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  1. Diabetes risk assessment among squatter settlements in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study
    Ishaque A, Shahzad F, Muhammad FH, Usman Y, Ishaque Z
    Malays Fam Physician, 2016;11(2-3):9-15.
    PMID: 28461852
    INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has evolved as a major public health concern worldwide, as its prevalence is increasing exponentially. Pakistan now ranks seventh among the countries with the highest burden of DM. It is expected to become one of the major causes of morbidity within the next 25 years. Therefore, finding an effective way to identify individuals at risk of developing diabetes is a necessity. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) has proved to be an effective noninvasive screening tool for identifying individuals at risk for developing diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of individuals who are at risk for developing DM and their risk of developing DM over the next 10 years using the FINDRISC tool.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 241 adults. The data were collected using the FINDRISC questionnaire followed by calculation of a summated score and analysis to determine the association between the risk factors under study and the risk of developing diabetes.

    RESULTS: Out of 241 study participants, 137 (56.8%) were men and 104 (43.1%) were women. Our study showed that 129 (53.5%) participants had low risk, 68 (28.2%) had slightly elevated risk, 27 (11.2%) had moderate risk and 17 (7%) had high risk of developing DM.

    CONCLUSION: The general population should be educated about the importance of healthy lifestyle, with special emphases on maintaining an ideal body mass index and a low-risk waist circumference, along with daily fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity of at least 30 min/day.

  2. Fulltext Degradation Monitoring of HDPE Material in CO2-Saturated NaCl Environment through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique
    Khalid HU, Ismail MC, Nosbi N
    Materials (Basel), 2021 May 25;14(11).
    PMID: 34070568 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112823
    Extensive damage due to saturated seawater and CO2 exposure under high temperature and pressure in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The degradation of square-shaped HDPE samples having 1 mm thickness was investigated at 70 bars with 60, 75, and 90 °C separately for three weeks in an autoclave chamber. A clear indication of aging was observed in terms of chain scission by the formation of the methyl group (1262 cm-1), and the appearance of degradation products, including the alcohol and hydroxyl groups. The decline in glass transition temperature (Tg), melting point (Tm), and crystallinity (Xc) result from branching and formation of degradation products in the aged samples. TGA results reveal that the degradation shifts the characteristic temperatures (T5% and T10%) to lower values compared to virgin HDPE. FESEM images show clear surface cracks and rough patches after 3 weeks. The Xc value increased due to chain mobility at higher temperatures (90 °C). The impedance is relatively high 1011 ohms.cm-2 for a virgin sample, but it drops down to 109 and 106 after degradation. Impedance and dielectric loss were correlated, and the significance of dielectric loss was observed at lower frequencies. These characterizations will contribute to more efficient and detailed evaluation criteria for degradation monitoring.
  3. Soil investigation at wet world hot spring complex for future development using active multichannel analysis of surface waves
    Mohd Nawawi, Hariri Arifin M, Fathi M. Abdullah, Kayode J, Nuraddeen Usman, Arisona, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:529-535.
    Development of hot spring touristic projects receives more interest in Malaysia in recent years since the country has a high potential of hot springs that are vital to the economy. However, such developmental activities could produce negative impacts if not accompanied with adequate knowledge of the subsurface conditions. Active multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was applied to determine the subsurface shear wave velocities and Vs30. The inverted shear waves velocity models have then presented in both vertical cross-sectional plots and depth slices maps. Depth slices were chosen at about 5, 18.5 m and 32 m depths. Model obtained showed that the soil is stiffer near the highway side and turns to be softer as we go away in the scrub direction. Vs30 is also estimated and mapped to show the quality of the soil. Inverted parameters showed that the soil at the site ranges from soft soil to stiff one. Also, the result obtained proposed that the surface occurrence of the hot spring might be a result of intersection of faulted segments, where hot spring is located near the intersection points. Furthermore, the model helped in proposing a suitable for complex extension. The proposed is chosen such that it minimize any possible effects on the geothermal resources at the site.
  4. Fulltext Seismic response of a base isolated cable-stayed bridge under near-fault ground motion excitations
    Ahad Javanmardi, Zainab Ibrahim, Khaled Gheadi, Mohammed Jameel, Usman Hanif, Gordan, Meisam
    Scientific Research Journal, 2018;15(1):1-14.
    MyJurnal
    Nowadays, development of cable-stayed bridges is increasing around the world. The mitigation of seismic forces to these bridges are obligatory to prevent damages or failure of its structural members. Herein, this paper aimed to determine the near-fault ground motion effect on an existing cablestayed bridge equipped with lead-rubber bearing. In this context, Shipshaw cable-stayed bridge is selected as the case study. The selected bridge has a span of 183.2 m composite deck and 43 m height of steel tower. 2D finite element models of the non-isolated and base isolated bridges are modelled by using SAP2000. Three different near-fault ground motions which are Tabas 1978, Cape Mendocino 1992 and Kobe 1995 were subjected to the 2D FEM models in order to determine the seismic behaviour of the bridge. The near-fault ground motions were applied to the bridge in the longitudinal direction. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed to determine the dynamic responses of the bridge. Comparison of dynamic response of nonisolated and base isolated bridge under three different near-fault ground motions were conducted. The results obtained from numerical analyses of the bridge showed that the isolation system lengthened the period of bridge and minimised deck displacement, base shear and base moment of the bridge. It is concluded that the isolation system significantly reduced the destructive effects of near-fault ground motions on the bridge.
  5. Morphometric variations among three different populations of cobia, rachycentron canadum (linnaeus 1766) in Peninsular Malaysia
    Nurul Amin M, Babatunde TA, Ihab MMM, Usman BI, Ara R
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:891-898.
    Cobia Rachycentron canadum, is one of the emerging aquaculture species but is usually a non-target resource in fisheries
    industry and within Malaysia, their landings are among the highest worldwide. Identification of stocks with unique
    morphological characters is important for effective management and sustainable utilization. Morphometric variations
    among three different cobia populations from Kedah, Terengganu and Johor were studied. All the morphometric
    characteristics varied among the three populations as all the elements of the first Eigen vector were positive. Discriminant
    analysis suggested that head depth (HD) and maximum body depth, (MaxD) were the most varied among the populations.
    Cobia populations from Kedah and Johor were in a single cluster in the dendrogram with a 63.69% similarity while
    Terengganu was in another cluster with a similarity of 8.01% from Kedah and Johor. The differences in the observed
    morphometry may be resulted from different trophic activities and/or habitat productiveness explored by each of the
    populations
  6. Fulltext User experience design in virtual reality medical training application
    Sattar MU, Palaniappan S, Lokman A, Shah N, Riaz Z, Khalid U
    J Pak Med Assoc, 2021 Jul;71(7):1730-1735.
    PMID: 34410236 DOI: 10.5455/JPMA.22992
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of design parameters on the user experience of virtual reality medical training.

    Methods: The quantitative study was conducted at Punjab (Pakistan) from July 2018 to October 2018, and comprised final year students from eight medical colleges in Pakistan. Each respondent was given to experience laparoscopy operation in text, video and virtual reality-based learning methodologies. User experience and usefulness was assessed against a pre-validated scale and compared with the three learning methodologies.

    RESULTS: Of the 87, students, 50(57.5%) were male and 37(42.5%) were female. The overall mean age was 22.5±4 years. Result of virtual reality was better than others (p<0.05). Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

    CONCLUSIONS: Virtual reality-based learning provided better user experience than traditional learning methodologies.

  7. Fulltext Silicon nanowire interface circuit for DNA detection
    Kamilu Iman Usman, Mohd Nizar Hamidon, Siti Fatimah Abd Rahman, Guan Ling Sim
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(102):251-258.
    MyJurnal
    Detection and quantification of DNA is critical to many areas of life sciences and health care, from
    disease diagnosis to drug screening. The transduction of DNA through electrochemical methods have a fast response rate and with a conductometric device like the silicon nanowire which can be fabricated to have a similar diameter of the DNA molecule being targeted, detection is real-time. Critical to this is the interfacing of a current-source and an amplifier capable of achieving a maximum of 10 pico ampere input bias. In this project, we fabricated a silicon nanowire using the top down approach and built a circuit that can mimic the output signal as low as 12 nA and achieved a gain of 1 million to be interfaced with the nanowire for real-time DNA detection.
  8. Fulltext Plant disease control: understanding the roles of toxins and phytoalexins in host-pathogen interaction
    Magaji G. Usman, Tijjani Ahmadu, Adamu Jibrin Nayaya, Aisha M. Dodo
    The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2018;4(1):54-66.
    MyJurnal
    Naturally, plant habitats are exposed to several potential effects of biotic and different abiotic environmental challenges. Several types of micro-organisms namely; bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals and other herbivorous animals are found in large amounts in all ecosystems, which lead to considerable reduction in crop productivity. These organisms are agents carrying different diseases that can damage the plants through the secretion of toxic-microbial poisons that can penetrate in the plant tissues. Toxins are injurious substances that act on plant protoplast to influence disease development. In response to the stress effect, plants defend themselves by bearing some substances such as phytoalexins. Production of phytoalexins is one of the complex mechanisms through which plants exhibit disease resistance. Several findings specifically on phytoalexins have widen the understanding in the fields of plant biochemistry and molecular biology. However, this review reports the interaction of toxins and phytoalexins in plant-pathogen cycle, research progress on the association of phytoalexins with plant disease resistance as well as the role of the phytoalexins in plant disease control.
  9. Fulltext Thermodynamic and spectroscopic investigation of interactions between reactive red 223 and reactive orange 122 anionic dyes and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) cationic surfactant in aqueous solution
    Irfan M, Usman M, Mansha A, Rasool N, Ibrahim M, Rana UA, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:540975.
    PMID: 25243216 DOI: 10.1155/2014/540975
    The present study describes the conductometric and spectroscopic study of the interaction of reactive anionic dyes, namely, reactive red 223 and reactive orange 122 with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). In a systematic investigation, the electrical conductivity data was used to calculate various thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and the entropy (ΔS) of solubilization. The trend of change in these thermodynamic quantities indicates toward the entropy driven solubilization process. Moreover, the results from spectroscopic data reveal high degree of solubilization, with strong interactions observed in the cases of both dyes and the CTAB. The spontaneous nature of solubilization and binding was evident from the observed negative values of free energies (ΔG p and ΔG b).
  10. Intelligent optimization for modelling superhydrophobic ceramic membrane oil flux and oil-water separation efficiency: Evidence from wastewater treatment and experimental laboratory
    Usman J, Salami BA, Gbadamosi A, Adamu H, Usman AG, Benaafi M, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2023 Aug;331:138726.
    PMID: 37116721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138726
    Due to the significant energy and economic losses brought on by the global oil spill, there has been an increased interest in oil-water separation. This study presents strong non-linear machine learning models (support vector regression (SVR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR)) with the Response surface method (RSM) to predict the oil flux and oil-water separation efficiency of wastewater using ceramic membrane technology. For the model development and prediction of oil flux (OF) and oil-water separation efficiency (OSE), oil concentration (mg/L), feed flow rate (mL/min), and pH were considered as input variables. The input variables are combined in three combinations to study the most contributing input features to the models' performance. Mean square error (MSE) and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient efficiency (NSE) were used to assess the prediction performances of the developed models with the different number of input combinations considered in the study. For the two target variables (OF and OSE), GPR and SVR models were used to separately predict them. For OF, the SVR-2 [Combo-2] model (MSE = 0.9255 and NSE = 2.7976) performed better with higher prediction accuracy compared to GPR-2 [Combo-2] model (MSE = 0.763 and NSE = 6.437). In addition, for OSE, the GPR-3 [Combo-3] model (MSE = 0.995 and NSE = 0.5544) performed slightly better than SVR-3 [Combo-3] model (MSE = 0.992 and NSE = 0.8066). The results showed that the SVR model with the combo-2 and GPR-3 models for OF and OSE variables are the proposed models with the best performance and accuracy. This machine learning study will aid in better evaluating the function of materials such as ceramic in membrane performance features such as oil flux and rejection prediction, separation efficiency, water recovery, membrane fouling, and so on. As for academics and manufacturers, this machine learning (ML) strategy will boost performance and allow a better understanding of system governance.
  11. Fulltext Bone Forming Potential of An-Organic Bovine Bone Graft: A Cone Beam CT study
    Uzbek UH, Rahman SA, Alam MK, Gillani SW
    J Clin Diagn Res, 2014 Dec;8(12):ZC73-6.
    PMID: 25654037 DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/8557.5352
    An-organic bovine bone graft is a xenograft with the potential of bone formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone density using cone beam computed tomography scans around functional endosseous implant in the region of both augmented maxillary sinus with the an-organic bovine bone graft and the alveolar bone over which the graft was placed to provide space for the implants.
  12. Fulltext Harvesting the maximum length of sciatic nerve from adult mice: a step-by-step approach
    Bala U, Tan KL, Ling KH, Cheah PS
    BMC Res Notes, 2014;7:714.
    PMID: 25304607 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-714
    Over the past several decades, many studies concerning peripheral nerve damage or regeneration have been performed. Mice have been widely used for many of these studies, with the sciatic nerve being the most targeted and preferred nerve. Therefore, techniques for harvesting mouse sciatic nerves of a maximum length that is sufficient for different analyses will be highly valuable. Here we describe a simple step-by-step guide for harvesting the maximum length of mouse sciatic nerve and compare the length of the harvested nerves gathered with the proposed method with nerves obtained using a conventional mid-thigh incision approach.
  13. The presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice and rice products; and evaluation of dietary intake
    Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Hanif U, Zuber M, Jinap S
    Food Chem, 2016 Nov 1;210:135-40.
    PMID: 27211631 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.104
    In present study aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were analysed in 208 samples of rice and products collected from central areas of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using HPLC equipped with fluorescence detector. The results have shown that 35% of the samples were found contaminated with AFs, out of which 19% and 24% samples were found to be above the European Union (EU) maximum content for AFB1 and total AFs, respectively. About 19% samples were found contaminated with OTA and 14% samples were found to be above the EU maximum content. The highest mean level of AFB1 and total AFs were found in brown rice samples i.e. 8.91 and 12.4μg/kg, respectively. However, white rice samples have shown the highest mean level of OTA (8.50μg/kg) with highest level of 24.9μg/kg. The high mean dietary exposure 22.2 and 24.2ngkg(-1)bwday(-1) to AFB1 and OTA, respectively poses significant health hazard for local population.
  14. Is First-Order Vector Autoregressive Model Optimal for fMRI Data?
    Ting CM, Seghouane AK, Khalid MU, Salleh ShH
    Neural Comput, 2015 Sep;27(9):1857-71.
    PMID: 26161816 DOI: 10.1162/NECO_a_00765
    We consider the problem of selecting the optimal orders of vector autoregressive (VAR) models for fMRI data. Many previous studies used model order of one and ignored that it may vary considerably across data sets depending on different data dimensions, subjects, tasks, and experimental designs. In addition, the classical information criteria (IC) used (e.g., the Akaike IC (AIC)) are biased and inappropriate for the high-dimensional fMRI data typically with a small sample size. We examine the mixed results on the optimal VAR orders for fMRI, especially the validity of the order-one hypothesis, by a comprehensive evaluation using different model selection criteria over three typical data types--a resting state, an event-related design, and a block design data set--with varying time series dimensions obtained from distinct functional brain networks. We use a more balanced criterion, Kullback's IC (KIC) based on Kullback's symmetric divergence combining two directed divergences. We also consider the bias-corrected versions (AICc and KICc) to improve VAR model selection in small samples. Simulation results show better small-sample selection performance of the proposed criteria over the classical ones. Both bias-corrected ICs provide more accurate and consistent model order choices than their biased counterparts, which suffer from overfitting, with KICc performing the best. Results on real data show that orders greater than one were selected by all criteria across all data sets for the small to moderate dimensions, particularly from small, specific networks such as the resting-state default mode network and the task-related motor networks, whereas low orders close to one but not necessarily one were chosen for the large dimensions of full-brain networks.
  15. 1-acetyl-3-[benzoyl(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one
    Usman A, Razak IA, Fun HK, Chantrapromma S, Zhang Y, Xu JH
    Acta Crystallogr C, 2001 Dec;57(Pt 12):1438-40.
    PMID: 11740110
    In the title compound, C25H19NO4, the indole moiety is not completely planar, the heterocyclic ring being distorted very slightly towards a half-chair conformation. The benzoyl and 4-methoxyphenyl substituents are individually almost planar and are in a bisecting and nearly perpendicular configuration, respectively, with respect to the plane of the indole moiety. The molecular and packing structures in the crystal are stabilized by intramolecular and intermolecular C-H...O interactions.
  16. The effects of glycemic control on morbidity and survival among diabetic patients
    Hammad MA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Abubakar U, Mohamed Noor DA
    Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2019 01 16;13(2):1035-1040.
    PMID: 31336440 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.001
    AIMS: The study intended to investigate the impact of controlled glycemia on morbidity and estimated 10-year survival (ES-10Y).

    METHODS: A cross-sectional investigation was conducted at General Penang Hospital, Malaysia. Demographic criteria and laboratory tests of patients were investigated. Controlled glycemia (CG) was recognized as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≤7% depending on American Diabetes Association guidelines 2018. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used to estimate the confounding influence of co-morbidities and predict ES-10Y. Data was managed by IBM-SPSS 23.0.

    RESULTS: A total of 400 cases categorized to (44.25%) patients with CG, and (55.75%) cases had uncontrolled glycemia (UCG). HbA1c mean in CG and UCG group was (6.8 ± 0.9 vs 9.5 ± 1.6, P-value: 0.001). Fasting blood glucose was (7 ± 2.3 vs. 9.9 ± 4.3, P-value: 0.001) in CG and UCG group. CCI was (3.38 ± 2.38 vs. 4.42 ± 2.70, P-value: 0.001) and, ES-10Y was (62% vs 46.2%, p-value: 0.001) in CG vs. UCG respectively. Spearman test indicates a negative correlation between CG and CCI (r: 0.19, p-value: 0.001). Logistic regression confirmed HbA1c as a significant predictor of CCI (r2: 0.036, P-value: 0.001). CG has a positive correlation with survival (r: 0.16, P-value: 0.001) and logistic regression of survival (r2: 0.26, P-value: 0.001).

    CONCLUSIONS: More than one-half of the investigated persons had UCG. Controlled HbA1c was associated with lower co-morbidities and higher ES-10Y.

  17. Injectable dicalcium phosphate bone cement prepared from biphasic calcium phosphate extracted from lamb bone
    Tariq U, Hussain R, Tufail K, Haider Z, Tariq R, Ali J
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019 Oct;103:109863.
    PMID: 31349467 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109863
    Quick setting and poor injectability due to liquid-solid phase separation have limited the clinical use of brushite and monetite cements. The presence of certain ions in the cement during the setting reaction moderate the setting time and properties of the cement. This study reports the preparation of injectable bone cement by using biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) extracted from femur lamb bone by calcination at 1450 °C. EDX analysis infers the presence of Mg and Na ions as trace elements in BCP. X-ray diffraction patterns of the prepared cement confirmed the formation of brushite (DCPD) along with monetite (DCPA) as a minor phase. DCPA phase diminished gradually with a decrease in powder to liquid ratio (PLR). Initial and final setting time of 5.3 ± 0.5 and 14.67 ± 0.5 min respectively are obtained and within the acceptable recommended range for orthopedic applications. Exceptional injectability of ≈90% is achieved for all prepared bone cement samples. A decrease in compressive strength was observed with increase in the liquid phase of the cement, which is attributed to the higher degree of porosity in the set cement. Immersion of bone cement in simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 7 days resulted in the formation of apatite layer on the surface of cement with Ca/P ratio 1.71, which enhanced the compressive strength from 2.88 to 9.15 MPa. The results demonstrate that bone cement produced from BCP extracted from femur lamb bone can be considered as potential bone substitute for regeneration and repair of bone defects.
  18. Applications of medicinal chemistry for drug discovery against Acanthamoeba infections
    Ahmed U, Anwar A, Ong SK, Anwar A, Khan NA
    Med Res Rev, 2021 Sep 02.
    PMID: 34472107 DOI: 10.1002/med.21851
    Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living amoebae, pervasively found in the environment. Most of its pathogenic species are the causative agent of sight-threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Despite the advancements in the field of chemotherapy, treating Acanthamoeba infections is still challenging due to incomplete knowledge of the complicated pathophysiology. In case of infection, the treatment regimen for the patients is often ineffective due to delayed diagnosis, poor specificity, and side-effects. Besides the resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to most of the drugs, the recurrence of infection further complicates the recovery. Thus, it is necessary to develop an effective treatment which can eradicate these rare, but serious infections. Based on various computational and in vitro studies, it has been established that the synthetic scaffolds such as heterocyclic compounds may act as potential drug leads for the development of antiamoebic drugs. In this review, we report different classes of synthetic compounds especially heterocyclic compounds which have shown promising results against Acanthamoeba. Moreover, the antiamoebic activities of synthetic compounds with their possible mode of actions against Acanthamoeba, have been summarized and discussed in this review.
  19. Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound for treatment of bone tumors
    Singh VA, Shah SU, Yasin NF, Abdullah BJJ
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2017 May-Aug;25(2):2309499017716256.
    PMID: 28659052 DOI: 10.1177/2309499017716256
    AIMS: Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a new modality in the management of primary and secondary bone tumors. We aimed to investigate the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of using MRgFUS for the treatment of (1) benign bone tumors with the intent of complete tumor ablation, (2) primary malignant bone tumors with the intent to assess its effectiveness in causing tumor necrosis, and (3) metastatic bone disease with the intent of pain relief.

    METHOD: Twenty-four patients with benign bone tumors, primary malignant bone tumors, and metastatic bone disease were treated with one session of MRgFUS. Contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out post-procedure to assess and quantify the area of ablation. Those with malignant primary tumors had the tumors resected 2 weeks after the treatment and the ablated areas were examined histopathologically (HPE). The other patients were followed up for 3 months to assess for the side effects and pain scores.

    RESULTS: Significant volume of ablation was noted on CE MRI after the treatment. Benign bone tumors were ablated with minimal adverse effects. Metastatic bone disease was successfully treated with significant decrease in pain scores. Ablated primary malignant tumors showed significant coagulative necrosis on MRI and the HPE showed 100% necrosis. Pain scores significantly decreased 3 months after the procedure. Only two patients had superficial skin blistering and three patients had increase in pain scores immediately after treatment.

    CONCLUSION: MRgFUS is effective, safe, and noninvasive procedure that can be an adjunct in the management of primary and metastatic bone tumors.
  20. Adsorption of ethidium bromide from aqueous solution onto nutraceutical industrial fennel seed spent: Kinetics and thermodynamics modeling studies
    Sulthana R, Taqui SN, Zameer F, Syed UT, Syed AA
    Int J Phytoremediation, 2018 Sep 19;20(11):1075-1086.
    PMID: 30156921 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1365331
    Dye pollutants from research laboratories are one of the major sources for environmental contamination. In the present study, a nutraceutical industrial fennel seed spent (NIFSS) was explored as potential adsorbent for removal of ethidium bromide (EtBr) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Through batch experiments, the operating variables like initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, and pH were optimized. Equilibrium data were analyzed using three number of two-parameter and six number of three-parameter isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. The diffusion effects were studied by film diffusion, Webber-Morris, and Dumwald-Wagner diffusion models. The thermodynamic parameters; change in enthalpy (ΔHº), entropy (ΔSº), and Gibbs free energy (ΔGº) of adsorption system were also determined and evaluated.
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