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Discovery of new depigmenting compounds and their efficacy to treat hyperpigmentation: Evidence from in vitro study

Lajis AFB, Ariff AB

J Cosmet Dermatol, 2019 Jun;18(3):703-727.
PMID: 30866156 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12900

Human skin pigmentation is a result of constitutive and facultative pigmentation. Facultative pigmentation is frequently stimulated by UV radiation, pharmacologic drugs, and hormones whereby leads to the development of abnormal skin hyperpigmentation. To date, many state-of-art depigmenting compounds have been studied using in vitro model to treat hyperpigmentation problems for cosmetic dermatological applications; little attention has been made to compare the effectiveness of these depigmenting compounds and their mode of actions. In this present article, new and recent depigmenting compounds, their melanogenic pathway targets, and modes of action are reviewed. This article compares the effectiveness of these new depigmenting compounds to modulate several melanogenesis-regulatory enzymes and proteins such as tyrosinase (TYR), TYR-related protein-1 (TRP1), TYR-related protein-2 (TRP2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and N-terminal kinases (JNK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38 MAPK). Other evidences from in vitro assays such as inhibition on melanosomal transfer, proteasomes, nitric oxide, and inflammation-induced melanogenesis are also highlighted. This article also reviews analytical techniques in different assays performed using in vitro model as well as their advantages and limitations. This article also provides an insight on recent finding and re-examination of some protocols as well as their effectiveness and reliability in the evaluation of depigmenting compounds. Evidence and support from related patents are also incorporated in this present article to give an overview on current patented technology, latest trends, and intellectual values of some depigmenting compounds and protocols, which are rarely highlighted in the literatures.
Fulltext Development and validation of an instrument measuring cyberbullying among Malaysian youths

Akmar Hayati, Ahmad Ghazali, Asnarulkhadi, Abu Samah, Siti Zobidah, Omar, Haslinda, Abdullah, Aminah, Ahmad, Hayrol Azril, Mohamed Shaffril

Journal of Cognitive Sciences & Human Development, 2019;5(2):78-91.
MyJurnal

This study sought to develop and validate an instrument measuring cyberbullying among
Malaysian youths. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed to determine the best
sub-factors and items for the instrument, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was
performed to test and validate the measurement model. Results from EFA on 38 items
showed that the items were pooled into four sub-factors. Meanwhile, results from CFA
indicated that eight items had to be discarded in order to confirm that the model was fit.
Overall, the final version of the instrument consisted of four cyberbullying sub-factors,
namely, impersonation (13 items), cyberstalking and harassment (nine items), flaming (four
items), and elimination (four items).
Interleukin 23 and autoimmune diseases: current and possible future therapies

Abdo AIK, Tye GJ

Inflamm Res, 2020 May;69(5):463-480.
PMID: 32215665 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01339-9

PURPOSE: IL-23 is a central proinflammatory cytokine with a wide range of influence over immune response. It is implicated in several autoimmune diseases due to the infinite inflammatory loops it can create through the positive feedbacks of both IL-17 and IL-22 arms. This made IL-23 a key target of autoimmune disorders therapy, which indeed was proven to inhibit inflammation and ameliorate diseases. Current autoimmune treatments targeting IL-23 are either by preventing IL-23 ligation to its receptor (IL-23R) via antibodies or inhibiting IL-23 signaling by signaling downstream mediators' inhibitors, with each approach having its own pros and cons.
METHODS: Literature review was done to further understand the biology of IL-23 and current therapies.
RESULTS: In this review, we discuss the biological features of IL-23 and its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Advantages, limitations and side effects of each concept will be reviewed, suggesting several advanced IL-23-based bio-techniques to generate new and possible future therapies to overcome current treatments problems.
Optimization of number of scans for a sparse temporal sampling (STS) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Ahmad Nazlim Yusoff, Khairiah Abdul Hamid, Hamdi Hamzah, Mazlyfarina Mohamad, Siti Zamratol-mai Sarah Mukari, Wan Ahmad Kamil Wan Abdullah

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1525-1530.

High sensitivity signal detection for a sparse temporal sampling (STS) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is compensated by the increase in the number of scans (Ns) and consequently the scan time. A long scan time would result in fatigue and restlessness in participants, while a short scan time is undesirable for an STS-fMRI due to insufficient Ns for averaging. The purpose of this study was to determine the Ns practically sufficient for a sparse fMRI study. Eighteen participants were presented with white noise during a sparse fMRI scan. The height extent of activation was determined via t statistics and region of interest (ROI) based percentage of signal change (PSC). The t statistics and PSC for Heschl’s gyrus (HG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) during which the participants listened to the white noise were calculated for different number of scans which were 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36. The t statistics and PSC values calculated for the bilateral HG and STG qualitatively indicated a minimal change over Ns = 12 to 36. Both ROIs showed a consistent common right lateralization of activation for all Ns, indicating the right-hemispheric dominance of auditory cortex in processing white noise stimulus. It was proposed that for a sparse fMRI study, Ns may practically fall between 12 and 36
Fulltext Annual report of National Orthopaedic Registry Malaysia (NORM) Diabetic Foot 2009

Abdullah MAH, Abdullah AT

Citation: Abdullah MAH, Abdullah AT. Annual report of National Orthopaedic Registry Malaysia (NORM) Diabetic Foot 2009. Kuala Lumpur: Clinical Research Centre, Malaysia; 2010
Fulltext Antinociceptive activities of a novel diarylpentanoid analogue, 2-benzoyl-6-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexen-1-ol, and its possible mechanisms of action in mice

Ong HM, Azmi AFA, Leong SW, Abas F, Perimal EK, Farouk AAO, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 12 16;11(1):24121.
PMID: 34916536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02961-1

A novel synthetic compound from the 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogue, namely 2-benzoyl-6-(3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexen-1-ol (BBHC), showed pronounced nitric oxide inhibition in IFN-γ/LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Based on this previous finding, our present study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of BBHC via chemical and thermal stimuli in vivo. The investigation of the antinociceptive activity of BBHC (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was initiated with 3 preliminary screening tests, then BBHC was subjected to investigate its possible involvement with excitatory neurotransmitters and opioid receptors. The potential acute toxicity of BBHC administration was also studied. Administration of BBHC significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions, formalin-induced paw licking activity and developed notable increment in the latency time. BBHC's ability to suppress capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking activities, as well as to antagonise the effect of naloxone, had indicated the possible involvement of its antinociception with TRPV1, glutamate and opioid receptors, respectively. The antinociceptive activities of BBHC was not related to any sedative action and no evidence of acute toxic effect was detected. The present study showed that BBHC possessed significant peripheral and central antinociceptive activities via chemical- and thermal-induced nociceptive murine models without any locomotor alteration and acute toxicity.
Fulltext Checklist of herpetofauna in the severely degraded ecosystem of Bidong Island, Peninsular Malaysia, South China Sea

Fatihah-Syafiq M, Badli-Sham BH, Fahmi-Ahmad M, Aqmal-Naser M, Rizal SA, Azmi MSA, et al.

Zookeys, 2020;985:143-162.
PMID: 33223878 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.985.54737

A herpetofaunal inventory was conducted on Bidong Island, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. It incorporates data from a recent herpetological survey conducted from 1 to 3 April 2019 with reptile records from previous publications. Specimens were collected with drift-fenced pitfall traps and taxa were recorded with visual encounter surveys (VES). In total, 18 species of reptiles and amphibians were recorded, including three species of frogs, 12 species of lizards, and three species of snakes. Six species from the present survey are new records for the island.
Ecological risk estimation of organophosphorus pesticides in riverine ecosystems

Wee SY, Aris AZ

Chemosphere, 2017 Dec;188:575-581.
PMID: 28917209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.035

Pesticides are of great concern because of their existence in ecosystems at trace concentrations. Worldwide pesticide use and its ecological impacts (i.e., altered environmental distribution and toxicity of pesticides) have increased over time. Exposure and toxicity studies are vital for reducing the extent of pesticide exposure and risk to the environment and humans. Regional regulatory actions may be less relevant in some regions because the contamination and distribution of pesticides vary across regions and countries. The risk quotient (RQ) method was applied to assess the potential risk of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), primarily focusing on riverine ecosystems. Using the available ecotoxicity data, aquatic risks from OPPs (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) in the surface water of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were evaluated based on general (RQm) and worst-case (RQex) scenarios. Since the ecotoxicity of quinalphos has not been well established, quinalphos was excluded from the risk assessment. The calculated RQs indicate medium risk (RQm = 0.17 and RQex = 0.66; 0.1 ≤ RQ 1 (high risk) was observed for both the general and worst cases of chlorpyrifos, but only for the worst cases of diazinon at all sites from downstream to upstream regions. Thus, chlorpyrifos posed a higher risk than diazinon along the Langat River, suggesting that organisms and humans could be exposed to potentially high levels of OPPs.
Fulltext Optimisation of polymerase chain reaction conditions for detection of mineralization markers in isolated odontoblasts from human teeth

Wafa' Zahari, Ong, Wei Shen, Tan, Hong Jin, Azlina Ahmad, Khairul Bariah Ahmad Amin Noordin, Saaid Al Shehadat

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2017;12(1):45-54.
MyJurnal

The present study aimed to determine the best polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions for
amplification of odontoblast markers; alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin
sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and osteopontin (OPN). Informed consent was obtained from the individuals
prior to tooth extraction. RNA was extracted from odontoblasts obtained from extracted teeth using
innuPREP RNA Mini kit (Analytik Jena, Germany). Five selected target factors in enhancing PCR: primer
concentration, extension time, number of cycles, annealing time, and annealing temperature were
manipulated to yield the correct size of amplicons. One step reverse transcriptase PCR reactions were
performed using MyTaq One-Step RT-PCR kit (Bioline, USA) with a C1000 Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad, USA)
in a 25 µL reaction, keeping the amount of 2 ng/µL RNA, 0.25 µL reverse transcriptase, 0.5 µL RiboSafe
Rnase inhibitor and 1X MyTaq One-Step Mix, constant. The optimal conditions were determined to be
400nM of primers for DMP1 and DSPP, 200 nM for ALP and OPN; 30 seconds of extension time and 35
PCR cycles for all genes; 10 seconds of annealing time for ALP, DMP1 and DSPP, 7 seconds for OPN. The
annealing temperature were 56.4°C for ALP, 58.6°C for DMP1, 52.7°C for DSPP, and 56.3°C for OPN,
respectively. The optimized PCR protocols produced the correct size of odontoblast markers.
Fulltext Resin Infiltration of Non-Cavitated Enamel Lesions in Paediatric Dentistry: A Narrative Review

Dziaruddin N, Zakaria ASI

Children (Basel), 2022 Dec 02;9(12).
PMID: 36553336 DOI: 10.3390/children9121893

The resin infiltration (RI) technique was introduced as one of the minimal intervention dentistry strategies in addressing dental caries among the paediatric population. This technique used the low-viscosity resin monomer to infiltrate the non-cavitated carious lesion and other developmental enamel porosities, thus allowing the conservation of the tooth structure. This narrative review aims to explore the value of RI in Paediatric Dentistry. Through our search of the literature, the development of the material, their clinical applications and shortcomings, as well as the innovation that has been carried out to improve the current RI, were discussed. There are number of high-level evidence supporting the use of RI in arresting non-cavitated proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth, but its efficacy in managing anterior white spot lesions is still unclear. Limited penetration depth, not radiopaque and questionable long-term colour and material stability were among the limitation of the material. Various laboratory-based studies have been conducted to improve the current properties of RI. Nevertheless, RI has emerged as one of the important micro-invasive techniques in addressing non-cavitated and anterior white-spot enamel lesions in children and adolescents with great success.
The evidence from clinical trials on colchicine and corticosteroids' effect on COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bitar AN, Sulaiman SAS

Curr Med Res Opin, 2022 Dec;38(12):2097-2108.
PMID: 35819071 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2100654

OBJECTIVES: With no clear end for the outbreak, identifying the drugs that are effective in COVID-19's management is of utmost importance to reduce the impact on the general population and the healthcare systems.
METHODS: This is a systematic review and a meta-analysis evaluating the evidence from clinical trials on the effect of colchicine and corticosteroids against COVID-19. In this review, we have systematically searched five databases [(PubMed, Embase, clinicaltrials.gov, ICTRP, CINAHL (EBSCO)]. Cochrane's data extraction sheet was used to collect the required information, and RevMan-5.4.1 was used to conduct the meta-analysis and to assess the risk of bias. The review was registered in Prospero (CRD42022299718).
RESULTS: The total number of included studies was 17, with 18,956 participants; the majority were male 12,001. Out of which, 8772 participants were on colchicine, 569 took methylprednisolone, and 64 patients received prednisolone. The meta-analysis has shown that colchicine had no significant effect on reducing the mortality rate among COVID-19 patients [OR 0.98(95% CI 0.90-1.08), p = .70), I2:1%)], corticosteroids have significantly reduced the mortality rates [OR 0.55 (95% CI 0.33-0.91), p = .02, I2:40]. Colchicine did not reduce the incidence of ICU admissions [OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.39-1.40), p = .35, I2:0%], while steroidal drugs significantly reduced the ICU admissions [OR 0.42 (95% CI 0.23-0.78), p = .005, I2:0%]. Unlike steroidal drugs [OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.30-0.95), p = .03, I2:61%], colchicine failed to reduce the need for mechanical ventilation [OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.48-1.10), p = .13, I2:76%]. Steroidal drugs significantly reduced the duration of hospitalization among COVID-19 patients [OR -0.50 (95% CI -0.79-0.21), p = .0007, I2:36%].
CONCLUSIONS: The use of colchicine did not significantly reduce the mortality rate, ICU admissions, and mechanical ventilation among COVID-19 patients. Conversely, corticosteroids significantly reduced the mortality rate, ICU admissions, mechanical ventilation, and hospitalization duration among COVID-19 patients.
Fulltext In vitro models in biocompatibility assessment for biomedical-grade chitosan derivatives in wound management

Keong LC, Halim AS

Int J Mol Sci, 2009 Mar;10(3):1300-1313.
PMID: 19399250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10031300

One of the ultimate goals of wound healing research is to find effective healing techniques that utilize the regeneration of similar tissues. This involves the modification of various wound dressing biomaterials for proper wound management. The biopolymer chitosan (beta-1,4-D-glucosamine) has natural biocompatibility and biodegradability that render it suitable for wound management. By definition, a biocompatible biomaterial does not have toxic or injurious effects on biological systems. Chemical and physical modifications of chitosan influence its biocompatibility and biodegradability to an uncertain degree. Hence, the modified biomedical-grade of chitosan derivatives should be pre-examined in vitro in order to produce high-quality, biocompatible dressings. In vitro toxicity examinations are more favorable than those performed in vivo, as the results are more reproducible and predictive. In this paper, basic in vitro tools were used to evaluate cellular and molecular responses with regard to the biocompatibility of biomedical-grade chitosan. Three paramount experimental parameters of biocompatibility in vitro namely cytocompatibility, genotoxicity and skin pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, were generally reviewed for biomedical-grade chitosan as wound dressing.
Fulltext Outcomes of infected grade IIIB open tibial fractures

Yusof NM, Halim AS

Singapore Med J, 2012 Sep;53(9):591-4.
PMID: 23023900

Infection following grade IIIB open tibial fracture is common. The primary aim of managing this condition is to achieve control of infection before the bone reconstruction procedure is performed. The outcomes for such patients have not been evaluated in the literature. This study was conducted to examine the outcome of a multi-stage procedure for the treatment of infected grade IIIB open tibial fractures.
Fulltext The impacts of COVID-19 on the environmental sustainability: a perspective from the Southeast Asian region

Praveena SM, Aris AZ

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Dec;28(45):63829-63836.
PMID: 33410033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11774-0

This study examined the impacts of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the environment in the Southeast Asia region using qualitative content analysis to analyze the textual data of published studies and other online references such as the organizational reports. Besides, the materiality assessment particularly the Global Reporting Initiative was conducted by analyzing short- and long-term impacts from the stakeholders' (local and regional policymakers) perspective. The positive effects of COVID-19 lockdown and movement restriction on the regional environment identified in this study included a reduction in air pollution, improvement of air and water quality, lower noise levels, and reduced land surface temperature. In contrast, the negative effects encompassed a rise in the use of plastics and the generation of medical waste in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Materiality assessment findings have offered insights on the need of stakeholders' importance for further to deal with huge amount of waste, inadequate waste management facilities and system, explore the effectiveness of such sustainable work and lifestyle changes, utilize real-time monitoring air quality data and future prediction responses for climate change mitigation and adaptation policies as well as consideration towards new green technologies for clean energy in each Southeast Asian country and at regional level. It is anticipated that this study will contribute towards a better understanding of the impacts of COVID-19 on environmental sustainability in the Southeast Asia region, particularly from the perspective of the stakeholders.
Impacts of suspended sediment and metal pollution from mining activities on riverine fish population-a review

Affandi FA, Ishak MY

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Jun;26(17):16939-16951.
PMID: 31028621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05137-7

Mining activities are responsible for the elevated input levels of suspended sediment and hazardous metals into the riverine ecosystem. These have been shown to threaten the riverine fish populations and can even lead to localized population extinction. To date, research on the effects of mining activities on fish has been focused within metal contamination and bioaccumulation and its threat to human consumption, neglecting the effects of suspended sediment. This paper reviews the effects of suspended sediment and metal pollution on riverine ecosystem and fish population by examining the possibilities of genetic changes and population extinction. In addition, possible assessments and studies of the riverine fish population are discussed to cope with the risks from mining activities and fish population declines.
Environmental performance, political connection, and financial performance: evidence from global oil and gas companies

Tarmizi NFA, Brahmana RK

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Jan;30(4):11081-11098.
PMID: 36094701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22881-5

Based on the natural resource-based view theory, firms with improved environmental performance will have higher financial performance. Conversely, the neo-classical economic theory argues that improved environmental performance leads to lower financial performance. We argue that these contradicting findings are due to the political connection and treat it as the moderating variable to strengthen the positive effect of environmental performance on financial performance. Using carbon emission, spill volume, and total environmental fines as the environmental performance proxy, we only find that spill volume has a positive relationship with oil and gas companies' financial performance, supporting the natural resource-based view theory. Our results also show the positive effect of political connection on financial performance, supporting the helping-hand theory. Meanwhile, the moderating effect of political connection is only significant in weakening the negative impact of spill volume on financial performance. Practically, government regulation that bans the involvement of politicians in the boards of the oil and gas companies may allow firms to internalize the cost of the environmental damage, and could improve the environmental performance of the firms.
Fulltext The evidence from clinical trials on Gout medicines effect on COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Bitar AN, Sulaiman SAS

Nurs Open, 2023 Apr;10(4):2684-2688.
PMID: 36443281 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1501

AIM: To evaluate the available evidence from clinical trials on the efficacy of gout medicines against COVID-19.
DESIGN: Systematic review and Meta-analysis.
METHODS: We are systematically searching five databases [PubMed, Embase, CT.gov, ICTRP, CINAHL (EBSCO)]. We are following the PRISMA statement and the EPOC guidelines. The meta-analysis will be conducted using Revman-5.4.1 from Cochrane collaboration, UK. This review's protocol was also registered in PROSPERO, University of York, UK (CRD42022299718).
RESULTS: In this meta-analysis, we plan to give a conclusive overview of the available evidence on the efficacy of the medications used to manage gout in reducing COVID-19 mortality, ICU admission, ventilation rate and hospitalization duration. If the results were positive, these drugs would greatly add to the scarce treatment options against COVID-19. Furthermore, these drugs might provide an excellent alternative to inconvenient and expensive drugs. Additionally, most of these drugs have a well-established safety profile for use during nursing, making them a much safer option for nursing mothers with COVID-19.
Fulltext High stability resistive switching mechanism of a screen-printed electrode based on BOBZBT2 organic pentamer for creatinine detection

Khushaini MAA, Azeman NH, Ismail AG, Teh CH, Salleh MM, Bakar AAA, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 Dec 07;11(1):23519.
PMID: 34876656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03046-9

The resistive switching (RS) mechanism is resulted from the formation and dissolution of a conductive filament due to the electrochemical redox-reactions and can be identified with a pinched hysteresis loop on the I-V characteristic curve. In this work, the RS behaviour was demonstrated using a screen-printed electrode (SPE) and was utilized for creatinine sensing application. The working electrode (WE) of the SPE has been modified with a novel small organic molecule, 1,4-bis[2-(5-thiophene-2-yl)-1-benzothiopene]-2,5-dioctyloxybenzene (BOBzBT2). Its stability at room temperature and the presence of thiophene monomers were exploited to facilitate the cation transport and thus, affecting the high resistive state (HRS) and low resistive state (LRS) of the electrochemical cell. The sensor works based on the interference imposed by the interaction between the creatinine molecule and the radical cation of BOBzBT2 to the conductive filament during the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurement. Different concentrations of BOBzBT2 dilution were evaluated using various concentrations of non-clinical creatinine samples to identify the optimised setup of the sensor. Enhanced sensitivity of the sensor was observed at a high concentration of BOBzBT2 over creatinine concentration between 0.4 and 1.6 mg dL-1-corresponding to the normal range of a healthy individual.
Past and present discovery of the BAFF/APRIL system - A bibliometric study from 1999 to 2023

Balasubramaniam M, Mokhtar AMA

Cell Signal, 2024 May 05;120:111201.
PMID: 38714287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111201

Cytokines from the Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) family are important regulators of both physiological and pathological processes. The discovery of novel TNF ligands and receptors, BAFF and APRIL, have opened up new possibilities for scientists to explore the effect of these cytokines on the human immune system. The role of BAFF/APRIL system in B lymphocytes is particularly important for survival and maintenance of homeostasis. Aberrant expression of the system is associated with various immunological disorders. Hence, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the past and present BAFF/APRIL system research development in a bibliometric perspective. To our best knowledge, this is the first ever bibliometric analysis conducted focusing on the BAFF/APRIL system. A total of 1055 relevant documents were retrieved from WoSCC. Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, and Biblioshiny of R studio were bibliometric tools used to analyse the scientific literature. From 1999, the annual publications showed an upward trend, with Journal of Immunology being the most productive journal. USA leads the race for BAFF/APRIL system research developments. Pascal Schneider, a senior researcher affiliated with University of Lausanne, Switzerland was recognised as the most productive author and institution in the BAFF/APRIL system research field. The research focus transitioned from focusing on the role of the system in B cell biology, to immunological disorders and finally to development of BAFF/APRIL targeting drugs. Despite several studies elucidating briefly the pathway mechanism of BAFF/APRIL system in B-cell selection, substantial research on the mechanism of action in disease models and T cell activation and development of immunomodulating drugs from natural origins remains largely unexplored. Therefore, future research focusing on these areas are crucial for the deeper understanding of the system in disease manifestations and progression allowing a better treatment management for various immunological disorders.
Deep eutectic solvent-treated palm oil mill sludge adsorbents for methylene blue adsorption

Francis OA, Zaini MAA

Environ Monit Assess, 2023 Oct 23;195(11):1356.
PMID: 37870632 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11925-z

This study evaluated the adsorptive properties of deep eutectic solvent (DES)-treated palm oil mill sludge adsorbents for methylene blue removal. The adsorbents were prepared at a ratio of 1:2 at 80°C to form P1:D2@80°C, at 25°C to form P1:D2@25°C and without DES to form dry sludge (DS). The adsorbent samples were characterized for surface functional groups, textural properties and surface morphology. The values of specific area were 534, 236 and 184 m2/g, respectively. Batch adsorption of methylene blue at varying concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and temperature was performed. The maximum adsorption capacities by Sips model were recorded as 72.07, 56.18 and 48.33 mg/g for P1:D2@80°C, P1:D2@25°C and DS, respectively. P1:D2@80°C displayed the highest rate constant (Ks = 0.0037 g/mg.min). The adsorption data were well fitted into Sips isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting that the adsorption is a physical process onto heterogeneous adsorbent surface via pore filling and electrostatic attraction. The adsorption was spontaneous, feasible and exothermic with decreased disorderliness in the solid-bulk solution interface. The DES-treated palm oil mill sludge adsorbent is a promising alternative adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater.

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