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  1. Biochemical and radical-scavenging properties of sea cucumber (Stichopus vastus) collagen hydrolysates
    Abedin MZ, Karim AA, Latiff AA, Gan CY, Ghazali FC, Barzideh Z, et al.
    Nat Prod Res, 2014;28(16):1302-5.
    PMID: 24670209 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.900617
    The molecular mass distribution, amino acid composition and radical-scavenging activity of collagen hydrolysates prepared from collagen isolated from the sea cucumber Stichopus vastus were investigated. β and α1 chains of the collagen were successfully hydrolysed by trypsin. The molecular mass distribution of the hydrolysates ranged from 5 to 25 kDa, and they were rich in glycine, alanine, glutamate, proline and hydroxyproline residues. The hydrolysates exhibited excellent radical-scavenging activity. These results indicate that collagen hydrolysates from S. vastus can be used as a functional ingredient in food and nutraceutical products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxyproline/analysis; Proline/analysis
  2. Extraction and characterization of gelatin from the feet of Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) as affected by acid, alkaline, and enzyme pretreatment
    Abedinia A, Ariffin F, Huda N, Nafchi AM
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 May;98:586-594.
    PMID: 28174080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.139
    The effects of different pretreatments on yield and composition of extraction, physicochemical, and rheological properties of duck feet gelatin (DFG) were investigated. Gelatins were extracted from the whole feet of Pekin duck with an average yield of 4.09%, 3.65%, and 5.75% for acidic (Ac-DFG), alkaline (Al-DFG), and enzymatic (En-DFG) pretreatment on a wet weight basis, respectively. Proteins at 81.38%, 79.41%, 82.55%, and 87.38% were the major composition for Ac-DFG, Al-DFG, En-DFG, and bovine, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed glycine as the predominant amino acid in Ac-DFG, followed by hydroxyproline, proline, and alanine for Ac-DFG, Al-DFG, and En-DFG, respectively. Rheological analysis indicated that the maximum elastic modulus (9972.25Pa) and loss modulus (4956.28Pa) for Ac-DFG gelatin were significantly higher than those of other gelatins. Extracted gelatins contained α1 and α2 chains as the predominant components, and enzymatic gelatin had low molecular weight peptides. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the peak of the gelatins was mainly positioned in the amide band region (amides I, II, and III). A considerable loss of molecular-order triple helical structure was also observed after pepsin treatment. In summary, duck feet gelatin has potential to replace as mammalian gelatin in food and pharmaceutical industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxyproline; Proline
  3. Fulltext Cellular Biochemical Changes in Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring and Sellaginella plana (Desv. ex Poir.) Heiron. as Induced by Desiccation
    Agduma AR, Sese MD
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):37-52.
    PMID: 27688850 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.4
    The biochemical changes in two Selaginella species namely, S. tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring and S. plana (Desv. ex Poir.) Heiron., as induced by desiccation and subsequent rehydration were explored. Plants were allowed to dehydrate naturally by withholding irrigation until shoot's relative water content (RWC) reached <10%. After which, dehydrated plants were watered until fully rehydrated states were obtained which was about 90% RWC or more. Desiccation-tolerance characteristics were observed in S. tamariscina while desiccation-sensitivity features were seen in S. plana. Membrane integrity was maintained in S. tamariscina but not in S. plana as evidenced in the relative electrolyte leakage measurements during desiccation phase and the subsequent rehydration stage. Pigment analyses revealed conservation of some chlorophylls and carotenoids during desiccation and reaching control levels following rehydration in S. tamariscina. Very low pigment contents were found in S. plana during desiccation phase and the pigments were not recovered during rehydration attempt. Meanwhile, compatible solute determination showed rise in total sugar and proline contents of desiccated S. tamariscina only, indicating presence of biochemical protection machineries in this species and absence of such in S. plana during dehydrating conditions. These data indicate that one key element for desiccation-tolerance in lower vascular plants is the ability to protect tissues from severe damages caused by intense desiccation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  4. Inhibitory influence of amino acids on the formation kinetics of methane hydrates in oil-water and oil-brine systems
    Almashwali AA, Khan MS, Lal B, Jin QC, Sabil KM, Khor SF
    Chemosphere, 2023 Jan;312(Pt 2):137325.
    PMID: 36423723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137325
    This experimental study evaluates the inhibition performance of kinetic hydrates inhibitors (KHIs) of three amino acids, namely: glycine, proline, and alanine. It includes the performance comparison with the conventional inhibitor i.e., polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP) on methane (CH4) hydrate in oil systems in two different systems, i.e., deionized and brine water systems. The experiments were conducted in a high-pressure hydrate reactor replicating subsea pipeline conditions, i.e., the temperature of 274 K, pressure 8 MPa, and concentration of 1 wt%, by applying the isochoric cooling technique. The formation kinetics results suggest that all the studied amino acids effectively worked as kinetic inhibitors by potentially delaying CH4 hydrate formations due to their steric hindrance abilities. The interesting phenomenon was observed that the different studied amino acids behave differently in the brine-oil and deionized water-oil systems due to their side chain interaction. In a deionized water-oil system, glycine gives the highest inhibition performance by reducing the hydrate formation risk. On the contrary, in the brine-oil system, proline showed a significant inhibition effect. It should be noted that both glycine and proline were giving almost similar inhibition performance compared to the conventional hydrate inhibitor PVP, however glycine and proline significantly reduced CH4 consumption into hydrate due to their high surface active under CH4 conditions, which strengths the surface tension of the liquid/CH4 interface. Furthermore, according to the findings, it shows that increased side alkyl chain lengths of amino acids increase the efficacy of their kinetic hydration inhibition performance due to better surface adsorption abilities. The amino acids' ability to suppress growth is also linked strongly with hydrophobicity and alkyl side chain length. The findings of this study contribute significantly to current efforts to limit gas hydrate formation in offshore pipelines, particularly in oil-dominant pipelines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  5. Fulltext Chemical composition and molecular structure of polysaccharide-protein biopolymer from Durio zibethinus seed: extraction and purification process
    Amid BT, Mirhosseini H, Kostadinović S
    Chem Cent J, 2012 Oct 14;6(1):117.
    PMID: 23062269 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-6-117
    BACKGROUND: The biological functions of natural biopolymers from plant sources depend on their chemical composition and molecular structure. In addition, the extraction and further processing conditions significantly influence the chemical and molecular structure of the plant biopolymer. The main objective of the present study was to characterize the chemical and molecular structure of a natural biopolymer from Durio zibethinus seed. A size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multi angle laser light-scattering (SEC-MALS) was applied to analyze the molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn), and polydispersity index (Mw/Mn).

    RESULTS: The most abundant monosaccharide in the carbohydrate composition of durian seed gum were galactose (48.6-59.9%), glucose (37.1-45.1%), arabinose (0.58-3.41%), and xylose (0.3-3.21%). The predominant fatty acid of the lipid fraction from the durian seed gum were palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:2). The most abundant amino acids of durian seed gum were: leucine (30.9-37.3%), lysine (6.04-8.36%), aspartic acid (6.10-7.19%), glycine (6.07-7.42%), alanine (5.24-6.14%), glutamic acid (5.57-7.09%), valine (4.5-5.50%), proline (3.87-4.81%), serine (4.39-5.18%), threonine (3.44-6.50%), isoleucine (3.30-4.07%), and phenylalanine (3.11-9.04%).

    CONCLUSION: The presence of essential amino acids in the chemical structure of durian seed gum reinforces its nutritional value.

    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  6. Fulltext Optimization of gelatin extraction conditions from Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) skin and its physicochemical characteristics as compared to
    Amiza, M.A., Wan Maizatul Shima, W.M., Nor Hayati, I., Nizaha Juhaida, M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(1):213-224.
    MyJurnal
    This study reported the extraction optimization and characterization of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) skin gelatin. Optimization study was carried out to determine the effect of CH3COOH concentration, skin to water ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time on gelatin yield (GY) and gel strength (GS) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions were 0.15mol/L for CH3COOH concentration, 82.4oC of extraction temperature, 6 h of extraction time and 1:6 of skin to water ratio, which produced cobia gelatin with GY of 20.10% and GS of 205.6 g. Characteristics of cobia skin gelatin (CG) were then compared to that of commercial bovine gelatin (BG). It was found that the most dominant amino acid in CG was glycine, proline and alanine. There was no difference in foaming and emulsifying properties of CG and BG at 1% concentration, but at 2% and 3% concentration, BG performed better. CG was found to have higher fat binding capacity but lower water holding capacity than BG. Least gelling concentration for CG was recorded at 2% while for BG at 1%. CG and BG had a pI at pH 6.05 and 4.82, respectively. This study shows that cobia skin gelatin has potential as halal alternative to bovine gelatin in food industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  7. Fulltext Dynamics of Prolyl Hydroxylases Levels During Disease Progression in Experimental Colitis
    Bakshi HA, Mishra V, Satija S, Mehta M, Hakkim FL, Kesharwani P, et al.
    Inflammation, 2019 Dec;42(6):2032-2036.
    PMID: 31377947 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01065-3
    Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors are shown to be protective in several models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, these non-selective inhibitors are known to inhibit all the three isoforms of PHD, i.e. PHD-1, PHD-2 and PHD-3. In the present report, we investigated the associated changes in levels of PHDs during the development and recovery of chemically induced colitis in mice. The results indicated that in the experimental model of murine colitis, levels of both, PHD-1 and PHD-2 were found to be increased with the progression of the disease; however, the level of PHD-3 remained the same in group of healthy controls and mice with colitis. Thus, the findings advocated that inhibitors, which inhibited all three isoforms of PHD could not be ideal therapeutics for IBD since PHD-3 is required for normal gut function. Hence, this necessitates the development of new compounds capable of selectively inhibiting PHD-1 and PHD-2 for effective treatment of IBD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases
  8. Assays to Study Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain 2 (PHD2), a Key Human Oxygen Sensing Protein
    Chan YY, Mbenza NM, Chan MC, Leung IKH
    Methods Mol Biol, 2023;2648:187-206.
    PMID: 37039992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3080-8_12
    Molecular oxygen is essential for all multicellular life forms. In humans, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHDs) serve as important oxygen sensors by regulating the activity of HIF, the master regulator that mediates cellular oxygen homeostasis, in an oxygen-dependent manner. In normoxia, PHDs catalyze the prolyl hydroxylation of HIF, which leads to its degradation and prevents cellular hypoxic response to be triggered. PHDs are current inhibition targets for the potential treatments of a number of diseases. In this chapter, we discuss in vitro and cell-based methods to study the modulation of PHD2, the most important human PHD isoform in normoxia and mild hypoxia. These include the production and purification of recombinant PHD2, the use of mass spectrometry to follow PHD2-catalyzed reactions and the studies of HIF stabilization in cells by immunoblotting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/metabolism; Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/chemistry; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases*
  9. Proline-Modified UIO-66 as Nanocarriers to Enhance Candida rugosa Lipase Catalytic Activity and Stability for Electrochemical Detection of Nitrofen
    Cheng Y, Lai OM, Tan CP, Panpipat W, Cheong LZ, Shen C
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021 Jan 27;13(3):4146-4155.
    PMID: 33440928 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17134
    Immobilization can be used to improve the stability of lipases and enhances lipase recovery and reusability, which increases its commercial value and industrial applications. Nevertheless, immobilization frequently causes conformational changes of the lipases, which decrease lipase catalytic activity. in the present work, we synthesized UIO-66 and grafted UIO-66 crystals with proline for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). As indicated by steady-state fluorescence microscopy, grafting of proline onto UIO-66 crystals induced beneficial conformational change in CRL. CRL immobilized on UIO-66/Pro (CRL@UIO-66/Pro) demonstrated higher enzyme activity and better recyclability than that immobilized on UIO-66 (CRL@UIO-66) in both hydrolysis (CRL@UIO-66/Pro: 0.34 U; CRL@UIO-66: 0.15 U) and transesterification (CRL@UIO-66/Pro: 0.93 U; CRL@UIO-66: 0.25 U) reactions. The higher values of kcat and kcat/Km of CRL@UIO-66/Pro also showed that it had better catalytic efficiency as compared to CRL@UIO-66. It is also worth noting that CRL@UIO-66/Pro (0.93 U) demonstrated a much higher transesterification activity as compared to free CRL (0.11 U), indicating that UIO-66/Pro has increased the solvent stability of CRL. Both CRL@UIO-66 and CRL@UIO-66/Pro were also used for the fabrication of biosensors for nitrofen with a wide linear range (0-100 μM), lower limit of detection, and good recovery rate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline/analogs & derivatives*
  10. Fulltext Urinary amino acids profile of vegetarians and non-vegetarians
    Chia, Yoke Yin, Ton, So Ha
    Malays J Nutr, 2006;12(1):67-78.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of the study was to quantify and to profile the amino acids content in urine samples. The amino acids content in urine was determined in 162 individuals (62 young non-vegetarians aged 15-45 years, 24 elderly non-vegetarians aged 46-70 years, 40 young vegetarians and 36 elderly vegetarians) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The most common amino acids detected in the young and elderly individuals on vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets were phenylalanine, threonine, arginine and asparagine, while leucine, aspartic acid and alanine were not found in any urine samples in both groups. Isoleucine was not detected in the urine of vegetarians. The concentrations of the majority of essential amino acids were between 0.10 - 2.00 mgl24hrs except for histidine which had a range of 4.1 - 5.0 mgl24hrs. The concentrations of non-essential amino acids varied. Proline, glycine and tyrosine concentrations were between 0.10 - 1.00 mg/24hrs, while cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid and cystine concentrations were between 11.0 - 21.0 mg124hrs. Asparagine and hydroxy-proline had a range of 0.10 - 5.00 mg/24hrs, while serine and arginine ranged between 31.0 - 50.0 mg124hrs. Isoleucine and serine were not detected in elderly vegetarians while histidine, glycine, glutamic acid and hydroxy-proline were not detected in elderly non-vegetarians. Isoleucine, glycine and hydroxy proline were detected in young non-vegetarians but not in young vegetarians. The levels of amino acids showed no significant statistical differences between young vegetarians and non-vegetarians as well as between elderly vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Phenylalanine, threonine and trypthophan were commonly detected in the lacto-ovo and lacto vegetarians, while valine, cysteine, arginine and asparagine were commonly detected in vegans. In conclusion, except for isoleucine, general differences were seen in urinary amino acid excretions between vegetarians and non-vegetarians even though the differences were statistically not significant. Therefore lacto-ovo diets could be nutritionally adequate as the nutrients were substituted by dairy or plant products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  11. Fulltext Regulation of nerve growth and patterning by cell surface protein disulphide isomerase
    Cook GM, Sousa C, Schaeffer J, Wiles K, Jareonsettasin P, Kalyanasundaram A, et al.
    Elife, 2020 05 28;9.
    PMID: 32452761 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.54612
    Contact repulsion of growing axons is an essential mechanism for spinal nerve patterning. In birds and mammals the embryonic somites generate a linear series of impenetrable barriers, forcing axon growth cones to traverse one half of each somite as they extend towards their body targets. This study shows that protein disulphide isomerase provides a key component of these barriers, mediating contact repulsion at the cell surface in chick half-somites. Repulsion is reduced both in vivo and in vitro by a range of methods that inhibit enzyme activity. The activity is critical in initiating a nitric oxide/S-nitrosylation-dependent signal transduction pathway that regulates the growth cone cytoskeleton. Rat forebrain grey matter extracts contain a similar activity, and the enzyme is expressed at the surface of cultured human astrocytic cells and rat cortical astrocytes. We suggest this system is co-opted in the brain to counteract and regulate aberrant nerve terminal growth.
    Matched MeSH terms: Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/genetics; Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/metabolism
  12. Fulltext Synthesis and Bioactivity of a Cyclopolypeptide from Caribbean Marine Sponge
    Dahiya R, Rampersad S, Ramnanansingh TG, Kaur K, Kaur R, Mourya R, et al.
    Iran J Pharm Res, 2020;19(3):156-170.
    PMID: 33680019 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.15405.13075
    Synthesis of a natural proline-rich cyclopolypeptide - rolloamide A was carried out by coupling of tri- and tetrapeptide units Boc-Phe-Pro-Val-OMe and Boc-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ile-OMe after proper deprotection at carboxyl and amino terminals using carbodiimide chemistry in alkaline environment followed by cyclization of linear heptapeptide segment in the presence of base. The structure of synthesized peptide was confirmed by spectral techniques including FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS analyses. Newly synthesized peptide was subjected to biological screening against pathogenic microbes and earthworms. Cyclopeptide 8 possessed promising activity against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans (ZOI: 24 mm, MIC: 6 μg/mL) and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ZOI: 27 mm, MIC: 6 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ZOI: 23 mm, MIC: 12.5 μg/mL), in comparison to reference drugs - griseofulvin (ZOI: 20 mm, MIC: 6 μg/mL) and ciprofloxacin (ZOI: 25 mm, MIC: 6 μg/mL/ZOI: 20 mm, MIC: 12.5 μg/mL). Also, newly synthesized heptacyclopeptide exhibited potent anthelmintic activity against earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis,Pontoscotex corethruses, and Eudrilus species (MPT/MDT ratio - 8.22-16.02/10.06-17.59 min), in comparison to standard drugs - mebendazole (MPT/MDT ratio - 10.52-18.02/12.57-19.49 min) and piperazine citrate (MPT/MDT ratio - 12.38-19.17/13.44-22.17 min).
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  13. Functional and structural characterisation of common cytochrome P450 2D6 allelic variants-roles of Pro34 and Thr107 in catalysis and inhibition
    Dong AN, Ahemad N, Pan Y, Palanisamy UD, Yiap BC, Ong CE
    Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2019 08;392(8):1015-1029.
    PMID: 31025144 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01651-0
    One major source of inter-individual variability in drug pharmacokinetics is genetic polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. This study aimed to elucidate the enzyme kinetic and molecular basis for altered activity in three major alleles of CYP2D6, namely CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*10 and CYP2D6*17. The E. coli-expressed allelic variants were examined using substrate (venlafaxine and 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin[CEC]) and inhibitor (quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, terbinafine) probes in enzyme assays as well as molecular docking. The kinetics data indicated that R296C and S486T mutations in CYP2D6*2 have caused enhanced ligand binding (enhanced intrinsic clearance for venlafaxine and reduced IC50 for quinidine, paroxetine and terbinafine), suggesting morphological changes within the active site cavity that favoured ligand docking and binding. Mutations in CYP2D6*10 and CYP2D6*17 tended to cause deleterious effect on catalysis, with reduced clearance for venlafaxine and CEC. Molecular docking indicated that P34S and T107I, the unique mutations in the alleles, have negatively impacted activity by affecting ligand access and binding due to alteration of the substrate access channel and active site morphology. IC50 values however were quite variable for quinidine, fluoxetine and terbinafine, and a general decrease in IC50 was observed for paroxetine, suggesting ligand-specific altered susceptibility to inhibition in the alleles. This study indicates that CYP2D6 allele selectivity for ligands was not solely governed by changes in the active site architecture induced by the mutations, but that the intrinsic properties of the substrates and inhibitors also played vital role.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline/genetics
  14. Fulltext The Therapeutic Effect and In Vivo Assessment of Palmitoyl-GDPH on the Wound Healing Process
    Fadilah NIM, Rahman MBA, Yusof LM, Mustapha NM, Ahmad H
    Pharmaceutics, 2021 Feb 01;13(2).
    PMID: 33535623 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020193
    The standard treatment of open wounds via the direct usage of therapeutic agents is not without limitations with respect to healing. Small peptides can create a favorable milieu for accelerating the healing of wounds. This study presents the potential of a novel fatty acid conjugated tetrapeptide (palmitic acid-glycine-aspartic acid-proline-histidine; Palmitoyl-GDPH) in alleviating wound healing. Tetracycline was employed as a standard control drug following its significance in wound healing including biologically active and antimicrobial effects. The peptide in liquid form was applied on to a 4 cm2 full thickness wound surgically induced at the dorsum of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The in vivo wound treatment with Palmitoyl-GDPH for eighteen days, histologically demonstrated an almost perfect healing exhibited by increased re-epithelialization, enhanced collagen deposition, and diminished scar formation compared to the controls. In addition, the well-developed epidermal-dermal junction and ultimate stimulation of hair follicle-growth in the Palmitoyl-GDPH treated group indicated the wound to have healed as functionally viable tissues. In general, the much lower hemogram values in the Palmitoyl-GDPH group indicated that the ongoing healing is en route to an earlier recovery. Additionally, the liver, kidney, and pancreas function biomarkers being within normal limits indicated the relatively non-toxic nature of Palmitoyl-GDPH at the used dosage. These results indisputably supported the great potential of this newly synthesized Palmitoyl-GDPH to be used as an effective therapeutic agent for wound healing (this actually means creating a new wound).
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  15. The effect of salinity on chlorophyll, proline and mineral nutrients in common weeds of coastal rice fields in Malaysia
    Hakim MA, Juraimi AS, Hanafi MM, Ismail MR, Rafii MY, Aslani F, et al.
    J Environ Biol, 2014 Sep;35(5):855-64.
    PMID: 25204059
    Six weed species (Leptochola chinensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona, Jussiaea linifolia, Oryza sativa (weedy rice) and Cyperus iria) were tested for their salt tolerant traits in terms of chlorophyll, proline and mineral nutrients accumulation against different salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 dS m(-1)). Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, proline and mineral nutrients accumulation were determined. Salt stress showed prominent effect on all the parameters investigated and there were significant variations between the all weed species. Chlorophyll content, K+, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions in both shoots and roots significantly decreased; while proline and Na+ accumulation significantly increased with increasing salinity up to 40 dS m(-1). In terms of overall performance, Cyperus iria and E. crus-galliwere relatively more tolerant; E. colona and J. linifolia were tolerant; L. chinensis and O. sativa L were salt sensitive, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline/metabolism*
  16. Fulltext Biochemical and anatomical changes and yield reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under varied salinity regimes
    Hakim MA, Juraimi AS, Hanafi MM, Ismail MR, Selamat A, Rafii MY, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:208584.
    PMID: 24579076 DOI: 10.1155/2014/208584
    Five Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, MR33, MR52, MR211, MR219, and MR232, were tested in pot culture under different salinity regimes for biochemical response, physiological activity, and grain yield. Three different levels of salt stresses, namely, 4, 8, and 12 dS m(-1), were used in a randomized complete block design with four replications under glass house conditions. The results revealed that the chlorophyll content, proline, sugar content, soluble protein, free amino acid, and yield per plant of all the genotypes were influenced by different salinity levels. The chlorophyll content was observed to decrease with salinity level but the proline increased with salinity levels in all varieties. Reducing sugar and total sugar increased up to 8 dS m(-1) and decreased up to 12 dS m(-1). Nonreducing sugar decreased with increasing the salinity levels in all varieties. Soluble protein and free amino acid also decreased with increasing salinity levels. Cortical cells of MR211 and MR232 did not show cell collapse up to 8 dS m(-1) salinity levels compared to susceptible checks (IR20 and BRRI dhan29). Therefore, considering all parameters, MR211 and MR232 showed better salinity tolerance among the tested varieties. Both cluster and principal component analyses depict the similar results.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline/metabolism
  17. Fulltext Preliminary Study On Saliva From Diabetic And Non-Diabetic Individuals By Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
    Hoe, S.Z., Pendek, R., Lam, S.K., Rahim, Z.H.A.
    Ann Dent, 1997;4(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Human saliva contains a large number of proteins which can be separated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). In this study the protein profiles of whole saliva of diabetic and non-diabetic were compared. Considerable variations between individuals in the protein profiles were observed. The saliva from diabetic patients appeared to have more of proline-rich protein bands in the molecular weight region below 56 KOa. Further investigations using individual gland saliva should be carried out.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  18. Fulltext Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Bangladeshi honeys stored for more than one year
    Islam A, Khalil I, Islam N, Moniruzzaman M, Mottalib A, Sulaiman SA, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012;12:177.
    PMID: 23043497 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-177
    There is no available information on physicochemical and antioxidant properties on Bangladeshi honey. We investigated five different monofloral and three different multifloral honey samples collected from different parts of Bangladesh.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline/analysis*
  19. H396P mutation in chronic myeloid leukaemia patient on nilotinib - A case report
    Jamali NS, Raja Sabudin RZA, Alauddin H, Ithnin A, Tumian NR, Jalil N, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2021 Apr;43(1):63-68.
    PMID: 33903307
    INTRODUCTION: The advent of BCR-ABL1-targeted therapy with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), for example, imatinib and nilotinib, marked a turning point in the therapy of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). However, a substantial proportion of patients experience primary or secondary disease resistance to TKI. There are multifactorial causes contributing to the treatment failure of which BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutation being the most common. Here, we describe a case of a CML patient with H396P mutation following treatment with nilotinib.

    CASE: A 60-year-old woman presented with abdominal discomfort and hyperleukocytosis. She was diagnosed as CML in the chronic phase with positive BCR-ABL1 transcripts. Due to the failure to obtain an optimal response with imatinib treatment, it was switched to nilotinib. She responded well to nilotinib initially and achieved complete haematological and cytogenetic responses, with undetectable BCR-ABL1 transcripts. However, in 4 years she developed molecular relapse. Mutation analysis which was done 70 months after commencement of nilotinib showed the presence of BCRABL1 kinase domain mutation with nucleotide substitution at position 1187 from Histidine(H) to Proline(P) (H396P). Currently, she is on nilotinib 400mg twice daily. Her latest molecular analysis showed the presence of residual BCR-ABL1 transcripts at 0.22%.

    DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the importance of BCR-ABL1 mutation analysis in CML patients with persistent BCR-ABL1 positivity in spite of treatment. Early detection and identification of the type of BCRABL1 mutation are important to guide appropriate treatment options as different mutation will have different sensitivity to TKI.

    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
  20. Biochemical analyses of Dendrobium Sabin Blue PLBs during cryopreservation by vitrification
    James Antony JJ, Zakaria S, Zakaria R, Anak Ujang J, Othman N, Subramaniam S
    Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 2019 Nov;25(6):1457-1467.
    PMID: 31736548 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00703-2
    Dendrobium Sabin Blue is an important orchid hybrid that has been grown extensively as cut flower, potted plant and is also popular for its deep purplish blue flowers.  The most efficient long term conservation method of this hybrid is through cryopreservation. Cryopreservation involving the vitrification method consists of explants exposure to highly concentrated cryoprotective solution followed by freezing rapidly in liquid nitrogen. However, these treatments involved highly concentrated cryoprotectant that could incur toxicity to the explants. Hence, cryopreservation protocol requires biochemical analyses in understanding the damages or injuries occurred during cryopreservation treatments. In this study, biochemical analyses revealed a general reduction in chlorophyll, carotenoid and porphyrin content to 0.40 µg/g F W (thawing stage), 31.50 µg/g F W unloading stage and 2230.41 µg/g F W (thawing stage), respectively in comparison to the control treatments. In addition, increased level in proline content were obtained at different cryopreservation stages with highest level (5.42 µmole/g F W) recorded at the PVS2 dehydration stage. Fluctuated outcomes were obtained in catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) enzyme activities in PLBs exposed to different cryopreservation stages. Lowest values recorded for CAT enzyme activity were obtained at the dehydration stage (3.94 U/g). Lowest POX enzyme activities were obtained at the dehydration (122.36 U/g) and growth recovery (106.40 U/g) stages. Additionally, lowest APX enzyme activities values were recorded at the thawing (7.47 U/g) and unloading (7.28 U/g) stages. These have contributed to low regeneration of Dendrobium Sabin Blue protocorm like bodies (PLBs) following cryopreservation. Hence, in the future experimental design, exogenous antioxidant could be included in the cryopreservation procedures to improve the existing protocol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Proline
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