Displaying publications 561 - 580 of 2185 in total

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  1. Fulltext Breakdown of coevolution between symbiotic bacteria Wolbachia and their filarial hosts
    Lefoulon E, Bain O, Makepeace BL, d'Haese C, Uni S, Martin C, et al.
    PeerJ, 2016;4:e1840.
    PMID: 27069790 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1840
    Wolbachia is an alpha-proteobacterial symbiont widely distributed in arthropods. Since the identification of Wolbachia in certain animal-parasitic nematodes (the Onchocercidae or filariae), the relationship between arthropod and nematode Wolbachia has attracted great interest. The obligate symbiosis in filariae, which renders infected species susceptible to antibiotic chemotherapy, was held to be distinct from the Wolbachia-arthropod relationship, typified by reproductive parasitism. While co-evolutionary signatures in Wolbachia-arthropod symbioses are generally weak, reflecting horizontal transmission events, strict co-evolution between filariae and Wolbachia has been reported previously. However, the absence of close outgroups for phylogenetic studies prevented the determination of which host group originally acquired Wolbachia. Here, we present the largest co-phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia in filariae performed to date including: (i) a screening and an updated phylogeny of Wolbachia; (ii) a co-phylogenetic analysis; and (iii) a hypothesis on the acquisition of Wolbachia infection. First, our results show a general overestimation of Wolbachia occurrence and support the hypothesis of an ancestral absence of infection in the nematode phylum. The accuracy of supergroup J is also underlined. Second, although a global pattern of coevolution remains, the signal is derived predominantly from filarial clades associated with Wolbachia in supergroups C and J. In other filarial clades, harbouring Wolbachia supergroups D and F, horizontal acquisitions and secondary losses are common. Finally, our results suggest that supergroup C is the basal Wolbachia clade within the Ecdysozoa. This hypothesis on the origin of Wolbachia would change drastically our understanding of Wolbachia evolution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  2. Fulltext Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Activity of Giganteone A from Myristica cinnamomea King against Escherichia coli Biosensors
    Sivasothy Y, Krishnan T, Chan KG, Abdul Wahab SM, Othman MA, Litaudon M, et al.
    Molecules, 2016 Mar 21;21(3):391.
    PMID: 27102164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030391
    Malabaricones A-C (1-3) and giganteone A (4) were isolated from the bark of Myristica cinnamomea King. Their structures were elucidated and characterized by means of NMR and MS spectral analyses. These isolates were evaluated for their anti-quorum sensing activity using quorum sensing biosensors, namely Escherichia coli [pSB401] and Escherichia coli [pSB1075], whereby the potential of giganteone A (4) as a suitable anti-quorum sensing agent was demonstrated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
  3. Fulltext In vitro properties of designed antimicrobial peptides that exhibit potent antipneumococcal activity and produces synergism in combination with penicillin
    Le CF, Yusof MY, Hassan H, Sekaran SD
    Sci Rep, 2015;5:9761.
    PMID: 25985150 DOI: 10.1038/srep09761
    Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising class of novel antimicrobial agents owing to their potent antimicrobial activity. In this study, two lead peptides from unrelated classes of AMPs were systematically hybridized into a series of five hybrid peptides (DM1-DM5) with conserved N- and C-termini. This approach allows sequence bridging of two highly dissimilar AMPs and enables sequence-activity relationship be detailed down to single amino acid level. Presence of specific amino acids and physicochemical properties were used to describe the antipneumococcal activity of these hybrids. Results obtained suggested that cell wall and/or membrane targeting could be the principal mechanism exerted by the hybrids leading to microbial cell killing. Moreover, the pneumocidal rate was greater than penicillin (PEN). Combination treatment with both DMs and PEN produced synergism. The hybrids were also broad spectrum against multiple common clinical bacteria. Sequence analysis showed that presence of specific residues has a major role in affecting the antimicrobial and cell toxicity of the hybrids than physicochemical properties. Future studies should continue to investigate the mechanisms of actions, in vivo therapeutic potential, and improve rational peptide design based on the current strategy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  4. Fulltext Sumac silver novel biodegradable nano composite for bio-medical application: antibacterial activity
    Ghorbani P, Soltani M, Homayouni-Tabrizi M, Namvar F, Azizi S, Mohammad R, et al.
    Molecules, 2015;20(7):12946-58.
    PMID: 26193248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712946
    The development of reliable and ecofriendly approaches for the production of nanomaterials is a significant aspect of nanotechnology nowadays. One of the most important methods, which shows enormous potential, is based on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract. In this paper, we aimed to develop a rapid, environmentally friendly process for the synthesis silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of sumac. The bioactive compounds of sumac extract seem to play a role in the synthesis and capping of silver nanoparticles. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR, XRD, FESEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The formation of Ag-NP was immediate within 10 min and confirmed with an absorbance band centered at 438 nm. The mean particle size for the green synthesized silver nanoparticles is 19.81 ± 3.67 nm and is fairly stable with a zeta potential value of -32.9 mV. The bio-formed Ag-NPs were effective against E. coli with a maximum inhibition zone of 14.3 ± 0.32 mm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry*
  5. A new chalcone structure of (E)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(napthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one: Synthesis, structural characterizations, quantum chemical investigations and biological evaluations
    Thanigaimani K, Arshad S, Khalib NC, Razak IA, Arunagiri C, Subashini A, et al.
    Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2015 Oct 5;149:90-102.
    PMID: 25942090 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.028
    The structure of (E)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(napthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (C19H13BrO) crystallized in the triclinic system of P-1 space group. The unit cell dimensions are: a=5.8944 (9)Å, b=7.8190 (12)Å, c=16.320 (2)Å, α=102.4364 (19)°, β=95.943 (2)°, γ=96.274 (2)° and Z=2. The physical properties of this compound was determined by the spectroscopic methods (FTIR and (1)H and (13)C NMR). Quantum chemical investigations have been employed to investigate the structural and spectral properties. The molecular structure, vibrational assignments, (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shift values, non-linear optical (NLO) effect, HOMO-LUMO analysis and natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis were calculated using HF and DFT/B3LYP methods with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set in the ground state. The results show that the theoretical calculation of the geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies and chemical shifts are comparable with the experimental data. The crystal structure is influenced and stabilized by weak C-H⋯π interactions connecting the molecules into infinite supramolecular one dimensional ladder-like arrangement. Additionally, this compound is evaluated for their antibacterial activities against gram positive and gram negative strains using a micro dilution procedure and shows activities against a panel of microorganisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  6. S-methyldithiocarbazate and its Schiff bases: evaluation of bondings and biological properties
    Tarafder MT, Kasbollah A, Saravanan N, Crouse KA, Ali AM, Tin Oo K
    J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Biophys., 2002 Apr;6(2):85-91.
    PMID: 12186762
    Eight selective nitrogen-sulfur donor ligands have been synthesized from the condensation of S-methyldithiocarbazate (SMDTC) with aldehydes and ketones with a view to evaluating their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and also to correlate the biological properties with the structure of the ligands. The compounds were all characterized by elemental analyses and other physicochemical techniques. SMDTC and the Schiff bases were screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. SMDTC showed very large inhibition zones (24-44 mm) against bacteria and fungi with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 390-25,000 and 1562-6250 microg ml(-1), against different bacteria and fungi, respectively. Streptomycin and nystatin were used as the internal standards against bacteria and fungi, respectively. SMDTC along with its Schiff bases with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, acetylacetone and 2,3-butanedione were strongly antifungal and the MIC values were comparable to nystatin. Most of the Schiff bases were strongly cytotoxic. In particular, those with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde and 2,3-butanedione have CD(50) values of 5.5, 1.9-2.0 microg ml(-1), respectively, against leukemic cells, while against colon cancer cells, the values were 3.7 and 2.0 microg ml(-1), respectively. The glyoxal Schiff base was strongly active only against leukemic cell with CD(50) value of 4.0 microg ml(-1). The present findings have been compared with standard drugs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
  7. Antibiotic resistance and R plasmids in coliforms isolated from some Malaysian cooked foods
    Khor SY, Lim YS, Jegathesan M
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1982 Jun;13(2):270-4.
    PMID: 7147009
    Forty samples of Malaysian cooked foods were examined for the presence of antibiotic-resistant coliforms and R plasmids. Twenty seven (68%) of the foods had antibiotic-resistant coliforms and 5 (13%) had R plasmids. Nineteen samples (48%) had total bacterial counts over 10(6) per gm and in 5 samples, no coliforms were detected. Our findings show that cooked food may be one possible way by which R plasmids are spread. The control of the spread of R plasmids is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  8. Fulltext Aspergillus sydowii strain SCAU066 and aspergillus versicolor isolate BAB-6580: potential source of xylanolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes
    Nur Syahira Mohammad, Zaidah Zainal Ariffin
    Science Letters, 2020;14(2):15-23.
    MyJurnal
    Fungi is known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. Enzymes produced by fungi are utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their rich enzymatic profile. Filamentous fungi are particularly interesting due to their high production of extracellular enzymes which has a large industrial potential. The aim of this study is to isolate potential soil fungi species that are able to produce functional enzymes for industries. Five Aspergillus species were successfully isolated from antibiotic overexposed soil (GPS coordinate of N3.093219 E101.40269) by standard microbiological method. The isolated fungi were identified via morphological observations and molecular tools; polymerase chain reactions, ITS 1 (5’- TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G3’) forward primer and ITS 4 (5’-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3’) reverse primer. The isolated fungi were identified as Aspergillus sydowii strain SCAU066, Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7, Aspergillus candidus strain KUFA 0062, Aspergillus versicolor isolate BAB-6580, and Aspergillus protuberus strain KAS 6024. Supernatant obtained via submerged fermentation of the isolated fungi in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and extracted via centrifugation was loaded onto specific media to screen for the production of xylanolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes. The present findings indicate that Aspergillus sydowii strain SCAU066 and Aspergillus versicolor isolate BAB-6580 have great potential as an alternative source of xylanolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  9. Fulltext Anti-biofilm potential and mode of action of Malaysian plant species: a review
    Nur Anisah Johari, Siti Sarah Diyana Amran, Alya Nur Athirah Kamaruzzaman, Che Amira Izzati Che Man, Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya
    Science Letters, 2020;14(2):34-46.
    MyJurnal
    Biofilm is a microbial community that attaches to a surface and is enclosed in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Formation of biofilm often develops resistance towards a wide spectrum of antimicrobial agents. Since the biofilm-mediated diseases are commonly difficult to treat, there is need to find new anti-biofilm agent. The studies on anti-biofilm activities of plant species have received a great deal of attention over the last few decades. In Malaysia, plant species have been used as alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial therapy. Several Malaysian plant species are known to control biofilm infection by inhibition of quorum sensing pathway, disruption of EPS matrix, alteration of cell permeability and reduction in cell surface hydrophobicity. This review demonstrates that Malaysian plant species may become excellent therapeutic agents in combating the biofilm infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  10. Fulltext Inactivating pathogenic bacteria in greywater by biosynthesized Cu/Zn nanoparticles from secondary metabolite of Aspergillus iizukae; optimization, mechanism and techno economic analysis
    Noman E, Al-Gheethi A, Talip BA, Mohamed R, Kassim AH
    PLoS One, 2019;14(9):e0221522.
    PMID: 31513594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221522
    The inactivation of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) seeded in greywater by bimetallic bio-nanoparticles was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu/Zn NPs) were synthesized in secondary metabolite of a novel fungal strain identified as Aspergillus iizukae EAN605 grown in pumpkin medium. Cu/Zn NPs were very effective for inhibiting growth of E. coli and S. aureus. The maximum inactivation was optimized with 0.028 mg mL-1 of Cu/Zn NPs, at pH 6 and after 60 min, at which the reduction of E. coli and S. aureus was 5.6 vs. 5.3 and 5.2 vs. 5.4 log reduction for actual and predicted values, respectively. The inactivation mechanism was described based on the analysis of untreated and treated bacterial cells by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed a damage in the cell wall structure due to the effect of Cu/Zn NPs. Moreover, the Raman Spectroscopy showed that the Cu/Zn NPs led to degradation of carbohydrates and amino structures on the bacteria cell wall. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the destruction take place in the C-C bond of the functional groups available in the bacterial cell wall. The techno economic analysis revealed that the biosynthesis Cu/Zn NPs is economically feasible. These findings demonstrated that Cu/Zn NPs can effectively inhibit pathogenic bacteria in the greywater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
  11. Fulltext A Case of a Large Sub-retinal Abscess Secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae Endophthalmitis in a Pyelonephritis Patient
    Mohd-Ilham I, Zulkifli M, Yaakub M, Muda R, Shatriah I
    Cureus, 2019 May 14;11(5):e4656.
    PMID: 31316877 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4656
    Endogenous endophthalmitis is an ocular emergency, with severe sight-threatening complications. We report a case of unilateral endogenous Klebsiella pneumonia endophthalmitis with a large sub-retinal abscess in a 39-year-old lady that developed four days after presentation with sepsis secondary to urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis. Despite immediate treatment with intravenous (IV) and intravitreal antibiotics, her eye condition deteriorated. A pars plana vitrectomy was performed, and the sub-retinal abscess was removed, followed by silicone oil tamponade. Subsequently, she regained her vision to 6/36 with complete regression of the intraocular inflammation and sub-retinal abscess.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  12. Assessment of antiviral and antibiotic combination treatment in influenza-A H1N1 induced acute kidney injury among hospitalized patients
    Ishaqui AA, Khan AH, Syed Sulaiman SA, Alsultan MT, Khan I, Al Nami H
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2019 May;32(3 (Supplementary)):1225-1233.
    PMID: 31326884
    The aim of the study is to assess and compare the impact of antiviral drug alone and in combination with antibiotic for prevention of Influenza-A H1N1 induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients. Hospitalized admitted patients with confirmed diagnosis of Influenza-A H1N1 infection were divided into two groups: group 1, which received antiviral (oseltamivir) drug alone and group 2, which received antiviral (oseltamivir) in combination with empirically prescribed antibiotic. Patients of both groups were assessed for incidences of AKI by two criteria i.e Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) and RIFLE. A total of 329 patients (176 for group 1 and 153 for group 2) were enrolled. According to RIFLE criteria, 23(13%) of group 1 and 9(6%) patients of groups 2 were suffered from AKI with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Also as per AKIN criteria, the incidence of AKI is statistically significantly difference (P<0.05) between both groups with 18(10%) patients and 6(4%) patients of group 1 and 2 respectively. Length of hospitalization was statistically less (P<0.05) in group 2 patients. The incidences of AKI in Influenza-A H1N1 treated with antiviral and antibiotic combination was statistically less as compared to patients who were given antiviral alone for treatment of influenza infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  13. Fulltext Detection of secreted antimicrobial peptides isolated from cell-free culture supernatant of Paenibacillus alvei AN5
    Alkotaini B, Anuar N, Kadhum AA, Sani AA
    J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2013 Jun;40(6):571-9.
    PMID: 23508455 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1259-5
    An antimicrobial substance produced by the Paenibacillus alvei strain AN5 was detected in fermentation broth. Subsequently, cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) was obtained by medium centrifugation and filtration, and its antimicrobial activity was tested. This showed a broad inhibitory spectrum against both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains. The CFCS was then purified and subjected to SDS-PAGE and infrared spectroscopy, which indicated the proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial compound. Some de novo sequencing using an automatic Q-TOF premier system determined the amino acid sequence of the purified antimicrobial peptide as Y-S-K-S-L-P-L-S-V-L-N-P (1,316 Da). The novel peptide was designated as peptide AN5-1. Its mode of action was bactericidal, inducing cell lysis in E. coli ATCC 29522 and S. aureus, and non-cell lysis in both S. marcescens and B. cereus ATCC 14579. Peptide AN5-1 displayed stability at a wide range of pH values (2-12) and remained active after exposure to high temperatures (100 °C). It also maintained its antimicrobial activity after incubation with chemicals such as SDS, urea and EDTA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
  14. Design, synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel glycosylated-fluoroquinolones derivatives
    Mohammed AAM, Suaifan GARY, Shehadeh MB, Okechukwu PN
    Eur J Med Chem, 2020 Sep 15;202:112513.
    PMID: 32623216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112513
    Herein we report the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of structurally modified ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and moxifloxacin standard drugs, featuring amide functional groups at C-3 of the fluoroquinolone scaffold. In vitro antimicrobial testing against various Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi revealed potential antibacterial and antifungal activity. Hybrid compounds 9 (MIC 0.2668 ± 0.0001 mM), 10 (MIC 0.1358 ± 00025 mM) and 13 (MIC 0.0898 ± 0.0014 mM) had potential antimicrobial activity against a fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolate, compared to ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.5098 ± 0.0024 mM) and norfloxacin (MIC 0.2937 ± 0.0021 mM) standard drugs. Interestingly, compound 10 also exerted potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MIC 0.0056 ± 0.0014 mM) and Penicillium chrysogenum (MIC 0.0453 ± 0.0156 mM). Novel derivatives and standard fluoroquinolone drugs exhibited near-identical cytotoxicity levels against L6 muscle cell-line, when measured using the MTT assay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
  15. Fulltext Cellulitis from terrestrial leech bite in a 2-month-old baby
    Fahisham Taib, Suhailah Badruddin, Mohd Anas Che Nik, Ariffin Nasir, Ramiza Ramza Ramli
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2018;24(2):1-3.
    MyJurnal
    Cellulitis in human following leech bite is rae, many of the case reports were associated with the use of medical leech. We report the first documented case of cellulitis following the bite of land leech (Haemodipsa species), known locally as 'pacat', in a 2 month-old-baby. The baby developed fever but subsided following an antibiotic cover. The baby had uneventful stay in the hospital and the cellulitis was successfully treated following a week cource of Cloxacillin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  16. Fulltext Effects of phenylpyruvate feeding with polymyxin B in Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Wong, A. S-L., Nusaibah Abdul Rahim
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):5-5.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Polymyxin B (PMB) is one of the remaining antibiotics that is effective against multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. However, PMB monotherapy is not able to achieve sustained killing hence, combination with other antibiotics are usually employed. Besides antibiotics, studies are now moving towards non-antibiotic alternatives such as metabolite feeding against MDR pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the susceptibility
    and bacterial killing of PMB in combination with metabolite phenylpyruvate against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Methods: Broth microdilution was used to determine PMB minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) alone and with phenylpyruvate against two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Time kill studies were performed over 24 h (initial inoculum: ~106 CFU/mL), using PMB 2 mg/L and phenylpyruvate 2 mmol/L, alone and in combination, against the
    PMB-resistant isolate. Microbiological responses were examined using the log-change method. Results: The MIC of PMB was reduced by phenylpyruvate in both isolates. In the time kill studies, during the first hour, PMB monotherapy demonstrated the highest bacterial killing activity even compared to the combination. Phenylpyruvate monotherapy showed negligible activity against K. pneumoniae. A significant reduction in bacterial burden was seen at 1 h following PMB monotherapy and combination therapy but an equally rapid regrowth was seen at 4 h. Notably at 24 h, the regrowth following combination therapy was >1-log10 CFU/mL less than PMB monotherapy. Conclusion: Our results suggest that phenylpyruvate increased PMB susceptibility in K. pneumoniae and may minimise the emergence of resistance to PMB. Future studies investigating phenylpyruvate at higher concentrations against more isolates are
    warranted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  17. Fulltext Dispensing of antibiotics in community pharmacy in Iraq: a qualitative study
    Alkadhimi A, Dawood OT, Hassali MA
    Pharm Pract (Granada), 2020 12 12;18(4):2095.
    PMID: 33343772 DOI: 10.18549/PharmPract.2020.4.2095
    Objective: This study aimed to understand the dispensing practice of antibiotics in community pharmacy in Iraq, in addition to explore the community pharmacists' perception about dispensing antibiotics without prescription.

    Methods: A qualitative design was conducted on community pharmacists in Baghdad, Iraq. Pharmacists were selected conveniently from different gender, age group, pharmacy type and years of experience. Face-to-face semi-structure interview was used with all the pharmacists to get in-depth understanding about their dispensing practice of antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacy. The data was coded and classified for thematic analysis.

    Results: This study found that dispensing of antibiotics without prescription was a common practice in community pharmacy. Pharmacists' perception towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription was associated with the medical condition, safety and efficacy of antibiotics, patients request antibiotics by name, emergency cases, regular customer, promotions from pharmaceutical companies, saving time and cost, brand medications, and poor healthcare services. In addition, there were inadequate knowledge about antibiotic resistance and lack of awareness about antibiotic stewardship leading to inappropriate dispensing practice.

    Conclusions: Community pharmacists have poor perception towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription. Educational interventions about antibiotics use focusing on community pharmacists are needed. This will help to optimize the practice of dispensing of antibiotics in the community. In addition, training programs about antibiotic resistance are important to enhance pharmacists' understanding about antibiotic stewardship.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  18. Fulltext Shape-dependent antibacterial activity against escherichia coli of zinc oxide nanoparticles
    Nor Hazliana Harun, Mydin, Rabiatul Basria S.M.N., Sreekantan, Srimala, Khairul Arifah Saharudin, Norfatehah Basiron, Fakrul Radhi, et al.
    Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2018;3(2):35-38.
    MyJurnal
    Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) has become as promising candidate for antibacterial agents against Escherichia coli (E.coli), commensal hospital- acquired infections (HAIs). This study investigates the antibacterial action of ZnO NPs in three difference shapes; nanorod, nanoflakes and nanospheres against E.coli ATCC 25922. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was determine through two standard protocols known as Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) MO2-A11 under light conditions of 5.70 w/m2 and American standard test method (ASTM) E-2149. Preliminary screening shows ZnO NPs did not inhibit the growth of E.coli. Further analysis using ASTM E-2149 in dynamic conditions revealed antibacterial activity after 3 hours with 100% reduction for ZnO NPs nanoflakes and 6 hours with 94.63% reduction for ZnO nanospheres, respectively. It demonstrated the ZnO NPs in nanoflakes and nanospheres exerted higher antibacterial activity possibly through release of ios, free radicals, ROS generation and electrostatic collision which contribute to bacterial death. Further analysis is needed to investigate biocompatibility of these samples for future biomedical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  19. Fulltext Population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of individual data to design the first randomized efficacy trial of vancomycin in neonates and young infants
    Jacqz-Aigrain E, Leroux S, Thomson AH, Allegaert K, Capparelli EV, Biran V, et al.
    J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019 08 01;74(8):2128-2138.
    PMID: 31049551 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz158
    OBJECTIVES: In the absence of consensus, the present meta-analysis was performed to determine an optimal dosing regimen of vancomycin for neonates.

    METHODS: A 'meta-model' with 4894 concentrations from 1631 neonates was built using NONMEM, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to design an optimal intermittent infusion, aiming to reach a target AUC0-24 of 400 mg·h/L at steady-state in at least 80% of neonates.

    RESULTS: A two-compartment model best fitted the data. Current weight, postmenstrual age (PMA) and serum creatinine were the significant covariates for CL. After model validation, simulations showed that a loading dose (25 mg/kg) and a maintenance dose (15 mg/kg q12h if <35 weeks PMA and 15 mg/kg q8h if ≥35 weeks PMA) achieved the AUC0-24 target earlier than a standard 'Blue Book' dosage regimen in >89% of the treated patients.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results of a population meta-analysis of vancomycin data have been used to develop a new dosing regimen for neonatal use and to assist in the design of the model-based, multinational European trial, NeoVanc.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
  20. Influence of roxithromycin as antibiotic residue on volatile fatty acids recovery in anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge
    Chen H, Zeng X, Zhou Y, Yang X, Lam SS, Wang D
    J Hazard Mater, 2020 07 15;394:122570.
    PMID: 32244145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122570
    The removal of antibiotics and resistance genes in wastewater treatment plants has attracted widespread attention, but the potential role of residual antibiotics in the disposal of waste activated sludge (WAS) has not been clearly understood. In this study, the effect of roxithromycin (ROX) on volatile fatty acid (VFA) recovery from WAS anaerobic fermentation was investigated. The experimental results showed that ROX made a positive contribution to the production of VFAs. With the increase of ROX dosages from 0 to 100 mg/kg TSS, the maximum accumulation of VFAs increased from 295 to 610 mg COD/L. Mechanism studies revealed that ROX promoted the solubilization of WAS by facilitating the disruption of extracellular polymeric substances. In addition, ROX enhanced the activity of acetate kinase and inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase and coenzyme F420, and showed a stronger inhibitory effect on methane production than the hydrolysis process, thus resulting in an increase in VFA accumulation. These findings provide a new insight for the role of antibiotics in anaerobic fermentation of WAS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
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