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Fulltext Therapeutic Properties of Stingless Bee Honey in Comparison with European Bee Honey

Zulkhairi Amin FA, Sabri S, Mohammad SM, Ismail M, Chan KW, Ismail N, et al.

Adv Pharmacol Sci, 2018;2018:6179596.
PMID: 30687402 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6179596

Both honeybees (Apis spp.) and stingless bees (Trigona spp.) produce honeys with high nutritional and therapeutics value. Until recently, the information regarding potential health benefits of stingless bee honey (SBH) in medical databases is still scarce as compared to the common European bee honey (EBH) which is well known for their properties as therapeutic agents. Although there have been very few reports on SBH, empirically these products would have similar therapeutic quality as the EBH. In addition, due to the structure of the nest, few studies reported that the antimicrobial activity of SBH is a little bit stronger than EBH. Therefore, the composition of both the types of honey as well as the traditional uses and clinical applications were compared. The results of various studies on EBH and SBH from tissue culture research to randomised control clinical trials were collated in this review. Interestingly, there are many therapeutic properties that are unique to SBH. Therefore, SBH has a great potential to be developed for modern medicinal uses.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
The wound healing properties of Channa striatus-cetrimide cream-wound contraction and glycosaminoglycan measurement

Baie SH, Sheikh KA

J Ethnopharmacol, 2000 Nov;73(1-2):15-30.
PMID: 11025135

Haruan has been proved to influence the different phases of wound healing process. The current research focuses on the effects of haruan on the different constituents of extracellular matrix of healing wounds in normal and diabetic rats. Anaesthetized normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were provided with excision wounds at the back and then animals were divided into four groups as: group 1, wounds treated with cetrimide+haruan cream; group 2, wounds treated with haruan cream; group 3, wounds treated with cetrimide (commercial) cream; and group 4, wounds untreated and served as control. Animals were sacrificed after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. These wounds were used to determine the hexosamine, protein, uronic acid and glycosaminoglycan contents and the wound contraction. The results suggested a marked increase (P<0.05) in the uronic acid, hexosamine and dermatan sulfate contents on day 3 of group 1 when compared with groups 2-4. Wound contraction of group 1 was also markedly enhanced of group 1 (P<0.01) when compared with groups 2- 4. On the basis of these results, we conclude that haruan enhances the synthesis of different glycosaminoglycans in healing wounds, which are the first component of extracellular matrix to be synthesized during the wound healing process. The enhanced levels of glycosaminoglycans may help in the formation of a resistant scar and enhanced wound contraction represents the positive influence of haruan on the fibroplastic phase of wound healing.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use*
The synergistic effects of cinnamon essential oil and nano TiO2 on antimicrobial and functional properties of sago starch films

Arezoo E, Mohammadreza E, Maryam M, Abdorreza MN

Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Aug 15;157:743-751.
PMID: 31805325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.244

This study describes a sago starch-based film by incorporation of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and nano titanium dioxide (TiO2-N). Different concentrations (i.e., 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%, w/w) of TiO2-N and CEO (i.e., 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%, v/w) were incorporated into sago starch film, and the physicochemical, barrier, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of the bionanocomposite films were estimated. Incorporation of CEO into the sago starch matrix increased oxygen and water vapor permeability of starch films while increasing TiO2-N concentration decreased barrier properties. Moisture content also decreased from 12.96% to 8.04%, solubility in water decreased from 25% to 13.7%, and the mechanical properties of sago starch films improved. Sago starch bionanocomposite films showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Results also showed that incorporation of TiO2-N and CEO had synergistic effects on functional properties of sago starch films. In summary, sago starch films incorporated with both TiO2-N and CEO shows potential application for active packaging in food industries such as fresh pistachio packaging.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry*
The subcellular localisation and the time course of bismuth in the gastric mucosa of rats after short-term administration of colloidal bismuth subcitrate

Ismail NM, Mustapha MS, Megat R

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1997 Nov;26(6):754-7.
PMID: 9522974

The aim of this study was to investigate if colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) can penetrate the gastric mucus barrier to reach the different sites of the antral mucosa and to estimate the time course for CBS to reach and remain in the mucosa. A single dose of CBS was administered orally to rats that were sacrificed at different time intervals post treatment. The control group received gum acacia without CBS. Colloidal bismuth subcitrate, visualised as electron dense precipitate (EDP), was seen in the gastric mucus layer, intercellular spaces and intracellularly after 30 minutes and disappeared after 6 hours. Scant amounts of EDP were observed in the gastric crypts, confined only to the upper parts of these structures. We concluded that CBS can penetrate the mucus and has a wide but uneven distribution in the gastric mucosa. Colloidal bismuth subcitrate, in the concentration given only penetrated the upper two-thirds of gastric pits and not the lower one-third. We also concluded that CBS has to be given 6 hourly to ensure its continuous presence in the gastric mucosa.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacokinetics*
Fulltext The role of reactive oxygen species in the antimicrobial activity of pyochelin

Ong KS, Cheow YL, Lee SM

J Adv Res, 2017 Jul;8(4):393-398.
PMID: 28580180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.05.007

The increase in prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) is currently a serious threat, thus there is a need for new antimicrobial compounds to combat infections caused by these ARB. An antimicrobial-producing bacterium, Burkholderia paludis was recently isolated and was able to produce a type of siderophore with antimicrobial properties, later identified as pyochelin. The chelating ability of pyochelin has been well-characterized but not for its antimicrobial characteristics. It was found that pyochelin had MIC values (MBC values) of 3.13 µg/mL (6.26 µg/mL) and 6.26 µg/mL (25.00 µg/mL) against three Enterococcus strains and four Staphylococcus strains. Pyochelin was able to inhibit E. faecalis ATCC 700802 (a vancomycin-resistant strain) in a time and dose dependent manner via killing kinetics assay. It was demonstrated that pyochelin enhanced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) over time, which subsequently caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production (a marker for lipid peroxidation) and ultimately led to cell death by disrupting the integrity of the bacterial membrane (validated via BacLight assay). This study has revealed the mechanism of action of pyochelin as an antimicrobial agent for the first time and has shown that pyochelin might be able to combat infections caused by E. faecalis in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
Fulltext The role of natural antioxidants in cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity

Abd Rashid N, Abd Halim SAS, Teoh SL, Budin SB, Hussan F, Adib Ridzuan NR, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2021 Dec;144:112328.
PMID: 34653753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112328

Cisplatin is a potent platinum-based anticancer drug approved by the Food Drug Administration (FDA) in 1978. Despite its advantages against solid tumors, cisplatin confers toxicity to various tissues that limit its clinical uses. In cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, few mechanisms have been identified, which started as excess generation of reactive oxygen species that leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis in the liver. Various natural products, plant extracts and oil rich in flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and phenolic acids were able to minimize oxidative stress by restoring the level of antioxidant enzymes and acting as an anti-inflammatory agent. Likewise, treatment with honey and royal jelly was demonstrated to decrease serum transaminases and scavenge free radicals in the liver after cisplatin administration. Medicinal properties of these natural products have a promising potential as a complementary therapy to counteract cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. This review concentrated on the protective role of several natural products, which has been proven in the laboratory findings to combat cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use
The role of artificial intelligence in the battle against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria

Lau HJ, Lim CH, Foo SC, Tan HS

Curr Genet, 2021 Jun;67(3):421-429.
PMID: 33585980 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01156-5

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a global health crisis due to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the lengthy development of new antimicrobials. In light of this, artificial intelligence in the form of machine learning has been viewed as a potential counter to delay the spread of AMR. With the aid of AI, there are possibilities to predict and identify AMR in bacteria efficiently. Furthermore, a combination of machine learning algorithms and lab testing can help to accelerate the process of discovering new antimicrobials. To date, many machine learning algorithms for antimicrobial-resistance discovery had been created and vigorously validated. Most of these algorithms produced accurate results and outperformed the traditional methods which relied on sequence comparison within a database. This mini-review will provide an updated overview of antimicrobial design workflow using the latest machine-learning antimicrobial discovery algorithms in the last 5 years. With this review, we hope to improve upon the current AMR identification and antimicrobial development techniques by introducing the use of AI into the mix, including how the algorithms could be made more effective.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use*
The potential of dendrimer in delivery of therapeutics for dentistry

Bapat RA, Dharmadhikari S, Chaubal TV, Amin MCIM, Bapat P, Gorain B, et al.

Heliyon, 2019 Oct;5(10):e02544.
PMID: 31687479 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02544

Dendrimers are hyperbranched nanoparticle structures along with its surface modifications can to be used in dental biomaterials for biomimetic remineralisation of enamel and dentin. The review highlights the therapeutic applications of dendrimers in the field of dentistry. It addresses the possible mechanisms of enhancement of mechanical properties of adhesives and resins structure. Dendrimers due to its unique construction of possessing inner hydrophobic and outer hydrophilic structure can act as drug carrier for delivery of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of periodontal diseases and at peripheral dental implant areas. Dendrimers due to its hyperbranched structures can provides a unique drug delivery vehicle for delivery of a drug at specific site for sustained release for therapeutic effects. Thus, dendrimers can be one of the most important constituents which can be incorporated in dental biomaterials for better outcomes in dentistry.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
The phytochemical content and antimicrobial activities of Malaysian Calophyllum canum (stem bark)

Alkhamaiseh SI, Taher M, Ahmad F, Qaralleh H, Althunibat OY, Susanti D, et al.

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2012 Jul;25(3):555-63.
PMID: 22713941

Recently there was huge increase in using of 'herbal products'. These can be defined as plants, parts of plants or extracts from plants that are used for curing disease. However, Calophyllum species is a tropical plant and it has been used in traditional medicine, the limitation in safety and effectiveness information could lead to serious health problems. Providing information for communities by evaluating the phytochemical contents, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities will improve the therapeutic values. Three main Calophyllum canum fractions (none - high polar) were tested to find out the phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol content, DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and chelating iron ions. Also were tested against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Psedomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, cytotoxic activity was assayed against lung cancer A549 cell line. The methanol fraction showed no bioactivity but achieved the highest amount of phenolic, flavonol and flavonoid contents, also it showed a significant result as antioxidant, reducing power and chelating agent. The n-hexane fraction achieved the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 12.5 μg. mL(-1) against B. cereus while the MIC value for DCM fraction was 25 μg. mL(-1). The DCM fraction was more active against S. aureus where the result was 50 μg. mL(-1) while the n-hexane fraction was 100 μg. mL(-1). The three main fractions have shown no activity against gram negative bacterial and fungal. The n-hexane and DCM fractions have shown cytotoxicity against lung cancer cell line; the 50% inhibition concentration (IC(50)) was 22 ± 2.64 and 32 ± 3.78 μg. mL(-1) respectively. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Among the results, C. canum fractions proved to be effective against gram positive bacterial and anti-proliferation activity. Also it showed antioxidant activity as well. The results provided beneficial information for communities as well as can help to search for alternative drugs, and will contribute to establish safe and effective use of phytomedicines in the treatment of diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*
Fulltext The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections

Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, Hardcastle T, Abu-Zidan FM, Adesunkanmi AK, et al.

World J Emerg Surg, 2017;12:29.
PMID: 28702076 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0141-6

Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in the emergency departments worldwide. The cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs are early recognition, adequate source control, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prompt resuscitation of patients with ongoing sepsis is of utmost important. In hospitals worldwide, non-acceptance of, or lack of access to, accessible evidence-based practices and guidelines result in overall poorer outcome of patients suffering IAIs. The aim of this paper is to promote global standards of care in IAIs and update the 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
Fulltext The inhibitory effect of lemon juice (citrus limon) on vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oyster (crassostrea virginica)

Siti Farah Alwani Mohd Nawi, Zaini Mohd Zain, Muhammad Zarif Zahari, Anis Amalina Abdul Hamid, Nur Fakhriah Ahmad Afandi, Siti Nur Fathihah Azmi

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2017;2:31-33.

Serving raw oysters with lemon juice is a delicacy in many restaurants in
Malaysia. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) live in the seacoast and they share the same
environment as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Consumption of raw oysters contaminated with V.
parahaemolyticus can lead to severe gastroenteritis. A study was performed to determine
whether lemon (Citrus limon) juice is able to inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus after
being inoculated in raw oysters. Methods: Frozen oysters bought from a local supplier
weighing 6 g each were minced and placed in two bottles using sterile technique.
Approximately 1 ml of 107 CFU of V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC strain 17802) was added and
mixed in both bottles. The mixture was treated with 1 ml of lemon juice in only one of the
bottles and the other bottle served as a control. At every 30 s intervals for 2 min, 1 g of the
sample was taken for enumeration of viable cells onto thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose
(TCBS). Results: After 30 s of treatment with the lemon juice, it was observed that the
number of colonies in the treated samples reduced from 7 Log to 3 Log. Subsequently, no
viable V. parahaemolyticus was seen. It was also observed that there were 3 Log reductions
of V. parahaemolyticus after 30 s in untreated samples, however the number of colonies
remained stable until the end of the experiment. Conclusion: This study therefore shows
that lemon juice has some antimicrobial effect on V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
Fulltext The inhibitory effect of lemon juice (citrus limon) on vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oyster (crassostrea virginica)

Siti Farah Alwani Mohd Nawi, Zaini Mohd Zain, Muhammad Zarif Zahari, Anis Amalina Abdul Hamid, Nur Fakhriah Ahmad Afandi, Siti Nur Fathihah Azmi

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2017;2(2):31-33.
MyJurnal

Serving raw oysters with lemon juice is a delicacy in many restaurants in
Malaysia. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) live in the seacoast and they share the same
environment as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Consumption of raw oysters contaminated with V.
parahaemolyticus can lead to severe gastroenteritis. A study was performed to determine
whether lemon (Citrus limon) juice is able to inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus after
being inoculated in raw oysters. Methods: Frozen oysters bought from a local supplier
weighing 6 g each were minced and placed in two bottles using sterile technique.
Approximately 1 ml of 107 CFU of V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC strain 17802) was added and
mixed in both bottles. The mixture was treated with 1 ml of lemon juice in only one of the
bottles and the other bottle served as a control. At every 30 s intervals for 2 min, 1 g of the
sample was taken for enumeration of viable cells onto thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose
(TCBS). Results: After 30 s of treatment with the lemon juice, it was observed that the
number of colonies in the treated samples reduced from 7 Log to 3 Log. Subsequently, no
viable V. parahaemolyticus was seen. It was also observed that there were 3 Log reductions
of V. parahaemolyticus after 30 s in untreated samples, however the number of colonies
remained stable until the end of the experiment. Conclusion: This study therefore shows
that lemon juice has some antimicrobial effect on V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
The in vitro efficacy of antimicrobial agents against the pathogenic free-living amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris

Ahmad AF, Heaselgrave W, Andrew PW, Kilvington S

J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 2013 Sep-Oct;60(5):539-43.
PMID: 23869955 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12062

The free-living amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris causes usually fatal encephalitis in humans and animals. Only limited studies have investigated the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against the organism. Assay methods were developed to assess antimicrobial efficacy against both the trophozoite and cyst stage of B. mandrillaris (ATCC 50209). Amphotericin B, ciclopirox olamine, miltefosine, natamycin, paromomycin, pentamidine isethionate, protriptyline, spiramycin, sulconazole and telithromycin had limited activity with amoebacidal levels of > 135-500 μM. However, diminazene aceturate (Berenil(®) ) was amoebacidal at 7.8 μM and 31.3-61.5 μM for trophozoites and cysts, respectively. Assays for antimicrobial testing may improve the prognosis for infection and aid in the development of primary selective culture isolation media.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*
Fulltext The efficacy of Morinda citrifolia leaves extracts in diabetic wound treatment

Xin Ying Chong, Syafiiqa Parlan, Tiu Ling Yii, Dayang Nurafiqah Awang Lokman, Clementine Jrillus, Nur Syamira Zainal Abidin, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(105):12-0.
MyJurnal

Introduction: An economical and alternative diabetic wound care product is needed to address the escalating cost of diabetic wound ulcer treatment in Indonesia. Morindac itrifolia or commonly called noni, is a medicinal plant, dietary supplement, and traditional wound care product. This leaves extract contains antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulant, and antimicrobial properties. Trigona honey which is currently used to treat the diabetic wound at Kitamura Wound Specialist Clinic, Pontianak, Indonesia is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-proliferative properties. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Morinda citrifolia leaves extract and Trigona honey in diabetic wound healing. Methods: A quasi-experimental study (a randomized control trial design) was conductedin the clinicon two subjects with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Trigona honey and Morinda citrifolia leaves extract packing was done to the ulcer of controlled subject and treatment subject respectively as a primary dressing. DFU assessment was done every 2 days using the MUNGS assessment tool and a wound closure rate for- mula. Wound C&S was analysed using a bacterial count machine. Results: Morinda citrifolia leaves extract was able to promote wound contraction, improved MUNGS score (from 9 to 8), reduced bacteria count significantly (from
8.51 x 105 to 1.00 x 105), reduced the percentage of slough by 70% and increased granulating tissue by 60% after the first application. Whereas, Trigona honey extract showed no wound contraction but improved MUNGS score (from 11 to 7). However, bacteria count was maintained at the lowest level (1.00 x 105), reduce the percentage of slough by 10%, and only increased granulating tissues by 10% after the first application. Conclusion: Both products were able to promote diabetic wound healing but the Morinda citrifolia leaves extract was found to be more effective, thus concludes the potential use of Morinda citrifolia leaves extract in treating DFU.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
The effects of honey compared to silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of burns: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Aziz Z, Abdul Rasool Hassan B

Burns, 2017 Feb;43(1):50-57.
PMID: 27576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.07.004

Evidence from animal studies and trials suggests that honey may accelerate wound healing. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of honey compared with silver dressings on the healing of burn wounds. Relevant databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of honey compared with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) were searched. The quality of the selected trials was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. The primary endpoints considered were wound healing time and the number of infected wounds rendered sterile. Nine RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Based on moderate quality evidence there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups, favoring honey in healing time (MD -5.76days, 95% CI -8.14 to -3.39) and the proportions of infected wounds rendered sterile (RR 2.59; 95% CI 1.58-2.88). The available evidence suggests that honey dressings promote better wound healing than silver sulfadiazine for burns.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use*
Fulltext The effectiveness of various gargle formulations and salt water against SARS-CoV-2

Tiong V, Hassandarvish P, Bakar SA, Mohamed NA, Wan Sulaiman WS, Baharom N, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 10 15;11(1):20502.
PMID: 34654867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99866-w

The COVID-19 is difficult to contain due to its high transmissibility rate and a long incubation period of 5 to 14 days. Moreover, more than half of the infected patients were young and asymptomatic. Virus transmission through asymptomatic patients is a major challenge to disease containment. Due to limited treatment options, preventive measures play major role in controlling the disease spread. Gargling with antiseptic formulation may have potential role in eliminating the virus in the throat. Four commercially available mouthwash/gargle formulations were tested for virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both clean (0.3 g/l BSA) and dirty (0.3 g/l BSA + 3 mL/L human erythrocytes) conditions at time points 30 and 60 s. The virus was isolated and propagated in Vero E6 cells. The cytotoxicity of the products to the Vero E6 was evaluated by kill time assay based on the European Standard EN14476:2013/FprA1:2015 protocol. Virus titres were calculated as 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50/mL) using the Spearman-Karber method. A reduction in virus titer of 4 log10 corresponds to an inactivation of ≥ 99.99%. Formulations with cetylperidinium chloride, chlorhexidine and hexitidine achieved > 4 log10 reduction in viral titres when exposed within 30 s under both clean and dirty conditions. Thymol formulations achieved only 0.5 log10 reduction in viral titres. In addition, salt water was not proven effective. Gargle formulations with cetylperidinium chloride, chlorhexidine and hexetidine have great potential in reducing SAR-CoV-2 at the source of entry into the body, thus minimizing risk of transmission of COVID-19.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Local
The effect of selected plant extracts on the development of single-species dental biofilms

Abdul Rahim ZH, Shaikh S, Hasnor Wan Ismail WN, Wan Harun WH, Razak FA

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2014 Nov;24(11):796-801.
PMID: 25404435 DOI: 11.2014/JCPSP.796801

To determine the effect of a mixture of plant extracts on the adherence and retention of bacteria in dental biofilm.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*
The effect of chlorhexidine in reducing oral colonisation in geriatric patients: a randomised controlled trial

Sharif-Abdullah SS, Chong MC, Surindar-Kaur SS, Kamaruzzaman SB, Ng KH

Singapore Med J, 2016 May;57(5):262-6.
PMID: 27211885 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2016091

INTRODUCTION: Inadequate oral care has been implicated in the development of aspiration pneumonia in frail geriatric patients and is a major cause of mortality, due to the colonisation of microbes in vulnerable patients. This type of pneumonia has been associated with an increase in respiratory pathogens in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chlorhexidine compared to routine oral care in edentulous geriatric inpatients.
METHODS: A double-blind, parallel-group randomised controlled trial was carried out. The intervention group received oral care with chlorhexidine 0.2%, while the control group received routine oral care with thymol. Nurses provided oral care with assigned solutions of 20 mL once daily over seven days. Oral cavity assessment using the Brief Oral Health Status Examination form was performed before each oral care procedure. Data on medication received and the subsequent development of aspiration pneumonia was recorded. An oral swab was performed on Day 7 to obtain specimens to test for colonisation.
RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 35 (control) and 43 (intervention) patients. Chlorhexidine was effective in reducing oral colonisation compared to routine oral care with thymol (p < 0.001). The risk of oral bacterial colonisation was nearly three times higher in the thymol group compared to the chlorhexidine group.
CONCLUSION: The use of chlorhexidine 0.2% significantly reduced oral colonisation and is recommended as an easier and more cost-effective alternative for oral hygiene.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use
The control of fungi and mycotoxins by food active packaging: a review

Jafarzadeh S, Hadidi M, Forough M, Nafchi AM, Mousavi Khaneghah A

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2023;63(23):6393-6411.
PMID: 35089844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2031099

Conventionally used petrochemical-based plastics are poorly degradable and cause severe environmental pollution. Alternatively, biopolymers (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and their blends) are biodegradable and environment-friendly, and thus their use in packaging technologies has been on the rise. Spoilage of food by mycotoxigenic fungi poses a severe threat to human and animal health. Hence, because of the adverse effects of synthetic preservatives, active packaging as an effective technique for controlling and decontaminating fungi and related mycotoxins has attracted considerable interest. The current review aims to provide an overview of the prevention of fungi and mycotoxins through active packaging. The impact of different additives on the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic functionality of packaging incorporating active films/coatings is also investigated. In addition, active packaging applications to control and decontaminate common fungi and mycotoxins in bakery products, cereal grains, fruits, nuts, and dairy products are also introduced. The results of recent studies have confirmed that biopolymer films and coatings incorporating antimicrobial agents provide great potential for controlling common fungi and mycotoxins and enhancing food quality and safety.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents*
The biological activities of the spiderworts (Tradescantia)

Tan JBL, Kwan YM

Food Chem, 2020 Jul 01;317:126411.
PMID: 32087517 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126411

Widely used throughout the world as traditional medicine for treating a variety of diseases ranging from cancer to microbial infections, members of the Tradescantia genus show promise as sources of desirable bioactive compounds. The bioactivity of several noteworthy species has been well-documented in scientific literature, but with nearly seventy-five species, there remains much to explore in this genus. This review aims to discuss all the bioactivity-related studies of Tradescantia plants and the compounds discovered, including their anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. Gaps in knowledge will also be identified for future research opportunities.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry

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