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Antimicrobial activity of tiger's betel (Piper porphyrophyllum N.E. Br., Piperaceae)

Wiart C, Hannah NA, Yassim M, Hamimah H, Sulaiman M

Phytother Res, 2004 Sep;18(9):783-4.
PMID: 15478188

The ethanol extract of leaves of Piper porphyrophyllum N.E. Br. showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The activity was increased on fractionation (hexane, dichloromethane and aqueous), particularly in the aqueous fraction. No activity was shown against tested Candida albicans.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Fulltext Orthopaedic infections: organisms and antibiotic sensitivity

Yusof MI, Yusof AH

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Dec;59(5):574-7.
PMID: 15889557

Staphylococcus aureus infection remains the commonest organism causing musculoskeletal infection and antibiotic is the mainstay of treatment apart from adequate and appropriate surgical intervention. The exact figure of antibiotic resistance in orthopaedic practice is not known but it is expected to be higher than previously reported as the use of antibiotics is rampant. Its sensitivity to various antibiotics differs from one center to another making local surveillance necessary. From 66 patients with musculoskeletal infections studied in our centre, Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 50-65% of patients, depending on the sample taken. Fifteen percent of this were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcus aureus was found to be sensitive to cloxacillin in 95% of patients' sample. MRSA remained highly sensitive to vancomycin, clindamycin and fucidic acid.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Antibacterial activity of ovary extract from sea urchin Diadema setosum

Marimuthu K, Gunaselvam P, Aminur Rahman M, Xavier R, Arockiaraj J, Subramanian S, et al.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2015 May;19(10):1895-9.
PMID: 26044237

Sea urchin gonad is considered as a highly prized delicacy in several countries. It is also rich in valuable bioactive compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and β-carotene. This study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial properties of the ovary extract from sea urchin Diadema setosum against selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Flemingin-Type Prenylated Chalcones from the Sarawak Rainforest Plant Desmodium congestum

Rees KA, Bermudez C, Edwards DJ, Elliott AG, Ripen JE, Seta C, et al.

J Nat Prod, 2015 Aug 28;78(8):2141-4.
PMID: 26284978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00410

In an ongoing program to identify new anti-infective leads, an extract derived from whole plant material of Desmodium congestum collected in the Sarawak rainforest was found to have anti-MRSA activity. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the isolation of two new prenylated chalcones, 5'-O-methyl-3-hydroxyflemingin A (1) and 5'-O-methylflemingin C (2), which were closely related to the flemingins previously isolated from various Flemingia species. Chalcones 1 and 2, which were determined to be 4:6 enantiomeric mixtures by chiral HPLC, exhibited moderate activity against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria and were also cytotoxic to the HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of naphthofuranquinones from the twigs of tropical mangrove Avicennia officinalis

Assaw S, Mohd Amir MIH, Khaw TT, Bakar K, Mohd Radzi SA, Mazlan NW

Nat Prod Res, 2020 Aug;34(16):2403-2406.
PMID: 30600710 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1538220

Mangrove plants are endowed with various biologically active compounds which have potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In present study, a bioactivity-guided fractionation for antibacterial and antioxidant active metabolites from the twigs of Avicennia officinalis collected from Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Selangor, Malaysia gave 13 major fractions. The antibacterial activity of A. officinalis fractions using well-diffusion showed strong selectivity on the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis) with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 0.156-5.00 mg/mL. However, no antibacterial activities were observed on the Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio cholera, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli). The active antibacterial fractions were further isolated using several chromatographic techniques to give two naphthofuranquinones, namely, avicenol C (1) and stenocarpoquinone B (2). Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of A. officinalis fractions were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay exhibited low antioxidant activities. Molecular structure of the naphthofuranquinones was elucidated using 1 D and 2 D NMR spectroscopy.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Gut bacteria of cockroaches are a potential source of antibacterial compound(s)

Akbar N, Siddiqui R, Iqbal M, Sagathevan K, Khan NA

Lett Appl Microbiol, 2018 May;66(5):416-426.
PMID: 29457249 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12867

Here, we hypothesized that the microbial gut flora of animals/pests living in polluted environments, produce substances to thwart bacterial infections. The overall aim of this study was to source microbes inhabiting unusual environmental niches for potential antimicrobial activity. Two cockroach species, Gromphadorhina portentosa (Madagascar) and Blaptica dubia (Dubia) were selected. The gut bacteria from these species were isolated and grown in RPMI 1640 and conditioned media were prepared. Conditioned media were tested against a panel of Gram-positive (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli K1, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria, as well as the protist pathogen, Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results revealed that the gut bacteria of cockroaches produce active molecule(s) with potent antibacterial properties, as well as exhibit antiamoebic effects. However, heat-inactivation at 95°C for 10 min had no effect on conditioned media-mediated antibacterial and antiamoebic properties. These results suggest that bacteria from novel sources i.e. from the cockroach's gut produce molecules with bactericidal as well as amoebicidal properties that can ultimately lead to the development of therapeutic drugs.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The bacteria isolated from unusual dwellings such as the cockroaches' gut are a useful source of antibacterial and antiamoebal molecules. These are remarkable findings that will open several avenues in our search for novel antimicrobials from unique sources. Furthermore studies will lead to the identification of molecules to develop future antibacterials from insects.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indole core-based derivatives with potent antibacterial activity against resistant bacterial pathogens

Hong W, Li J, Chang Z, Tan X, Yang H, Ouyang Y, et al.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 2017 Jul;70(7):832-844.
PMID: 28465626 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.55

The emergence of drug resistance in bacterial pathogens is a growing clinical problem that poses difficult challenges in patient management. To exacerbate this problem, there is currently a serious lack of antibacterial agents that are designed to target extremely drug-resistant bacterial strains. Here we describe the design, synthesis and antibacterial testing of a series of 40 novel indole core derivatives, which are predicated by molecular modeling to be potential glycosyltransferase inhibitors. Twenty of these derivatives were found to show in vitro inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Four of these strains showed additional activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, imipenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii, and against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. These four compounds are candidates for developing into broad-spectrum anti-infective agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Fulltext Bactericidal Effect of Pterostilbene Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Lee WX, Basri DF, Ghazali AR

Molecules, 2017 Mar 17;22(3).
PMID: 28304328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030463

The antibacterial activity of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin against six strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of pterostilbene were determined using microdilution technique whereas the synergistic antibacterial activities of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin were assessed using checkerboard assay and time-kill kinetic study. Results of the present study showed that the combination effects of pterostilbene with gentamicin were synergistic (FIC index < 0.5) against three susceptible bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli O157 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15442. However, the time-kill study showed that the interaction was indifference which did not significantly differ from the gentamicin treatment. Furthermore, time-kill study showed that the growth of the tested bacteria was completely attenuated with 2 to 8 h treatment with 0.5 × MIC of pterostilbene and gentamicin. The identified combinations could be of effective therapeutic value against bacterial infections. These findings have potential implications in delaying the development of bacterial resistance as the antibacterial effect was achieved with the lower concentrations of antibacterial agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Synergistic antibacterial actions of graphene oxide and antibiotics towards bacteria and the toxicological effects of graphene oxide on human epidermal keratinocytes

Pulingam T, Thong KL, Appaturi JN, Nordin NI, Dinshaw IJ, Lai CW, et al.

Eur J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jan 15;142:105087.
PMID: 31626968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105087

Graphene oxide (GO) has displayed antibacterial activity that has been investigated in the past, however, information on synergistic activity of GO with conventional antibiotics is still lacking. The objectives of the study were to determine the combinatorial actions of GO and antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the toxicological effects of GO towards human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT). Interactions at molecular level between GO and antibiotics were analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Changes in the antibacterial activity of antibiotics towards bacteria through the addition of GO was investigated. Toxicity of GO towards HaCaT cells were examined as skin cells play a role as the first line of defense of the human body. The ATR-FTIR characterizations of GO and antibiotics showed adsorption of tested antibiotics onto GO. The combinatorial antibacterial activity of GO and antibiotics were found to increase when compared to GO or antibiotic alone. This was attributed to the ability of GO to disrupt bacterial membrane to allow for better adsorption of antibiotics. Cytotoxicity of GO was found to be dose-dependent towards HaCaT cell line, it is found to impose negligible toxic effects against the skin cells at concentration below 100 μg/mL.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Antimicrobial Exploration Between Counterpart Endosymbiont and Host Plant (Tamarindus indica Linn.)

Chigurupati S, Vijayabalan S, Selvarajan KK, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Mani V, et al.

Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2020;21(5):384-389.
PMID: 31657678 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191028105325

BACKGROUND: Endophytic bacteria produce various bioactive secondary metabolites, which benefit human health. Tamarindus indica L. is well known for its medicinal value in human health care. Several studies have reported on its biological effects from various parts of T. indica, but only a few studies have been devoted to examining the biological activity of endophytes of T. indica.
OBJECTIVES: In the present study, an endophyte was isolated from the leaves of T. indica and screened for its antimicrobial potential.
METHODS: The selected endophyte was identified by 16s rRNA partial genome sequencing and investigated for their antimicrobial potency. The preliminary phytochemical tests were conducted for the affirmation of phytoconstituents in the endophytic crude ethyl acetate extract of T. indica (TIM) and total phenolic content was performed. The antimicrobial potential of TIM was evaluated against human pathogenic ATCC gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains.
RESULTS: TIM exhibited an appreciable amount of gallic acid equivalent phenolic content (21.6 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g of crude extract). TIM showed the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at 250 μg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) at 500 μg/mL among the selected human pathogenic ATCC strains. At MIC of 500 μg/mL, TIM displayed a significant zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa and N. gonorrhoeae.
CONCLUSION: The results from our study highlighted for the first time the antimicrobial potential of endophytic bacterial strain Bacillus velezensis in T. indica leaves and it could be further explored as a source of natural antimicrobial agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Potent antibacterial activity of halogenated compounds against antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Vairappan CS, Kawamoto T, Miwa H, Suzuki M

Planta Med, 2004 Nov;70(11):1087-90.
PMID: 15549668

Common Gram-positive clinical pathogens are showing an increasing trend for resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents. New drugs with potent antibacterial activities are urgently needed to remediate this problem. Halogenated compounds isolated from several species of the red algae genus Laurencia were examined for their antibacterial activity against 22 strains of human pathogenic bacteria, 7 strains of which were antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Four phenolic sesquiterpenes and a polybrominated indole showed wide spectra of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium (VRE). In addition, laurinterol and allolaurinterol displayed potent bactericidal activity against three strains of MRSA at 3.13 microg mL(-1), and three strains of vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus, at 3.13 microg mL(-1) and 6.25 microg mL(-1), respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Fulltext Antimycobacterial, antimicrobial, and biocompatibility properties of para-aminosalicylic acid with zinc layered hydroxide and Zn/Al layered double hydroxide nanocomposites

Saifullah B, El Zowalaty ME, Arulselvan P, Fakurazi S, Webster TJ, Geilich BM, et al.

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2014;8:1029-36.
PMID: 25114509 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S63753

The treatment of tuberculosis by chemotherapy is complicated due to multiple drug prescriptions, long treatment duration, and adverse side effects. We report here for the first time an in vitro therapeutic effect of nanocomposites based on para-aminosalicylic acid with zinc layered hydroxide (PAS-ZLH) and zinc-aluminum layered double hydroxides (PAS-Zn/Al LDH), against mycobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria. The nanocomposites demonstrated good antimycobacterial activity and were found to be effective in killing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A biocompatibility study revealed good biocompatibility of the PAS-ZLH nanocomposites against normal human MRC-5 lung cells. The para-aminosalicylic acid loading was quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. In summary, the present preliminary in vitro studies are highly encouraging for further in vivo studies of PAS-ZLH and PAS-Zn/Al LDH nanocomposites to treat tuberculosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Fulltext Synthesis of novel bisindolylmethane Schiff bases and their antibacterial activity

Imran S, Taha M, Ismail NH, Khan KM, Naz F, Hussain M, et al.

Molecules, 2014;19(8):11722-40.
PMID: 25102118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811722

In an effort to develop new antibacterial drugs, some novel bisindolylmethane derivatives containing Schiff base moieties were prepared and screened for their antibacterial activity. The synthesis of the bisindolylmethane Schiff base derivatives 3-26 was carried out in three steps. First, the nitro group of 3,3'-((4-nitrophenyl)-methylene)bis(1H-indole) (1) was reduced to give the amino substituted bisindolylmethane 2 without affecting the unsaturation of the bisindolylmethane moiety using nickel boride in situ generated. Reduction of compound 1 using various catalysts showed that combination of sodium borohydride and nickel acetate provides the highest yield for compound 2. Bisindolylmethane Schiff base derivatives were synthesized by coupling various benzaldehydes with amino substituted bisindolylmethane 2. All synthesized compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The bisindolylmethane Schiff base derivatives were evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Derivatives having halogen and nitro substituent display weak to moderate antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Fulltext Heteroaryl chalcones: design, synthesis, X-ray crystal structures and biological evaluation

Kumar CS, Loh WS, Ooi CW, Quah CK, Fun HK

Molecules, 2013 Oct 15;18(10):12707-24.
PMID: 24132195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012707

Chalcone derivatives have attracted increasing attention due to their numerous pharmacological activities. Changes in their structures have displayed high degree of diversity that has proven to result in a broad spectrum of biological activities. The present study highlights the synthesis of some halogen substituted chalcones 3(a-i) containing the 5-chlorothiophene moiety, their X-ray crystal structures and the evaluation of possible biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal and reducing power abilities. The results indicate the tested compounds show a varied range of inhibition values against all the tested microbial strains. Compound 3c with a p-fluoro substituent on the phenyl ring exhibits elevated antimicrobial activity, whereas the compounds 3e and 3f displayed the least antimicrobial activities. The compounds 3d, 3e, 3f and 3i showed good ferric and cupric reducing abilities, and the compounds 3b and 3c showed the weakest reducing power in the series.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Langkocyclines: novel angucycline antibiotics from Streptomyces sp. Acta 3034(*)

Kalyon B, Tan GY, Pinto JM, Foo CY, Wiese J, Imhoff JF, et al.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 2013 Oct;66(10):609-16.
PMID: 23820614 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.53

Langkocyclines A1-A3 and B1 and B2, five new angucycline antibiotics produced by Streptomyces sp. Acta 3034, were detected in the course of our HPLC-diode array screening. The producing strain was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of a Clitorea sp. collected from Burau Bay, Langkawi, Malaysia, and was characterized by morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic features in addition to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence information. Strain Acta 3034 is closely related to Streptomyces psammoticus NBRC 13971(T) and Streptomyces lanatus NBRC 12787(T). Langkocyclines consist of an angular tetracyclic benz[a]anthracene skeleton and hydrolyzable O-glycosidic sugar moieties. The yellow-colored A-type langkocyclines differ in their aglycon from the blue-lilac-colored B-type langkocyclines. The A-type langkocycline aglycon is identical to that of aquayamycin and urdamycin A. The chemical structures of the langkocyclines were elucidated by HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. They are biologically active against Gram-positive bacteria and exhibit a moderate antiproliferative activity against various human tumor cell lines.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Fulltext Acute toxicity evaluation, antibacterial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of Melastoma malabathricum

Alnajar ZA, Abdulla MA, Ali HM, Alshawsh MA, Hadi AH

Molecules, 2012;17(3):3547-59.
PMID: 22433579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17033547

Melastoma malabathricum (MM) is a well-known plant in Malaysian traditional medicine, locally known as senduduk. Its ethanol and aqueous extracts have been used in the present investigation to study the immunomodulatory role on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), and the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP free radical scavenging activities were also measured. Total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were assayed and the antibacterial effect was tested against four species of bacteria; two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsilla pneumonia). The tests were carried out using the disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Moreover, the acute toxicity was evaluated in vivo on the ethanol extract of MM to establish its safety when administered orally. In our results, both extracts of MM showed abilities to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals, IC(50) values: (11.599 ± 0.84, 10.573 ± 0.58 µmol/L) and (62.657 ± 0.78, 63.939 ± 0.48 µmol/L) for ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. Indeed the ethanol extract evidenced high phenolic content (384.33 ± 0.005 mg/g), flavonoids contents (85.8 ± 0.009 mg/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (33,590 ± 0.038 mmol/g), with high activity against S. aureus and S. agalactiae (11 ± 0.3 and 12 ± 0.6 mm inhibition zones). Likewise, the percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) viability was increased in response to MM, IC(50) values (1.781 ± 1.2 and 6.545 ± 0.93 µg/mL) for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. In addition, our results showed that the MM extract is safe even at a high dose of 5,000 mg/kg and has no oral toxicity. These findings suggest the excellent medicinal bioactivity of MM and explain the popularity of this plant in the folk medicine as a remedy for different illnesses.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Fulltext Flavonoid analyses and antimicrobial activity of various parts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruit

Hendra R, Ahmad S, Sukari A, Shukor MY, Oskoueian E

Int J Mol Sci, 2011;12(6):3422-31.
PMID: 21747685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12063422

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl (Thymelaceae) is commonly known as 'Crown of God', 'Mahkota Dewa', and 'Pau'. It originates from Papua Island, Indonesia and it grows in tropical areas. Empirically, it is potent in treating the hypertensive, diabetic, cancer and diuretic patients. It has a long history of ethnopharmacological usage, and the lack of information about its biological activities led us to investigate the possible biological activities by characterisation of flavonoids and antimicrobial activity of various part of P. macrocarpa against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The results showed that kaempferol, myricetin, naringin, and rutin were the major flavonoids present in the pericarp while naringin and quercetin were found in the mesocarp and seed. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of different parts of P. macrocarpa fruit showed a weak ability to moderate antibacterial activity against pathogenic tested bacteria (inhibition range: 0.93-2.17 cm) at concentration of 0.3 mg/disc. The anti fungi activity was only found in seed extract against Aspergillus niger (1.87 cm) at concentration of 0.3 mg/well. From the results obtained, P. macrocarpa fruit could be considered as a natural antimicrobial source due to the presence of flavonoid compounds.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of some new thiazolyl coumarin derivatives

Arshad A, Osman H, Bagley MC, Lam CK, Mohamad S, Zahariluddin AS

Eur J Med Chem, 2011 Sep;46(9):3788-94.
PMID: 21712145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.044

Two novel series of hydrazinyl thiazolyl coumarin derivatives have been synthesized and fully characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectral data. The structures of some compounds were further confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All of these derivatives, 10a-d and 15a-h, were screened in vitro for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria species including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. The compounds 10c, 10d and 15e exhibited very good activities against all of the tested microbial strains.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects
Fulltext Antimicrobial properties of erythromycin and colistin impregnated bone cement. An in vitro analysis

Ruzaimi MY, Shahril Y, Masbah O, Salasawati H

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Feb;61 Suppl A:21-6.
PMID: 17042224

Deep surgical site infection is a devastating consequence of total joint arthroplasty. The use of antibiotic impregnated bone cement is a well-accepted adjunct for treatment of established infection and prevention of deep orthopaedic infection. It allows local delivery of the antibiotic at the cement-bone interface and sustained release of antibiotic provides adequate antibiotic coverage after the wound closure. Preclinical testing, randomised and clinical trials indicate that the use of antibiotic-impregnated bone cement is a potentially effective strategy in reducing the risk of deep surgical site infection following total joint arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to assess antibacterial activity of erythromycin and colistin impregnated bone cement against strains of organisms' representative of orthopaedic infections including Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Enterococcus sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Escherichia coli. Pre-blended Simplex P bone cement with the addition of erythromycin and colistin (Howemedica Inc) was mixed thoroughly with 20ml liquid under sterile conditions to produce uniform cylindrical discs with a diameter of 14mm and thickness of 2mm. 24-48 hour agar cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Enterococcus sp.,Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp.,Pseudomonas sp., and Escherichia coli were used for the agar diffusion tests. The agar plates were streaked for confluent growth followed by application of erythromycin and colistin impregnated bone cement disc to each agar plate. The plates were incubated at 30 degrees C and examined at 24, 48, 72 hours, and four and five days after the preparation of the impregnated cement. The susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to the control discs was most clearly demonstrated showing a distinct zone of inhibition. The zone observed around coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Escherichia coli were also significant. However, there was no zone of inhibition or signs of antibacterial activity at the cemented surface were detected around discs with Enterococcus sp. and Proteus sp. The results showed that Simplex P bone cement with the addition of erythromycin and colistin was effective against most of the broad spectrum organisms encountered during total joint arthroplasty. The activity of Simplex P bone cement impregnated with erythromycin and colistin is mainly during the first 72 hours.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects*
Resistoflavine, cytotoxic compound from a marine actinomycete, Streptomyces chibaensis AUBN1/7

Gorajana A, Venkatesan M, Vinjamuri S, Kurada BV, Peela S, Jangam P, et al.

Microbiol Res, 2007;162(4):322-7.
PMID: 16580188

In our systematic screening programme for marine actinomycetes, a bioactive Streptomycete was isolated from marine sediment samples of Bay of Bengal, India. The taxonomic studies indicated that the isolate belongs to Streptomyces chibaensis and it was designated as S. chibaensis AUBN1/7. The isolate yielded a cytotoxic compound. It was obtained by solvent extraction followed by the chromatographic purification. Based on the spectral data of the pure compound, it was identified as quinone-related antibiotic, resistoflavine (1). It showed a potent cytotoxic activity against cell lines viz. HMO2 (Gastric adenocarcinoma) and HePG2 (Hepatic carcinoma) in vitro and also exhibited weak antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Matched MeSH terms: Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects

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