactive in 70% of human cancers. Although p53 mutations are less commonly present in haematological malignancies when compared with other solid tumours, they have been reported in histological transformation of follicular lymphoma. We aimed to investigate the frequency of p53 gene alterations in paraffin-embedded tissue using commercially available PCR-SSCP, and to correlate the results with P53 protein expression by immunohistochemistry.

    METHODS: Surgical samples from seven patients with a total of 17 sequential biopsies were retrieved for the study of p53 gene expression using immunohistochemical stain, and gene status by PCR-SSCP for exons 5-8. The tumours were graded according to the WHO classification criteria. P53 was distinctly over-expressed in five transformed higher grade biopsies, and all except one showed electrophoretic mobility shift in PCR-SSCP analysis. Sequencing analysis revealed single nucleotide substitutions in three of four of these high-grade transformed cases with band shift (75%), whereas some other studies reported a lower frequency of 25-30%, and mobility shift result was found to correlate with P53 expression. Lower grade tumours without P53 over-expression did not demonstrate band shift, and sequencing analysis did not reveal mutations.

    CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the feasibility of adopting PCR-SSCP for screening of p53 mutations in archival tissue samples in this study, and there is a strong correlation of p53 gene over-expression and mutation events in high-grade transformed tumours.

    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  12. Chew BS, Ghazali R, Othman H, Ismail NAM, Othman AS, Laim NMST, et al.
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2018 Oct 10.
    PMID: 30306675 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13836
    AIM: The aim of our study was to determine the endocan-1 expression in placenta of hypertensive women, and its association with maternal and fetal outcomes.

    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study consisted of 21 pregnant women with hypertension and 23 without hypertension. The gestational age ranged from 28 to 39 weeks (hypertensive) and 32 to 40 weeks (normotensive). The paraffin embedded formalin fixed placenta tissue blocks were retrieved from the pathology archives. Endocan immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue sections of full thickness and maternal surface of the placenta. The endocan expression was determined in fetal endothelial cells, maternal endothelial cells, cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts and decidual cells. The differences in endocan expression in placenta between hypertensive and normotensive subjects were evaluated by Pearson chi-square test and t-test were used in the statistical analysis.

    RESULTS: The endocan expression was significantly higher in fetal endothelial cells (P

    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  13. Sharifa Ezat, W.P., Sharifah, N.A., Sayyidi Hamzi, A.R., Norin Rahayu, S., Shamsul Azhar, S., Syed Mohamed, A.
    Medicine & Health, 2010;5(2):66-76.
    MyJurnal
    A cross sectional study was done to determine the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in pre-invasive (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 3 or CIN 3) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC), in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). A total of 80 paraffin-embedded tumour tissue blocks (20 CIN 3, 60 invasive cancers) between 1999 to 2007 were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology. Patient’s medical records were obtained from the Medical Records Office. Among invasive cancers (n=60), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) account for 75% and adenocarcinoma 25%. The mean age of cases studied was 52.0 ± 12.2 years and Chinese was the predominant ethnicity (66.3%). Twelve HPV genotypes were identified, namely, HPV 16, 33, 18, 39,52, 45, 58, 59, 31, 35, 6 and 11. The prevalence of HPV was 92.5% with types 16 being the most common (73.8%), followed by types 33 (30%) and 18 (22.5%). A total of 31 cases (38.8%) showed single HPV genotype, while 43 (53.8%) had multiple HPV (two genotypes or more) genotypes. In ICC, HPV 16, followed by types 33, 18, 52 and 39 were the top five common HPV genotypes detected. High prevalence of HPV and multiple HPV infections were major findings among patients with pre-invasive and invasive cervical cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  14. Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Norin Rahayu Samsuddin, Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed Hussain, Shamsul Azhar Shah, Syed Mohamed Aljunid
    Int J Public Health Res, 2011;1(1):13-22.
    MyJurnal
    Accepted 10 August 2011.
    Introduction Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most prevalent female cancer in Malaysia. Almost 70% of its’ causal factors are attributable to oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18 and other risk factors. HPV genotypes distributions are also noted to differ by geographical area.
    Methods This was cross sectional study conducted in 2007, to determine the influencing factors of HPV positivity and prevalence of HPV infections among patients with cervical cancer in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Patients’ paraffin-embedded cervical tissues kept in the Pathology Department from 1999 to 2007 were randomly selected. A total of 81 medical records with complete information were chosen as samples and patients were contacted for consent. Tissue samples were further derived for PCR DNA for HPV genotyping. Analyses included descriptive statistics; bivariate χ2 test and correlation were used to determine relationship between factors and HPV positivity. Significance level of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
    Results Mean age of cancer diagnosis was at 52 ± 12.2 years. Women of Chinese ethnicity was the highest ethnicity to be HPV positive at 65.4% and squamous cell carcinoma was more commonly found (59.3%) compared with other types of cancers. The prevalence of HPV positivity was 92.6% with type 16 being the most common (74.1%), followed by type 33 (30.9%) and 18 (22.2%). Multiple HPV infections were a common finding at 54.3%. Factors thought to influence positivity i.e. age of intercourse, number of sexual partners, number of parity, smoking status of patients and their partners, oral contraceptive usage, presence of chronic illnesses and cancer stage were not significantly associated with HPV positivity. Increased CC severity level was not associated with increased number of HPV infections (Pearson correlation 0.58; p =0.607).
    Conclusions High HPV positivity at 92.6% was found among ICC patients. Factors thought to influence HPV positivity were not significant. The top three HPV genotypes were type 16 followed by type 33 and 18. However, local women HPV serotypes findings need to be replicated in a larger population sample.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  15. Farrah-Hani, I., Mohamed Sam-Aan, H., K., Enda, Srijit D.
    Medicine & Health, 2020;15(2):321-326.
    MyJurnal
    Lecuran tar, walaupun dikelaskan sebagai kecederaan kimia, disebabkan oleh perbezaan mekanisma kecederaan dan kesukaran untuk mengeluarkan agen daripada kulit tanpa menyebabkan kerosakan kulit dengan lebih lanjutnya, merupakan satu masalah yang sukar untuk diselesaikan. Terutamanya, apabila pesakit pediatrik terlibat. Lecuran tar biasanya merupakan kecederaan pekerjaan dan kebanyakannya berlaku kepada lelaki dewasa. Dua kes dibentangkan di sini, seorang budak lelaki berusia enam tahun dan seorang gadis berusia 15 tahun yang mengalami luka lecuhan tar dan berjaya dirawat dengan menggunakan enema minyak mineral Fleet® dan paraffin tulle Bactigras®, yang mudah didapati di kebanyakan hospital.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  16. Nor Aishah Saidina Amin, Soon, Ee Peng
    MyJurnal
    Thermodynamic chemical equilibrium analysis using, total Gibbs energy minimization method, was carried out for methane oxidation to higher hydrocarbons. For a large methane conversion and a high selectivity to higher hydrocarbons, the system temperature and oxygen concentration played a vital role, whereas, the system pressure only slightly influenced the two variables. Numerical results showed that the conversion of methane increased with the concentration of oxygen and reaction temperature, but it decreased with pressure. Nevertheless, the presence of oxygen suppressed the formation of higher hydrocarbons which mostly consisted of aromatics, but enhanced the formation of hydrogen. As the system pressure increased, the aromatics, olefins and hydrogen yields diminished, but the paraffin yield improved. Carbon monoxide seemed to be the major oxygen-containing equilibrium product from methane oxidation, whilst almost no H2O, CH3OH and HCOH were detected although traces amount of carbon dioxide were formed at relatively lower temperature and higher pressure. The total Gibbs energy minimization method is useful to theoretically analyze the feasibility of methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons and syngas at the selected temperature and pressure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  17. Barakat SM, Siar CH
    J Appl Oral Sci, 2015 Jan-Feb;23(1):79-86.
    PMID: 25760270 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140245
    The identification of stem cells (SC) remains challenging. In the human oral mucosal epithelium, these cells are believed to be in the basal layer (stem cell niche), but their exact location is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the dysplastic oral epithelium for these SC-like proteins in order to assess their diagnostic value as biomarkers complementing the histological grading of dysplasia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  18. Hussain B, Sajad M, Usman H, A Al-Ghanim K, Riaz MN, Berenjian A, et al.
    Environ Res, 2022 Dec;215(Pt 1):114120.
    PMID: 36029837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114120
    Cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes induced by industrial effluents and dyes is a global issue. Trypan blue dye has many applications in different sectors, including laboratories and industries. This study determines to detect the cytotoxic effects of trypan blue dye in vivo. The objective of this study was to estimate the sub-lethal effects of azodye in fish. Cirrhinus mrigala, a freshwater fish, was exposed to three different grading concentrations of dye 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 20 mg/L in a glass aquarium. Significant (p paraffin wax method. This dye induces mild alterations in the liver such as congestion, hemolysis, dilated sinusoids, ruptured hepatocytes, vacuolization, edema of hepatocytes, necrosis, degeneration, aggregation, and inflammation. This dye not only alters liver tissue, also induces an acute level of tissue alterations in the kidneys, such as degeneration of epithelial cells of renal tubules, shrinkage of the glomerulus, congestion, reduced lumen, degeneration of glomerulus, absence of space of bowmen, glomerulonephritis, necrosis in hematopoietic interstitial tissues and glomerulus, reduced lumen, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules, increased per tubular space. The current study concludes that trypan blue dye released even in small amounts is found to be associated with a high incidence of cytotoxicity. Such tissue alterations in this species could be used as biomarkers for azo dyes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin
  19. Samiei G, Yip WK, Leong PP, Jabar MF, Dusa NM, Mohtarrudin N, et al.
    J Cancer Res Ther, 2018 Jun;14(Supplement):S299-S305.
    PMID: 29970680 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.235345
    Background: Interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17F are inflammatory cytokines mainly produced by T helper 17 cells. IL-17A is known to be protumorigenic while IL-17F has a protective role in cancer. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the association between polymorphisms of IL-17AG197A (rs2275913) and IL-17FA7488G (rs763780) and risk of cancers. No studies have yet to be conducted to genotype the IL-17AG197A polymorphism in colorectal cancer (CRC).

    Objective: To assess the association of IL-17AG197A and IL-17FA7488G polymorphisms with CRC risk.

    Materials and Methods: We performed the genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method on blood samples from 80 healthy individuals and paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from 70 CRC patients.

    Results: Our study showed that IL-17A197AA genotype was significantly associated with an increased CRC risk with odds ratios of 6.08 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.25-16.42, P < 0.001) and 2.80 (95% CI: 1.23-6.35, P = 0.014), in comparison with GG and AG genotypes, respectively. However, IL-17FA7488G polymorphism was not significantly associated with CRC risk (P = 0.102). No significant association of IL-17AG197A and IL-17FA7488G polymorphisms with patient and tumor variables was found.

    Conclusion: This report from Malaysia shows the relationship of IL-17A197AA genotype with susceptibility to CRC.

    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
  20. He PY, Yip WK, Jabar MF, Mohtarrudin N, Dusa NM, Seow HF
    Oncol Lett, 2019 Aug;18(2):1949-1960.
    PMID: 31423265 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10492
    The objectives of the present study were to identify the aberrant expression of microRNA (miRNA) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tissues from published miRNA profiling studies and to investigate the effects of the identified miRNA inhibitor and mimic miR-96-5p on CRC cell migration and invasion. The altered expression of the regulators of cytoskeleton mRNA in miR-96-5p inhibitor-transfected cells was determined. The miR-96-5p expression level in five CRC cell lines, HCT11, CaCo2, HT29, SW480 and SW620, and 26 archived paraffin-embedded CRC tissues were also investigated by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell viability in response to the miR-96-5p inhibitor and mimic transfections was determined by an MTT assay. A Matrigel invasion assay was conducted to select the invasive subpopulation designated SW480-7, by using the parental cell line SW480. The effects of miR-96-5p mimic- or inhibitor-transfected SW480-7 cells on cell migration and invasion were evaluated using the Transwell and Matrigel assays, and the change in expression of the regulators of cytoskeleton mRNAs was identified by Cytoskeleton Regulators RT2-Profiler PCR array followed by validation with RT-qPCR. CRC tissues exhibited a significant increase in miR-96-5p expression, compared with their matched normal adjacent tissues, indicating an oncogenic role for miR-96-5p. The results demonstrated that the miR-96-5p inhibitor decreased the migration of SW480-7 cells, but had no effect on invasion. This may be due to the promotion of cell invasion by Matrigel, which counteracts the blockade of cell invasion by the miR-96-5p inhibitor. The miR-96-5p mimic enhanced SW480-7 cell migration and invasion, as expected. It was determined that there was a >2.5 fold increase in the expression of genes involved in cytoskeleton regulation, myosin light chain kinase 2, pleckstrin homology like domain family B member 2, cyclin A1, IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 2, Brain-specific angiogenesisinhibitor 1-associated protein 2 and microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1, in miR-96-5p inhibitor-transfected cells, indicating that they are negative regulators of cell migration. In conclusion, the miR-96-5p inhibitor blocked cell migration but not invasion, and the latter may be due to the counteraction of Matrigel, which has been demonstrated to stimulate cell invasion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paraffin Embedding
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