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Fulltext Neonatal malaria presenting as neonatal sepsis: a case report

Lim KY, Ang EL, Tan KK, Mustakim S

Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2016;22(1):48-57.
MyJurnal

Neonatal malaria may be overlooked likely due to its non-specific features and low prevalence in Malaysia. In this case report, we detail a case of neonatal malaria in an 18-day old baby girl of Myanmar origin who presented with 6 days of intermittent fever but was otherwise well. Initially, she was treated as neonatal sepsis. She then developed thrombocytopaenia and severe anaemia with persistent spikes of temperature. This prompted a series of investigations and multiple changes of antibiotics. The diagnosis of neonatal malaria surfaced when her peripheral blood film incidentally revealed the presence of Plasmodium vivax parasites. Peripheral blood smears are simple and inexpensive. Therefore practising especially in endemic areas for malaria, we need to consider this diagnosis when dealing with neonatal sepsis that does not respond to standard treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: A meta-analysis across three decades

Fam JY

Scand J Psychol, 2018 Oct;59(5):524-531.
PMID: 30004118 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12459

The inclusion of "Internet gaming disorder (IGD)" in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) creates a possible line of research. Despite the fact that adolescents are vulnerable to IGD, studies had reported wide array of prevalence estimates in this population. The aim of this paper is to review the published studies on prevalence of IGD among adolescents. Relevant studies prior to March 2017 were identified through databases. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of IGD among adolescents was 4.6% (95% CI = 3.4%-6.0%). Male adolescents generally reported higher prevalence rate (6.8%, 95% CI = 4.3%-9.7%) than female adolescents (1.3%, 95% CI = 0.6%-2.2%). Subgroup analyses revealed that prevalence estimates were highest when studies were conducted in: (i) 1990s; (ii) use DSM criteria for pathological gambling; (iii) examine gaming disorder; (iv) Asia; and (v) small samples (<1,000). This study confirms the alarming prevalence of IGD among adolescents, especially among males. Given the methodological deficits in past decades (such as reliance on DSM criteria for "pathological gambling," inclusion of the word "Internet," and small sample sizes), it is critical for researchers to apply a common methodology for assess this disorder.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Growth patterns of Palestinian children from birth to 24 months

Albelbeisi A, Shariff ZM, Mun CY, Abdul-Rahman H, Abed Y

East Mediterr Health J, 2018 Jun 10;24(3):302-310.
PMID: 29908026 DOI: 10.26719/2018.24.3.302

Background: Growth faltering in early life can adversely affect health in later childhood and adulthood. Growth monitoring of children can provide evidence to help formulate effective strategies to address growth problems but such information on Palestinian children is lacking.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the growth patterns of children under 2 years in Gaza, Palestine.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2014 in 10 randomly selected primary health care clinics in 5 governorates of Gaza. Weight and length data were obtained from the health cards of children born in 2012, and z-scores were calculated and compared with the WHO Growth Standard (2006).
Results: A total of 2 632 children's cards were included at the beginning of the study. Weight-for-age and weight-forlength decreased from birth to 6 months to about -0.40 SD but increased afterwards to -0.11 SD and 0.34 SD at 24 months respectively. Length-for-age declined after 6 months, reaching -0.85 SD at 24 months. At 6 months, the prevalence of underweight and stunting were 5% and 9% but at 24 months, the prevalence was 4% and 20% respectively. Wasting was highest at 6 months (10%) but decreased to 3% at 24 months. Significantly more girls were stunted at 9, 12 and 18 months (P < 0.001), underweight at 24 months (P < 0.05) and wasted at 12 months (P < 0.05). Early life faltering in length was more pronounced than weight, with stunting occurring in one fifth of boys and girls by 2 years of age.
Conclusions: Preventive strategies are urgently needed to address early life causes of undernutrition, particularly stunting, in Palestinian children in Gaza.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext The association between climatic factors and dengue fever: a study in Subang Jaya and Sepang, Selangor

Nik Syaza Lina Nik Ruzman, Haliza Abdul Rahman

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2017;17(101):0-0.
MyJurnal

Dengue fever is one of the most dangerous vector-borne diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), dengue fever is a mosquito-borne infection caused by virus serotype DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4. In Malaysia, dengue fever cases are on the rise from 6,000 cases in 1995 to over 40,000 in 2010, and this number is still rising. In 2014, the increase of dengue fever cases was alarming. It was reported that up to the end of the year 2014, there were 108,698 notified cases, indicating an increment of 151% compared to the same period of time in 2013 with only 43,346 reported cases. Selangor was the highest contributor of dengue fever cases in 2014. The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between climatic factors namely temperature, rainfall and humidity to the prevalence of dengue fever in Subang Jaya and Sepang district, Selangor. Data on monthly average temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and dengue fever cases for each month in 2014 and 2013 were collected. Data collection was dealt with a few institutions such as Malaysian Meteorological Department, Subang Jaya and Sepang Municipal Council and health district offices. Data were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Version 20. General linear model analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the climatic variables and dengue prevalence. Results and Discussion: Based on the general linear model, rainfall and humidity were found to have significant relationships to monthly dengue fever cases (p=

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Serological prevalance of leptospiral infection in captive Malayan porcupiness (Hystrix brachyura)

Siti-Nurdyana, A.K., Bahaman, A.R., Sharma, R.S.K., Azlan, C.M., Abdul Razak, M.F.A.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2016;28(2):1-3.
MyJurnal

Leptospirosis is recognised as one of the leading zoonotic diseases and rodents have been implicated as one of the natural reservoirs of the disease. The Malayan porcupines (Hystrix brachyura) which are also a rodent could possibly be a carrier of leptospiral organisms. This study was conducted to determine the serological prevalence of leptospiral infection among captive Malayan porcupines and to disclose the possibility of porcupines as a reservoir for leptospiral infection. Fifty serum samples were obtained from the Malayan porcupines kept in captivity at the Wildlife Conservation Centre, Sungai Dusun, Malaysia. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed on the serum samples to detect the presence of agglutinating antibodies to a panel of 16 Leptospira serovars (Australis, Autumnalis, Ballum, Bataviae, Canicola, Celledoni, Djasiman, Hardjobovis, Hardjopratjino, Hebdomadis, Hurstbridge, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona, Pyrogenes and Sejroe). From the serological test, 18% (n=9/50) of the Malayan porcupines tested had leptospiral antibodies to serovars Javanica (8%), Hurstbridge (4%), Ballum (2%), Celledoni (2%) and Hardjoprajitno (2%). It is seen that this study disclosed a high prevalence of leptospiral infection in the Malayan porcupines tested and indicated that the Malayan porcupines could possibly be a source of leptospirosis to other animals including humans and that they might play an important role in the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in the country.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Budget Impact Analysis of Peritoneal Dialysis versus Conventional In-Center Hemodialysis in Malaysia

Bavanandan S, Ahmad G, Teo AH, Chen L, Liu FX

Value Health Reg Issues, 2016 May;9:8-14.
PMID: 27881266 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2015.06.003

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the 5-year health care budget impact of variable distribution of adult patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and in-center hemodialysis (ICHD) on government funding in Malaysia.
METHODS: An Excel-based budget impact model was constructed to assess dialysis-associated costs when changing dialysis modalities between PD and ICHD. The model incorporates the current modality distribution and accounts for Malaysian government dialysis payments and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent costs. Epidemiological data including dialysis prevalence, incidence, mortality, and transplant rates from the Malaysian renal registry reports were used to estimate the dialysis patient population for the next 5 years. The baseline scenario assumed a stable distribution of PD (8%) and ICHD (92%) over 5 years. Alternative scenarios included the prevalence of PD increasing by 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% or decreasing 1% yearly over 5 years. All four scenarios were accompanied with commensurate changes in ICHD.
RESULTS: Under the current best available cost information, an increase in the prevalent PD population from 8% in 2014 to 18%, 28%, or 38% in 2018 is predicted to result in 5-year cumulative savings of Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 7.98 million, RM15.96 million, and RM23.93 million, respectively, for the Malaysian government. If the prevalent PD population were to decrease from 8% in 2014 to 4.0% by 2018, the total expenditure for dialysis treatments would increase by RM3.19 million over the next 5 years.
CONCLUSIONS: Under the current cost information associated with PD and HD paid by the Malaysian government, increasing the proportion of patients on PD could potentially reduce dialysis-associated costs in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Early readmissions and associated socio-demographic, clinical factors in a psychiatric hospital, Malaysia

Lee, Wen Jih, Ong, Lieh Yan, Koay, Siew Ni, Kwan, Zuan Er

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2017;18(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: The main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of early
readmissions to inpatient care in Hospital Bahagia Ulu Kinta and the associated
socio-demographic and clinical factors.

Methods: This is an observational study
for all patients with readmissions within 3 months from the last discharge, dated
from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2013. Related socio-demographic and
clinical details are obtained from the medical records and compared between the
patients who were readmitted within the first month after discharge to those who
were readmitted later in the second and third month.

Results: Total of 149
records of patients who were readmitted within 3 months of last discharge were
analyzed. Majority of them were from the same state of Perak (83.9%), male
(74.5%), single (71.1%), unemployed (85.9%), taken care by family (75.2%),
achieved secondary education level (59.7%) with mean age of 37.89 years (SD
11.53). They were discharged for a mean of 32.52 days (SD 26.48) before
readmission with a mean duration of 72.98 days in the previous admission, and
mean previous admissions of 10.17 times. 69.8% of the patients were treated for
psychotic disorders and the main reason for readmission was relapse (84.6%).
Up to 34.2% of the patients reported to have substance abuse while 25.5% had
medical co-morbidities. Most of the patients (63.8%) were not compliant to the
treatment from the last discharge. Socioeconomic and clinical factors did not
show statistical significance when the readmissions within the first month after
discharge were compared to those who were admitted later at the second and
third month.

Conclusions: Due to limitations, further studies need to be done to
identify risk factors associated with readmissions and adequate measures need to
be taken to prevent these readmissions.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Musculoskeletal symptoms risk factors and postural risk analysis of pineapple plantation workers in Johor

Nur Hidayah Rani, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Noor Afifah Ya'acob, Karmegam Karuppiah, Irniza Rasdi

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2016;13(1):17-26.
MyJurnal

Pineapple plantation workers are exposed to strenuous physical activities. This study aims to determine the prevalence
of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS), analyse the body postural risks related to work tasks and identify relevant MSS risk factors
among pineapple plantation workers. This was a cross-sectional study performed at a pineapple plantation in Johor in 2016. MSS,
information on socio-demographic background and occupational history were collected via structured questionnaires. Identification
and risk assessment of ergonomic hazard and postural risk analysis were performed for a subset of workers. Data were entered into
statistical software and analyse according to relevant objectives. A total of 108 workers participated in this study. The prevalence
of MSS was 87.0% and was highest for the lower back (64.8%). In terms of ergonomic hazards, Harvesting were categorised as a
task with the highest risk. Harvesting was also the task with the highest postural risk. From the multivariate analysis, lower back
pain is mainly contributed by a working tenure of 10 to 25 years (Odds Ratio, OR: 3.90; 95% Confidence Interval, CI 1.05-14.4) and
more than 25 years (OR: 7.45 (95% CI 1.26 to 44.0). Workers who worked more than 7-hour daily have a higher risk for reporting
lower back pain. Pineapple plantation workers are exposed to excessive bending, twisting and carrying of heavy loads that may be
linked to MSS. Effective preventive strategies are required to address MSS in this population in order to minimize risk for subsequent
musculoskeletal disorders.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Prevalence of aggressive periodontitis in newly referred patients in a periodontal specialist government clinic

Lim, Fei Yee, Uma Subramaniam, Renukanth Raman, Chua Sim Loo

Malaysian Dental Journal, 2016;39(1):9-25.
MyJurnal

Aim: To assess the prevalence and clinical features of aggressive periodontitis in newly referred patients to the Periodontal Clinic in Seremban.

Methodology: Sample size calculation was done using Epi Info software with minimum sample estimated at 279. 583 new patients who were referred to this clinic from year 2013 to July 2015 were examined clinically and radiographically. Patients were diagnosed using American Academy of Periodontology workshop 1999 definition.

Results: Thirty-one (5.3%) patients were identified as having aggressive periodontitis with 28 (90%) of these patients exhibiting generalized form of aggressive periodontitis. Mean age of these patients was 34.9 years. In terms of gender and ethnicity, 21 females and 18 Malays were diagnosed with Aggressive periodontitis. First molars had the highest amount of clinical attachment loss (CAL=5.4mm). The number of missing teeth at the first visit was at median 2 (Interquartile range=4). The number of prognostically hopeless teeth at first visit was at median 1 (Interquartile range=2). Canines were preserved in most of the patients.

Conclusion: Aggressive periodontitis was found in 5.3% of our samples. It was diagnosed at mean age of 34.9 years old.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Probable carpal tunnel syndrome and its coping strategies among clinical dental support staff in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Nurfarah Wahidah Mohd Nor Rasid, Nurul Syafiqah Noh, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Azizah Yusoff

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2016;11(2):31-38.
MyJurnal

Prolonged work with highly repetitious flexion and extension of the wrist and forceful grip task were shown to increase the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) among dental personnel. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence, risk factors and coping strategies of probable CTS among clinical dental support staff in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). A cross-sectional study was conducted and a set of questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic status, work-related and psychosocial risk factors and coping strategies was distributed. Ninety-five clinical dental support staff completed and returned the questionnaire with a response rate of 80.5%. The prevalence of probable CTS was 38.9%, with the highest prevalence was found among dental surgery assistants (40.5%) followed by dental technologists (29.7%). There was no significant association between work-related or psychosocial risk factors with probable CTS (p>0.05). Most of the respondents with symptoms of CTS chose religion as the coping mechanism; mean 7.11 (SD 1.13). Awareness training should be emphasized among clinical dental support staff on the prevention of CTS.

Study site: Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 show different replication kinetics in human neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines

Yogarajah T, Ong KC, Perera D, Wong KT

Arch Virol, 2017 Mar;162(3):727-737.
PMID: 27878462 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3157-4

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are closely related enteroviruses that cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Serious neurological complications almost always occur in EV-A71 infection, but are rare in CV-A16 infection. Based on the hypothesis that this may be because EV-A71 infects neuronal cells more easily than CV-A16, we compared virus infection, replication and spread of EV-A71 and CV-A16 in SK-N-SH cells. We found that CV-A16 invariably showed significantly lower replication and caused less necrotic cell death in SK-N-SH cells, compared with EV-A71. This was not due to a lower proportion of CV-A16-infected cells, since both viruses showed similar proportions of infected cells at all time points analyzed. Furthermore, reduced replication of CV-A16 in SK-N-SH cells does not appear to be due to limited viral receptor availability, which might limit viral entry, because experiments with viral RNA-transfected cells showed the same results as for live virus infections. On the other hand, no differences were observed between EV-A71 and CV-A16 in RD cells and results were generally similar in RD cells for both viruses. Taken together, our findings suggest that the poor growth of CV-A16 and EV-A71in SK-N-SH cells, compared with RD cells, may be due to cell type-specific restrictions on viral replication and spread. Furthermore, the lower viral replication and necrotic cell death in CV-A16-infected SK-N-SH cells, compared with EV-A71-infected SK-N-SH cells, is consistent with the lower prevalence of neurotropism observed in CV-A16-associated HFMD outbreaks. Nonetheless, in vivo data and more extensive comparisons of different viral strains are essential to confirm our findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in raw vegetables (ulam)

Najwa, M.S., Rukayadi, Y., Ubong, A., Loo, Y.Y., Chang, W.S., Lye, Y.L., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(5):1761-1769.
MyJurnal

Salmonella has been reported to be presence both in raw and processed foods worldwide. In this study, the prevalence, quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from raw vegetables or locally known as ulam such as asiatic pennywort (Centella asiatica (L) Urb), water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC), long bean (Vigna sinensis EndL), and winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) obtained from retail markets in Selangor, Malaysia were carried out. From 96 samples tested, the overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 97.9%, Salmonella Enteritidis was 54.2% and Salmonella Typhimurium was 82.3% respectively. Samples were contaminated with Salmonella ranging from < 3 to 2400 MPN/g. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolates obtained from the raw vegetables (ulam) were found to exhibit high resistance against ampicillin (100%), erythromycin (100%), amoxicillin/clavunic acid (81.3%), cephalothin (75%), streptomycin (50%) and ciprofloxacin (50%). All Salmonella isolates showed multi drug resistant (MDR) profile with each isolate being resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella isolates ranged from 0.27 to 0.55 for Salmonella Enteritidis and 0.27 to 0.82 for Salmonella Typhimurium. The presence of Salmonella on raw vegetables (ulam) and high antibiotic resistance isolates indicated that raw vegetables could be contaminated and thus imposes possible health risk to local consumers.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Risk assessment of acquiring listeriosis from consumption of chicken offal in Selangor, Malaysia

Kuan, C.H., Goh, S.G., Loo, Y.Y., Chang, W.S., Lye, Y.L., Puspanadan, S., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(4):1711-1718.
MyJurnal

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is an important foodborne pathogen which can cause foodborne listeriosis with high mortality rates especially in susceptible population groups such as pregnant women, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The biosafety level of L. monocytogenes in chicken offal has becomes a great concern as chicken offal is a cheap source of protein and it is often served as side dishes in South East Asian countries. In Malaysia, the consumption of chicken offal has almost doubled from 5 g per capita per day in the early 1980s to 9 g per capita per day in 2009. In this study, risk assessment was conducted to estimate the risk of acquiring listeriosis from consumption of chicken offal in Malaysia. A microbial survey on the prevalence and concentration of L. monocytogenes in chicken offal were carried out in Selangor, Malaysia over a one-year period (November 2010 to October 2011). It was assumed that there were no seasonal changes in the prevalence and consumption pattern all year round. Assuming that 5.6 million people in Selangor, Malaysia consume a single serving (125 g) of chicken offal per week, it is estimated that in a year there could be 0.61 cases and 1.98 × 10-4 cases of listeriosis per 100,000 population of pregnant woman and immunocompromised individual, respectively. However, the potential for getting listeriosis among the healthy population was very low, only 1.39 × 10-8 cases per 100,000 population. This study demonstrated risk assessment model not only used as a tool to estimate the risk of acquiring illness but it can influence public health surveillance and providing data in setting appropriate level of protection.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Heart failure across Asia: Same healthcare burden but differences in organization of care

Reyes EB, Ha JW, Firdaus I, Ghazi AM, Phrommintikul A, Sim D, et al.

Int J Cardiol, 2016 Nov 15;223:163-167.
PMID: 27541646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.256

A gap in the knowledge on the status of heart failure (HF) in Asia versus other regions led to the creation of a working group of Asian experts from 9 countries or regions (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam). Each expert sought the best available data from local publications, registries, or clinical practice. The prevalence of HF in Asia was generally similar to global values (1% to 3%), but with some outliers. There were substantial variations in healthcare spending, and the average cost of HF hospitalization varied from 813 US$ in Indonesia to nearly 9000 US$ in South Korea. Comorbidities were frequent, particularly hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Modifiable risk factors such as smoking were alarmingly common in some countries. Asian HF patients spent between 5 and 12.5days in hospital, and 3% to 15% were readmitted for HF by 30days. The pharmacological treatment of Asian patients generally followed international guidelines, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (61% to 90%), diuretics (76% to 99%), beta-blockers (32% to 78%), and digoxin (19% to 53%), with some room for improvement in terms of life-saving therapies. Our review supports implementation of a more comprehensive and organized approach to HF care in Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Diversity of Leptospira spp. in Rats and Environment from Urban Areas of Sarawak, Malaysia

Pui CF, Bilung LM, Apun K, Su'ut L

J Trop Med, 2017;2017:3760674.
PMID: 28348601 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3760674

Various prevalence studies on Leptospira in animals and humans, as well as environmental samples, had been conducted worldwide, including Malaysia. However, limited studies have been documented on the presence of pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic Leptospira in selected animals and environments. This study was therefore conducted to detect Leptospira spp. in rats, soil, and water from urban areas of Sarawak using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 107 rats, 292 soil samples, and 324 water samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. Pathogenic Leptospira was present in 5.6% (6/107) of rats, 11.6% (34/292) of soil samples, and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. Intermediate Leptospira was present in 2.7% (8/292) of soil samples and 1.9% (6/324) of water samples. Saprophytic Leptospira was present in 10.3% (11/107) of rats, 1.4% (4/292) of soil samples, and 0.3% (1/324) of water samples. From this study, 76 Leptospira spp. were isolated. Based on DNA sequencing, the dominant Leptospira spp. circulating in urban areas of Sarawak are pathogenic Leptospira noguchii, intermediate Leptospira wolffii serovar Khorat, and saprophytic Leptospira meyeri, respectively. Overall, this study provided important surveillance data on the prevalence of Leptospira spp. from rats and the environment, with dominant local serovars in urban areas of Sarawak.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Prevalence and prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus

Balakumar P, Maung-U K, Jagadeesh G

Pharmacol Res, 2016 11;113(Pt A):600-609.
PMID: 27697647 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.040

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have become important causes of mortality on a global scale. According to the report of World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs killed 38 million people (out of 56 million deaths that occurred worldwide) during 2012. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for most NCD deaths (17.5 million NCD deaths), followed by cancers (8.2 million NCD deaths), respiratory diseases (4.0 million NCD deaths) and diabetes mellitus (1.5 million NCD deaths). Globally, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular diseases; their prevalence is incessantly progressing in both developed and developing nations. Diabetic patients with insulin resistance are even at a greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Obesity, high cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia and elevated blood pressure are mainly considered as major risk factors for diabetic patients afflicted with cardiovascular disease. The present review sheds light on the global incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, measures to be taken to reduce the global encumbrance of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus are highlighted.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext First reported case of Haemoglobin-M Hyde Park in a Malay family living in Malaysia

Loong TY, Chong DL, Jamal AR, Murad NA, Sabudin RZ, Fun LC

EXCLI J, 2016;15:630-635.
PMID: 28096792 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-613

Haemoglobin (Hb)-M Hyde Park, also known as Hb-M Akita is a rare type of hereditary Hb M due to autosomal dominant mutation of CAC>TAC on codon 92 of β globin gene resulting in the replacement of histidine by tyrosine on β globin chain. This variant Hb has a tendency to form methaemoglobin (metHb). The iron ion in metHb is oxidized to ferric (Fe3+) which is unable to carry oxygen and the patients manifest as cyanosis clinically. A 9-year-old Malay girl was incidentally found to be cyanotic when she presented to a health clinic. Laboratory investigations revealed raised methaemoglobin levels and Hb analysis findings were consistent with Hb-M Hyde Park. β gene sequencing confirmed a point mutation of CAC>TAC on codon 92 in one of the β genes. The family study done on the individuals with cyanosis showed similar findings. A diagnosis of heterozygous Hb-M Hyde Park was made. Patients with this variant Hb usually presented with cyanosis with mild haemolysis and maybe misdiagnosed as congenital heart disease. No further treatment is needed as patients are relatively asymptomatic. Although the disease is harmless in the heterozygous carriers but the offspring of the carriers may suffer severe haemolytic anaemia when the offspring also inherit other β haemoglobinopathies/thalassemia. This can happen due to high prevalence of β thalassemia carrier (3.5-4 %) found in Malaysia. At the time of writing, this is the first case of hereditary Hb-M Hyde Park diagnosed in a Malay family living in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease among adults in rural community of malaysia: a cross sectional study

Aniza, I, Nurmawati, A, Hanizah, Y, Ahmad Taufik, J

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(1):53-61.
MyJurnal

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Malaysia and many parts of the world. Potentially modifiable risk factors for CVD include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, abdominal obesity, smoking and psychosocial stress. Over the last several decades, efforts to prevent or treat CVD risk factors have resulted in significantly lower rates of CVD-related mortality. However, many patients have never achieved adequate control of CVD risk factors despite them being identified. The aims of this study were to measure the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and to determine its associated factors. A cross sectional study was carried out in a rural area of Malaysia from March 2011 to November 2011 on 1489 respondents aged 18 and above who were selected via convenient sampling. The survey was conducted via a face-to-face interview using a standardized self administered questionnaire. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease identified was 72 cases (4.8%). Overall, the prevalence of modifiable risk factors were predominant compared to non modifiable, with abdominal obesity (51.2%) hypertension (39.5%) and psychosocial stress (33.8%) being among the highest. However, the prevalence of other modifiable risk factors was relatively low with smoking (25.2%), and diabetes mellitus (10.9%) respectively. Respondent with diabetes mellitus and hypertension were 4 times more likely to have cardiovascular disease and those who are obese had associated 2.5risks towards cardiovascular disease. Therefore, community health intervention measures should be mobilized,specifically on prevention and control of lifestyle-related risk factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Smoking among school-going adolescents in selected secondary schools in Peninsular Malaysia- findings from the Malaysian Adolescent Health Risk Behaviour (MyaHRB) study

Lim KH, Lim HL, Teh CH, Kee CC, Khoo YY, Ganapathy SS, et al.

Tob Induc Dis, 2017;15:9.
PMID: 28163668 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-016-0108-5

BACKGROUND: A multitude of studies have revealed that smoking is a learned behaviour during adolescence and efforts to reduce the incidence of smoking has been identified as long-term measures to curb the smoking menace. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence as well as the intra and inter-personal factors associated with smoking among upper secondary school students in selected schools in Peninsular Malaysia.
METHODS: A study was carried out in 2013, which involved a total of 40 secondary schools. They were randomly selected using a two-stage clustering sampling method. Subsequently, all upper secondary school students (aged 16 to 17 years) from each selected school were recruited into the study. Data was collected using a validated standardised questionnaire.
RESULTS: This study revealed that the prevalence of smoking was 14.6% (95% CI:13.3-15.9), and it was significantly higher among males compared to females (27.9% vs 2.4%, p

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence
Fulltext Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and pubertal status with disordered eating among primary school children in Selangor, Malaysia

Chong LS, Chin YS, Gan WY, Nasir MT

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2017 Mar;26(2):326-333.
PMID: 28244713 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.012016.10

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and pubertal status with disordered eating among primary school children.
METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Using a stratified multi-stage sampling, a total of 816 children (282 boys and 534 girls) aged 10 to 11 years from 12 selected primary schools in the state of Selangor, participated in this study. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, pubertal status and disordered eating behaviors. The Pubertal Development Scale and the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) were used to assess pubertal status and disordered eating, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors of disordered eating.
RESULTS: The prevalence of disordered eating was 30.8% (32.8% in boys and 29.7% in girls). However, the sex difference in the prevalence was not statistically significant. Age, ethnicity and pubertal status were significantly associated with disordered eating in univariate logistic regression analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that among boys, being either in an advanced or post-pubertal stage (adjusted OR=8.64) and older age group (adjusted OR=2.03) were risk factors of disordered eating. However, among girls, being a Malay (adjusted OR=3.79) or Indian (adjusted OR=5.04) in an advanced or post-pubertal stage (adjusted OR=2.34) and older age group (adjusted OR=1.53) were risk factors of disordered eating.
CONCLUSION: This study found one in three children had disordered eating. Since ethnicity and pubertal status were identified as risk factors, ethnicity-specific intervention programs on the prevention of disordered eating among children should take into consideration their pubertal status.

Matched MeSH terms: Prevalence

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