Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 267 in total

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  1. Universal child immunization coverage in Kuala Lumpur
    Sinniah, D., Rajeswari, B., Koh, S., George, J., Sundari, J., Sosapillai, J.N., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1991;3(1):23-28.
    MyJurnal
    To verify the actual immunisation coverage in Kuala Lumpur, City Hall Health Department and the Malaysian Paediatric Association (NGO ) carried out a survey. The survey revealed that the immunisation coverage determined at the child's first birthday for BCG was 95%, DPT 3 94%, OPV 3 94%, and measles = 27% (59% at 2 years). These figures correspond closer to City Hall's estimated coverage rather than the rates projected by the Ministry of Health. The main reasons for immunisation failure were, child ill 31.8% (not brought = 20.1%, brought but not given vaccine 11.7%), lack of information 28.6%, lack of motivation 9.1%, mother too busy 9.1%. Measles immunisation coverage at 1 year was low because of wrong information on schedules. Tetanus toxoid immunisation coverage of pregnant women was low. Only 27% of children were protected against neonatal tetanus although 97% of pregnant women received antenatal care and 50% had attended other health facilities as well during pregnancy. Private medical practitioners were responsible for more than 40% of all immunisations but were not submitting returns to the Health Department. Recommendations to improve immunisation coverage include education and motivation of the public and also doctors and health personnel on prevention of missed opportunities, contraindictions to immunisation and correct schedules. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  2. Fulltext The prevalence of accidental needle stick injury and their reporting among healthcare workers in orthopaedic wards in General Hospital Melaka, Malaysia
    Bhardwaj, A., Sivapathasundaram, N., Yusof, M. F., Minghat, A. H., Swe, K. M. M., Sinha, N. K.
    Malays Orthop J, 2014;8(2):6-13.
    MyJurnal
    Accidental needle-stick injuries (NSIs) are a hazard for health-care workers and general public health. Orthopaedic surgeons may be more prone to NSIs due to the prevalence of bone spikes in the operative field and the use of sharp orthopaedic instruments such as drills, saws and wires. A hospital-based cross sectional study was conducted in the orthopedic wards of Melaka General Hospital. The prevalence of NSIs was 32 (20.9%) and majority of it occurred during assisting in operation theatre 13(37.4%). Among them six (18.8%) were specialist, 12(37.5%) medical officer, 10 (31.2%) house officer and four staff nurses (12.5%). Among the respondents 142 (92.8%) had been immunized against Hepatitis B and 148 (96.7%) participants had knowledge regarding universal precaution. The incidence of NSI among health care workers at orthopaedics ward was not any higher in comparison with the similar studies and it was found out that the prevalence was more in junior doctors compared with specialist and staff nurses and it was statistically significant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  3. A 2-year prospective study on childhood acute bacterial meningitis in Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital, Kuantan, Pahang
    Wahab, J.A., Fadzil, A.A., Zainab, K., Affendi, A.M., Naznin, M.
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2000;12(1):48-54.
    MyJurnal
    During a 24-month period, 21 children with acute bacterial meningitis were identified and studied. The majority of the children was from low socio-economic group and the male:female sex ratio was equal. Seventeen children (81%) were aged twelve months or below. In 15 (71.5%) of the children. Haemophilus influenzae type b was recovered, while Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 4 children. Neisseria spp and Salmonella spp were identified respectively in each of the other two cases. The case fatality was four (19.0%) with nine others (42%) exhibiting neurological sequelae. Except for the Salmonella spp strain that was resistant to the cephalosporin, the rest of the bacterial species were sensitive to the commonly used antibiotics. As Haemophilus influenzae type b is still the most prevalent cause of acute bacterial meningitis, it is therefore strongly recommended that the national immunisation programme in this country should include the vaccine for it in our effort to minimise the mortality and morbidity caused by this organism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  4. Missed opportunities and "abuse" in ambulatory paediatric practice: a prospective simulated patient study in the Klang Valley
    Mohd Nordin M, Wong YY, Suleiman AB
    Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1993;5(1):45-50.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of the study is to investigate the extent of preventive and promotive health care in the ambulatory management of paediatric gastroenteritis in an incompletely immunised child using the simulated patient methodology. Only 44% of doctors explained to the fathers the nature of their child's ailment. 75% of clinicians prescribed oral rehydration solution but only 4% met the Gold Standard. The questionnaire survey showed that doctors rated immunisation as a very important health message to disseminate to all parents. But only 3% of doctors in the study advised parents to complete each child's immunisation once he is well. The extent of preventive and promotive health care in ambulatory paediatric practice in the Klang Valley is very low. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  5. Epidemiology and short-term outcome of kawasaki disease in Malaysian children
    Hung, Liang Choo
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2007;15(1):28-32.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Kawasaki Disease (KD) and acute rheumatic fever are the two leading causes of acquired heart disease in children in the developing countries. Objectives: To determine the epidemiology of KD and its short-term outcome in Malaysian children. Materials & Methods: A retrospective study of patients with a diagnosis of KD at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital from January 1999 to December 2003. Results: 84 patients with KD were seen over the 5 year period. Of these, 52 (61.90%) were male and 32 (38.10%) female. Malays comprised 51 (60.71%), Chinese 30 (35.71%) and Indian 3 (3.57%). Their ages ranged from 2 months to 11 years 1 month old. There were 25 (29.76%) patients less than one year old, 50 (59.52%) aged 1-4 years, 4 (4.76%) aged 5-7 years and 5 (5.95%) were more than 7 years old. Echocardiographic examination during the acute phase showed that 24 patients (28.57%) had coronary artery dilatation; 23 had mild dilatation and one had giant aneurysm involving both coronary arteries. Echocardiographic examination at 8 weeks showed that 5 (21.74%) of the 23 patients with mildly dilated coronary arteries had resolved; the bilateral giant coronary aneurysms remained the same. There was no death due to KD over the 5 year period. Conclusion: KD occurred most commonly in children aged 1-4 years old with a peak at 17 months. There was male preponderance with a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. Despite immunoglobulin therapy, 29% of patients had coronary artery involvementduring the acute phase; 22% of those with mild coronary artery dilatation resolved at 8 weeks after disease onset.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization, Passive
  6. Fulltext A study of hand, food and moth epidemic in Hulu Langat district, 2000. [Tinjauan wabak penyakit tangan, kaki dan mulut (HFMD) di daerah Hulu Langat, 2000]
    Meftahuddin Tarip, Jamsiah Mustafa
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2003;3(1):16-22.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological features of HFMD outbreak in the Hulu Langat District in 2000. Until November 2000, a total of 60 cases were reported and the worst ever reported to the previous years. The mean age of patients was 3.9; 5.8 years with majority of the cases aged between 1 to 4 years old (53.8 per 100,000 of population), male gender (8.3 per 100,000 of populations), and were of Chinese (12.2 per 11 100,000 of populations) and Malay ethnicity (7.2 per 100.000 of populations). All cases were uncomplicated cases and were diagnosed clinically. Most of the notified cases were front the government facilities, which are 44 cases (73.3%). Thirty-five (35) cases (58.4%) were treated as outpatient and 25 cases (41.6%) as in patients (p>0,05). Only 7 cases (11.7%) have history of contact with HFMD patients. The notified cases were mainly from the densely populated areas which were Cheras, Kajang and Ampang. No differences were noted between HFMD cases which have been breasfed for less than 6 month or more, and twenty nine (29) cases (48.3 %) had completed the immunization schedule. In conclusion, the recent emergence of HFMD brings a new challenge, which have to be faced in the prevention and surveillance activities of public health problems in the district.
    Study site: Notified cases from Klinik Kesihatan, hospital, private clinics, Ulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Schedule
  7. Fulltext Nutritional status of Rohingya children in Kuala Lumpur
    Sok Teng, T., Zalilah, M. S.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2011;7(1):41-49.
    MyJurnal
    The Rohingya is a group of refugees from Myanmar who have been residing in Malaysia since the 1980s. At present, there is no published information on health and nutritional status of refugee children
    in Malaysia. This study was conducted to assess nutritional status of the Rohingya children aged
    6 months to 12 years old (N=87) and to determine the associations between nutritional status with
    socio-demographic, dietary diversity and health (birth weight, immunization and childhood illness)
    variables. Children were measured for weight and height while their guardians were interviewed for
    socio-demographic, dietary diversity and health information. About 27.5% of the Rohingya children
    were underweight, 11.5% stunted, 16.1% thin and 12.6% at risk of overweight and overweight. The
    percentage of children with low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) and no immunization was 17.8% and 11.5%,
    respectively. Fever (67.8%) and flu (62.1%) were the most common childhood illnesses reported in
    previous month with 44-75% of the children with these illnesses did not receive any medical treatment.
    The mean dietary diversity score was 8.9+3.2 out of a possible 14, with a higher score indicating a
    more diverse diet. There were significant correlations between frequency of immunization received
    by the children with weight-for-age-z score (rs=0.27, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  8. Feed-based vaccination regime against streptococcosis in red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mossambicus
    Ismail MS, Siti-Zahrah A, Syafiq MR, Amal MN, Firdaus-Nawi M, Zamri-Saad M
    BMC Vet Res, 2016;12(1):194.
    PMID: 27608936 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0834-1
    Streptococcosis is an important disease of tilapia throughout the world. In Malaysia, streptococcosis outbreak was commonly reported during the 3-month period of high water temperature between April and July. This study describes the duration of protection following single and double booster dose regimes against streptococcosis in tilapia using a feed-based vaccine containing formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae. A total of 510 tilapias of 120 ± 10 g were selected and divided into 3 groups. Fish of Group 1 were vaccinated at weeks 0 and 2 (single booster group) while fish of Group 2 were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2 and 6 (double booster group) with a feed-based vaccine against streptococcosis. Fish of Group 3 was not vaccinated. Serum samples were collected weekly to determine the antibody level while samples of eye, brain and kidney were collected for bacterial isolation. At week 10, all fish were challenged with live S. agalactiae and the survival rate was determined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization, Secondary
  9. Adult diphtheria in Malaysia: A case report
    Loganathan T, Mohamed PY
    Med J Malaysia, 2018 10;73(5):340-341.
    PMID: 30350821 MyJurnal
    In November 2016, a 28-year-old Malay man presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress, with a history of fever and sore throat. A clinical diagnosis of acute diphtheria was made and the patient was isolated and ventilated in the intensive care unit, and received diphtheria antitoxin and intravenous antibiotics. Initial laboratory findings failed to confirm diphtheria, leading to discontinuation of antibiotics and quarantine. Public health measures were reinstated after a reference laboratory cultured Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although there was no contact with ill persons, investigation revealed incomplete immunisation history, and injection of high dose steroids prior to onset of symptoms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  10. Fulltext Study of Ebola virus outbreak dynamics, impact of vaccination and other preventive measures on transmission control
    Che Ismail Che Noh, Fox, Anthony William
    Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018;12(2):9-18.
    MyJurnal
    Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an emerging and remerging zoonosis associated with high fatality rate, mainly caused by the Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) and Sudan Ebola virus (SEBOV) strains. Approximately 20 epidemics of EVD have been documented mainly in Central African countries since 1976. Currently, there are no therapeutics agents and vaccines yet approved for EVD. However, several promising therapeutics and vaccines candidates are actively undergoing various phase of clinical development. This study aims to study the EVD dynamics and evaluate the potential impacts of vaccines and other preventive measures on EVD transmission control and significance of medical intervention on outcome of the disease. An initial branch chain model of EVD dynamics was built based on data obtained from previous study. Different epidemiological scenarios for EVD with impacts of intervention were simulated using Berkeley-Madonna Version 8.3.18 software. Every reduction in the exposure rate of EBV infection by 10% produces two- to five-fold improvement in protection against EVD. Transmission control is optimum when the rate of exposure to EBV infection is reduced below 1%. Optimal control of EVD transmission can be achieved through strategic implementation of successful vaccination programme, and other preventive measures as well as rapid delivery of supportive medical care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  11. Fulltext Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B in first-time blood donors at National Blood Centre after implementation of National Vaccination Programme
    Sow, Emmy, Noorsuzana Mohd Shariff, Chong, Soon Eu, Tun Maizura Mohd. Fathullah, Siti Salmah Noordin
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;14(201):1-6.
    MyJurnal
    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major public health problems in Malaysia. It remains the most common permanent deferral among blood donors. In Malaysia, the national vaccination programme has been introduced since 1989 to prevent HBV transmission. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of HBV infection among first-time blood donors after the implementation of the national hepatitis B vaccination programme. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study involving tracing of the database of National Blood Centre Malaysia. The record of first-time blood donors who had donated between 1st January 2010 and 31st December 2015 and were screened HBV positive was reviewed and analysed. Results: There were 376,737 first-time donors who had donated blood and 575 of them screened positive for HBV. The overall prevalence of seropositive for hepatitis B was 0.15%. The prevalence was higher at 0.23% among donors born before the year 1989 (pre-vaccination era) compared to 0.05% among donors born in and after the year 1989 (post-vaccination era). Perinatal transmission was found to have 15 times higher odds of developing HBV infection as compared to those who had the combination of risk factors among those born after the year 1989 (adjusted OR=14.95, 95% CI 1.80=124.01). Conclusion: The implementation of the national vaccination programme reduced the prevalence of hepatitis B among donors who received vaccination at birth compared to those who did not.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  12. Fulltext Universal oral vaccine for influenza infections
    Yap, Wei Boon, Toong, Seng Tan, Sharifah Syed Hassan, Jeffrey Cheah
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(2):51-64.
    MyJurnal
    Each year, influenza A infections have caused tremendous death rate as high as 300,000-500,000 globally. Although
    there are effective anti-influenza agents and vaccines, high mutational rate among influenza A viruses renders dramatic
    decline in the effectiveness of anti-influenza agents or vaccines in certain individuals. The situation is further complicated
    by limitations in influenza vaccine production, for instance, long production period, limited vaccine capacity and lack
    of cross-protection against various influenza A virus strains. To solve these issues, development of universal influenza
    vaccine based on conserved antigens such as non-stuctural protein 1 (NS1) has been endeavoured. NS1 protein is highly
    conserved in all influenza A virus strains known by far, produced abundantly on infected cell surfaces and responsible for
    maintaining virulence. Furthermore, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that are active against NS1 were also reported to be able
    to avoid shedding of influenza in hosts. To better inhibit influenza infections, oral immunization has long been proposed
    due to feasibility of this method to be implemented and safer for recipients while able to target influenza A viruses from
    the entry point. Lactobacillus has been vastly studied for its roles as bacterial carrier in oral vaccine development due
    to its significant probiotic properties. For examples, stimulation of immune responses in oral and airway mucosal layers,
    high colonization in oral and airway mucosal layers and great natural adjuvant effects. In this light, influenza universal
    oral vaccine developed using NS1 dan Lactobacillus should be further studied in influenza oral vaccine design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  13. Fulltext Economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine "Pentaxim® and hepatitis B" to fully combined vaccine "Hexaxim®" in the Malaysian National Immunization Program
    Aljunid SM, Al Bashir L, Ismail AB, Aizuddin AN, Rashid SAZA, Nur AM
    BMC Health Serv Res, 2022 Jan 05;22(1):34.
    PMID: 34986870 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07428-7
    BACKGROUND: The decision to implement new vaccines should be supported by public health and economic evaluations. Therefore, this study was primarily designed to evaluate the economic impact of switching from partially combined vaccine (Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B) to fully combined vaccine (Hexaxim®) in the Malaysian National Immunization Program (NIP) and to investigate healthcare professionals (HCPs)' and parents'/caregivers' perceptions.

    METHODS: In this economic evaluation study, 22 primary healthcare centers were randomly selected in Malaysia between December 2019 and July 2020. The baseline immunization schedule includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses), whereas the alternative scheme includes switching from Pentaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (three doses) to Hexaxim® (four doses) and hepatitis B (one dose) administered at birth. Direct medical costs were extracted using a costing questionnaire and an observational time and motion chart. Direct non-medical (cost for transportation) and indirect costs (loss of productivity) were derived from parents'/caregivers' questionnaire. Also, HCPs' and parent's/caregivers' perceptions were investigated using structured questionnaires.

    RESULTS: The cost per dose of Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B vs. Hexaxim® for the baseline scheme was Malaysian ringgit (RM) 31.90 (7.7 United States dollar [USD]) vs. 17.10 (4.1 USD) for direct medical cost, RM 54.40 (13.1 USD) vs. RM 27.20 (6.6 USD) for direct non-medical cost, RM 221.33 (53.3 USD) vs. RM 110.66 (26.7 USD) for indirect cost, and RM 307.63 (74.2 USD) vs. RM 155.00 (37.4 USD) for societal (total) cost. A similar trend was observed for the alternative scheme. Compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B, total cost savings per dose of Hexaxim® were RM 137.20 (33.1 USD) and RM 104.70 (25.2 USD) in the baseline and alternative scheme, respectively. Eighty-four percent of physicians and 95% of nurses supported the use of Hexaxim® in the NIP. The majority of parents/caregivers had a positive perception regarding Hexaxim® vaccine in various aspects.

    CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of Hexaxim® within Malaysian NIP is highly recommended because the use of Hexaxim® has demonstrated substantial direct and indirect cost savings for healthcare providers and parents/caregivers with a high percentage of positive perceptions, compared with Pentaxim® plus hepatitis B.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization Programs
  14. Generation of IgG antibodies against Strongyloides stercoralis in mice via immunization with recombinant antigens A133 and Ss-IR
    Wong MTJ, Anuar NS, Noordin R, Tye GJ
    Acta Trop, 2024 Mar;251:107122.
    PMID: 38246399 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107122
    Strongyloidiasis, caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, remains a threat to global public health, and a vaccine would be useful to control the disease, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant proteins, A133 and Ss-IR, as potential vaccine candidates against strongyloidiasis by investigating the humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized mice. Respective antigens were adjuvanted with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (prime) and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (boost) and administered intraperitoneally (prime) and subcutaneously (boost) to female BALB/c mice. For antigen-only doses, only antigens were injected without adjuvants. Altogether, 1 prime dose, 4 booster doses, and 2 antigen-only doses were administered successively. ELISAs were conducted to assess the antibody responses, along with flow cytometry and cytokine ELISA to elucidate the cellular immune responses. Results showed that A133 and Ss-IR induced the production of IgG1 and IgG2a, with A133 generating more robust IgG2a responses than Ss-IR. Flow cytometry findings indicated that effector CD8+T-cells and memory B-cells activity were upregulated significantly for A133 only, whereas cytokine ELISA demonstrated that a Th1/Th2/Th17 mixed cell responses were triggered upon vaccination with either antigen. This preliminary study illustrated the good potential of recombinant A133 and Ss-IR as vaccine candidates against S. stercoralis. It provided information on the probable immune mechanism involved in host defence and the elicitation of protection against S. stercoralis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  15. Fulltext A novel nano therapeutic using convalescent plasma derived exosomal (CPExo) for COVID-19: A combined hyperactive immune modulation and diagnostics
    Anand K, Vadivalagan C, Joseph JS, Singh SK, Gulati M, Shahbaaz M, et al.
    Chem Biol Interact, 2021 Aug 01;344:109497.
    PMID: 33991505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109497
    Extracellular vesicles like exosomes are important therapeutic tactics for treating COVID -19. By utilizing convalescent plasma derived exosomes (CPExo) from COVID-19 recovered persistence could accelerate the treatment strategies in the current state of affairs. Adequate literature has shown that administering the exosome to the in vivo system could be beneficial and could target the pathogens in an effective and precise manner. In this hypothesis we highlight the CPExo instead of convalescent plasma (CP), perhaps to dispense of exosomes are gratified and it's more effectively acquired immune response conferral through antibodies. COVID-19 convalescent plasma has billions of exosomes and it has aptitudes to carry molecular constituents like proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA, etc. Moreover, exosomes are capable of recognizing antigens with adequate sensitivity and specificity. Many of these derivatives could trigger an immune modulation into the cells and act as an epigenetic inheritor response to target pathogens through RNAs. COIVID-19 resistance activated plasma-derived exosomes are either responsible for the effects of plasma beyond the contained immune antibodies or could be inhibitory. The proposed hypothesis suggests that preselecting the plasma-derived antibodies and RNAs merged exosomes would be an optimized therapeutic tactic for COVID-19 patients. We suggest that, the CPExo has a multi-potential effect for treatment efficacy by acting as immunotherapeutic, drug carrier, and diagnostic target with noncoding genetic materials as a biomarker.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization, Passive
  16. Broadly cross-reactive immune responses in chickens immunized with chimeric virus-like particles of nodavirus displaying the M2e originated from avian and human influenza A viruses
    Thian BYZ, Fatimah MNN, Wong CL, Ong HK, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Ho KL, et al.
    Dev Comp Immunol, 2025 Jan;162:105275.
    PMID: 39341478 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105275
    Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to poultry industry worldwide, despite the presence of vaccines. Additionally, reverse-zoonosis transmission potentially introduces human-originated IAVs into poultry and complicates the efforts to control the spread of influenza. Current avian influenza vaccines are primarily based upon the rapidly mutating hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins, which limit their efficacy against diverse strains of IAVs. Hence, the highly conserved ectodomains of matrix 2 protein (M2e) of IAVs are widely studied as alternatives to the HA and NA. However, the differences in the M2e amino acid sequences between avian and human IAVs generate antibodies that do not cross-react reciprocally with IAVs from other origins. To broaden and enhance the immunogenicity of M2e, we fused two copies each of the M2e derived from avian and human IAVs at the C-terminal end of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) capsid protein (NvC). Transmission electron microscopic and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that the chimeric protein self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Immunization of chickens with the chimeric VLPs demonstrated a robust induction of broadly reactive immune responses against both the M2e of avian and human IAVs. Additionally, the chimeric VLPs elicited the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), macrophages, as well as a well-balanced Th1 and Th2 population, indicating their potential in activating cell-mediated immune responses in chickens. Furthermore, the chimeric VLPs triggered the production of both Th1- and Th2-cytokines, attesting their potential in mounting a robust and balanced immune response in avian species. This study demonstrated the potential of these chimeric VLPs in stimulating and broadening cross-reactive immune responses in chickens against both avian and human IAVs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  17. Prevention of infection in the immunocompromised
    Lim VK
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1997 May;26(3):331-5.
    PMID: 9285028
    Infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The high risk of infection is not only the consequence of the underlying disease but also the result of the diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic procedures performed on these patients. Infections may be exogenous or endogenous in origin. The prevention of exogenous infections requires a high standard of hygiene. As many infections are acquired in hospitals, an effective control of nosocomial infection programme is crucial in preventing infections in the immunocompromised. Prevention of endogenous infections involves suppression of the aerobic bacterial flora (selective decontamination) and measures to maintain gastrointestinal epithelial integrity to reduce risk of translocation of intestinal flora. Boosting the host immunity through passive and active immunisation should also be considered. Prevention of infection in the immunocompromised is no easy task and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization, Passive
  18. Fulltext Multi-Epitope Peptide-Based and Vaccinia-Based Universal Influenza Vaccine Candidates Subjected to Clinical Trials
    Romeli S, Hassan SS, Yap WB
    Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Mar;27(2):10-20.
    PMID: 32788837 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.2
    In light of the limited protection conferred by current influenza vaccines, immunisation using universal influenza vaccines has been proposed for protection against all or most influenza sub-types. The fundamental principle of universal influenza vaccines is based on conserved antigens found in most influenza strains, such as matrix 2, nucleocapsid, matrix 1 and stem of hemagglutinin proteins. These antigens trigger cross-protective immunity against different influenza strains. Many researchers have attempted to produce the conserved epitopes of these antigens in the form of peptides in the hope of generating universal influenza vaccine candidates that can broadly induce cross-reactive protection against influenza viral infections. However, peptide vaccines are poorly immunogenic when applied individually owing to their small molecular sizes. Hence, strategies, such as combining peptides as multi-epitope vaccines or presenting peptides on vaccinia virus particles, are employed. This review discusses the clinical and laboratory findings of several multi-epitope peptide vaccine candidates and vaccinia-based peptide vaccines. The majority of these vaccine candidates have reached the clinical trial phase. The findings in this study will indeed shed light on the applicability of universal influenza vaccines to prevent seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks in the near future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization
  19. Fulltext Enterovirus 71 can directly infect the brainstem via cranial nerves and infection can be ameliorated by passive immunization
    Tan SH, Ong KC, Wong KT
    J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2014 Nov;73(11):999-1008.
    PMID: 25289894 DOI: 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000122
    Enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease may be complicated by encephalomyelitis. We investigated EV71 brainstem infection and whether this infection could be ameliorated by passive immunization in a mouse model. Enterovirus 71 was injected into unilateral jaw/facial muscles of 2-week-old mice, and hyperimmune sera were given before or after infection. Harvested tissues were studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and viral titration. In unimmunized mice, viral antigen and RNA were detected within 24 hours after infection only in ipsilateral cranial nerves, motor trigeminal nucleus, reticular formation, and facial nucleus; viral titers were significantly higher in the brainstem than in the spinal cord samples. Mice given preinfection hyperimmune serum showed a marked reduction of ipsilateral viral antigen/RNA and viral titers in the brainstem in a dose-dependent manner. With optimum hyperimmune serum given after infection, brainstem infection was significantly reduced in a time-dependent manner. A delay in disease onset and a reduction of disease severity and mortality were also observed. Thus, EV71 can directly infect the brainstem, including the medulla, via cranial nerves, most likely by retrograde axonal transport. This may explain the sudden cardiorespiratory collapse in human patients with fatal encephalomyelitis. Moreover, our results suggest that passive immunization may still benefit EV71-infected patients who have neurologic complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization, Passive/methods*
  20. Fulltext Construction and evaluation of V. cholerae O139 mutant, VCUSM21P, as a safe live attenuated cholera vaccine
    Murugaiah C, Nik Mohd Noor NZ, Mustafa S, Manickam R, Pattabhiraman L
    PLoS One, 2014;9(2):e81817.
    PMID: 24505241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081817
    Cholera is a major infectious disease, affecting millions of lives annually. In endemic areas, implementation of vaccination strategy against cholera is vital. As the use of safer live vaccine that can induce protective immunity against Vibrio cholerae O139 infection is a promising approach for immunization, we have designed VCUSM21P, an oral cholera vaccine candidate, which has ctxA that encodes A subunit of ctx and mutated rtxA/C, ace and zot mutations. VCUSM21P was found not to disassemble the actin of HEp2 cells. It colonized the mice intestine approximately 1 log lower than that of the Wild Type (WT) strain obtained from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. In the ileal loop assay, unlike WT challenge, 1×10⁶ and 1×10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU) of VCUSM21P was not reactogenic in non-immunized rabbits. Whereas, the reactogenicity caused by the WT in rabbits immunized with 1×10¹⁰ CFU of VCUSM21P was found to be reduced as evidenced by absence of fluid in loops administered with 1×10²-1×10⁷ CFU of WT. Oral immunization using 1×10¹⁰ CFU of VCUSM21P induced both IgA and IgG against Cholera Toxin (CT) and O139 lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The serum vibriocidal antibody titer had a peak rise of 2560 fold on week 4. Following Removable Intestinal Tie Adult Rabbit Diarrhoea (RITARD) experiment, the non-immunized rabbits were found not to be protected against lethal challenge with 1×10⁹ CFU WT, but 100% of immunized rabbits survived the challenge. In the past eleven years, V. cholerae O139 induced cholera has not been observed. However, attenuated VCUSM21P vaccine could be used for vaccination program against potentially fatal endemic or emerging cholera caused by V. cholerae O139.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunization*
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