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NiCo2O4-loaded sunflower husk-derived biochar as efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for tetracycline removal in water

Nguyen TB, Nguyen TK, Chen CW, Chen WH, Bui XT, Lam SS, et al.

Bioresour Technol, 2023 Aug;382:129182.
PMID: 37210031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129182

In this study, biochar produced from sunflower seeds husk was activated through ZnCl2 to support the NiCo2O4 nanoparticles (NiCo2O4@ZSF) in catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) toward tetracycline (TC) removal from aqueous solution. The good dispersion of NiCo2O4 NPs on the ZSF surface provided sufficient active sites and abundant functional groups for the adsorption and catalytic reaction. The NiCo2O4@ZSF activating PMS showed high removal efficiency up to 99% after 30 min under optimal condition ([NiCo2O4@ZSF] = 25 mg L-1, [PMS] = 0.04 mM, [TC] = 0.02 mM and pH = 7). The catalyst also exhibited good adsorption performance with a maximum adsorption capacity of 322.58 mg g-1. Sulfate radicals (SO4•-), superoxide radical (O2•-), and singlet oxygen (1O2) played a decisive role in the NiCo2O4@ZSF/PMS system. In conclusion, our research elucidated the production of highly efficient carbon-based catalysts for environmental remediation, and also emphasized the potential application of NiCo2O4 doped biochar.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Fulltext Effect of Resistance Training Methods and Intensity on the Adolescent Swimmer's Performance: A Systematic Review

Guo W, Soh KG, Zakaria NS, Hidayat Baharuldin MT, Gao Y

Front Public Health, 2022;10:840490.
PMID: 35444975 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.840490

BACKGROUND: Resistance training has been widely used in various sports and improves competition performance, especially in swimming. Swimming performance is highly dependent on muscle strength, especially short distances. For adolescent athletes, the existing literature has bound to prove that resistance training is undoubtedly bound to improve swimmers' performance.
OBJECTIVES: This study adopts a systematic literature review to (1) examine the effects of resistance training on the performance of adolescent swimmers, and (2) summarize their training methods and intensity.
METHODS: The literature search was undertaken in five international databases: the SCOUPS, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), CNKL, Web of Science. The searches covered documents in English and Chinese published until 30th December 2020. Electronic databases using various keywords related to "strength training" and "adolescent swimmers" were searched. Sixteen studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria where the data was then systematically reviewed using the PRISMA guideline. Furthermore, the physical therapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used to measure each study's scientific rigor.
RESULTS: This review found that to improve the swimming performance of adolescents, two types of resistance training were used, specifically in water and on land, where both types of training can improve swimming performance. In addition, training with two types of resistance machines were better in the water than with one equipment. Resistance training can improve the swimming performance of adolescent swimmers at 50 m, 100 m, 200 m and 400 m distances. However, most studies only focused on the swimming performance at 50 m and 100 m lengths. A low-intensity, high-speed resistance training programme is recommended for adolescent swimmers to obtain the best training results.
CONCLUSION: Water or land resistance training can improve the swimming performance. Given that both types of exercises have their strengths and weaknesses, combining these methods may enhance the swimmers' performance. In addition, despite the starting and turning phases consuming up to one-third of the total swimming time for short distances, literature in this area is limited.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier: CRD42021231510.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Fulltext Are spiritual, ethical, and eating qualities of poultry meat influenced by current and frequency during electrical water bath stunning?

Hayat MN, Kumar P, Sazili AQ

Poult Sci, 2023 Sep;102(9):102838.
PMID: 37392488 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102838

With the continuous rise of Muslim and Jewish populations and their increasing preference for ritually slaughtered poultry meat, the industry is forced to redefine its existing product-centric quality standard toward a new consumer-centric dimension of quality. The new dimension is mainly attributed to ensuring animal welfare and ethical treatment (ethical quality), spiritual quality (such as halal status, cleanliness), and eating quality standards set by religion. To meet consumer quality requirements while maintaining high production performance, the industry has incorporated newer technologies that are compatible with religious regulations such as stunning methods like electrical water bath stunning. However, the introduction of new techniques such as electrical water bath stunning has been met with mixed reactions. Some religious scholars have banned the use of any stunning methods in religious slaughter, as halal status is believed to be compromised in cases where birds have been stunned to death before slaughter. Nevertheless, some studies have shown the positive side of the electrical water bath stunning procedure in terms of preserving eating, ethical, and spiritual quality. Therefore, the present study aims to critically analyze the application of various aspects of electrical water bath stunning such as current intensity and frequency on various quality attributes, namely, ethical, spiritual, and eating quality of poultry meat.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Overcoming the Fukushima Wastewater Crisis: What the Japanese Authorities Could Do to Address Opposing Views

Ng KH, Yoong D, Gong J

Health Phys, 2022 Jun 01;122(6):696-704.
PMID: 35486926 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001548

In April 2021, the Japanese authorities' announcement of their decision to release processed wastewater from the damaged Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean over 30 y, beginning in 2023, triggered strong domestic and international opposition. Failure to handle this situation tactfully can lead to public disorder, civil disobedience, loss of trust in the authorities, and even diplomatic sanctions. In this article, we explain the underlying reasons behind this resistance, and we offer some strategic methods that the Japanese authorities can deploy to address opposing views and overcome the Fukushima wastewater crisis.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Water
Fabrication, characterization, and application of BiOI@ZIF-8 nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen from aqueous solutions under UV-vis irradiation

Mengting Z, Duan L, Zhao Y, Song Y, Xia S, Gikas P, et al.

J Environ Manage, 2023 Nov 01;345:118772.
PMID: 37597373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118772

This work investigates the use of novel BiOI@ZIF-8 nanocomposite for the removal of acetaminophen (Ace) from synthetic wastewater. The samples were analyzed using FTIR, XRD, XPS, DRS, PL, FESEM-EDS, and ESR techniques. The effects of the loading capacity of ZIF-8 on the photocatalytic oxidation performance of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) were studied. The photocatalytic degradation of Ace was maximized by optimizing pH, reaction time and the amount of photocatalyst. On this basis, the removal mechanisms of the target pollutant by the nanocomposite and its photodegradation pathways were elucidated. Under optimized conditions of 1 g/L of composite, pH 6.8, and 4 h of reaction time, it was found that the BiOI@ZIF-8 (w/w = 1:0.01) nanocomposite exhibited the highest Ace removal (94%), as compared to that of other loading ratios at the same Ace concentration of 25 mg/L. Although this result was encouraging, the treated wastewater still did not satisfy the required statutory of 0.2 mg/L. It is suggested that the further biological processes need to be adopted to complement Ace removal in the samples. To sustain its economic viability for wastewater treatment, the spent composite still could be reused for consecutive five cycles with 82% of regeneration efficiency. Overall, this series of work shows that the nanocomposite was a promising photocatalyst for Ace removal from wastewater samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Water
Using walnut shells as low-cost adsorbent materials in an anaerobic filter medium of a De-centralized wastewater treatment system (DEWATS)

Zaheer M, Ali MS, Huang N, Ashraf MA

Chemosphere, 2023 Nov;341:140080.
PMID: 37678602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140080

The flow of unprocessed sewage through municipal sewers is a great source of water contamination. This study aims to observe the pollutants removal efficiencies of walnut shells as an efficient low-cost adsorbent material compared to gravel materials as an anaerobic filter medium. Two models of the De-Centralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) were constructed. The wastewater flowing from toilets and handwashing places was connected to anaerobic filters filled with walnut shells and gravel. The efficiency of both filter media in the removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate (NO3), and phosphate (PO43), pH and temperature were observed at the influent of the settler tank and then at the effluent of the collection tank (CT). Temperature and pH were within the acceptable limit of wastewater discharge. The results also indicated that the walnut shells filter media was more efficient at removing organic pollutants (TSS 94%, BOD5 88%, COD 85%, Nitrate 57%, phosphate 46%, and TDS 29%) than the gravel (TSS 81%, BOD5 82%, COD 84%, Nitrate 35%, phosphate 38%, and TDS 26%) at the successive stages. The average removal efficiency of the walnut shell was 88% while in the gravel case, it was 83%. The removal efficiency of walnut shell filters was extensively better over the complete experiment compared to gravel filters for the removal of pollutants, representing the high sorption capability of the walnut shell material. The results of this study show that the walnut shells may be a very useful substitute for other conventional fillers for anaerobic treatment in the anaerobic filter of DEWATS.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Water
A new solid phase extraction sorbent developed based on cyanopropyl functionalized silica nanoparticles for organophosphorus pesticides determination

Korrani ZS, Khalili E, Kamyab H, Wan Ibrahim WA, Hashim H

Environ Res, 2023 Dec 01;238(Pt 2):117167.
PMID: 37722580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117167

In this work, a simple sol-gel approach was used for the preparation of cyanopropyl (CNPr) functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2-CNPr) that tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and cyanopropyltriethoxysilane (CNPrTEOS) used as precursors. This as-prepared SiO2-CNPr nanoparticle sorbent was first characterized using FESEM, EDX, FTIR, TGA, and BET techniques. Then, the SiO2-CNPr nanoparticle was applied as a new SPE sorbent for determining trace levels of OPPs in environmental water samples. To enhance the simultaneous extraction of non-polar or/and polar OPPs and to obtain the most efficient sorbent, several sol-gel synthesis parameters were studied. In addition, the effect of several effective parameters on SPE performance was investigated toward simultaneous extraction of non-polar or/and polar OPPs. Moreover, the figures of merit such as precision, linearity, LOQ, LOD, and recovery were evaluated for the sorbent. Finally, the designed SiO2-CNPr SPE was used to determine OPPs in real water samples, and its extraction performance was compared to commercial cartridges based on cyanopropyl.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Evaluation of factors causing lateral migration of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) in onshore oil spill accidents

Waqar A

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Feb;31(7):10853-10873.
PMID: 38214856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31844-x

Contamination of groundwater by harmful substances poses significant risks to both drinking water sources and aquatic ecosystems, making it a critical environmental concern. Most on-land spill events release organic molecules known as light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), which then seep into the ground. Due to their low density and organic composition, they tend to float as they reach the water table. LNAPLs encompass a wide range of non-aqueous phase liquids, including various petroleum products, and can, over time, develop carcinogenic chemicals in water. However, due to frequent changes in hydraulic head, the confinement may fail to contain them, causing them to extend outward. When it contaminates water wells, people cannot reliably consume the water. The removal of dangerous contaminants from groundwater aquifers is made more challenging by LNAPLs. It is imperative to analyze the mechanisms governing LNAPL migration. As a response to this need and the associated dispersion of contaminants into adjacent aquifers, we have conducted a comprehensive qualitative literature review encompassing the years 2000-2022. Groundwater variability, soil structure, and precipitation have been identified as the three primary influential factors, ranked in the following order of significance. The rate of migration is shown to rise dramatically in response to changes in groundwater levels. Different saturation zones and confinement have a major effect on the lateral migration velocity. When the various saturation zones reach a balance, LNAPLs will stop moving. Although higher confinement slows the rate of lateral migration, it speeds up vertical migration. Beyond this, the lateral or vertical movement is also influenced by differences in the permeability of soil strata. Reduced mobility and tighter containment are the outcomes of migrating through fine-grained, low-porosity sand. The gaseous and liquid phases of LNAPLs move more quickly through coarse-grained soils. Due to the complexities and uncertainties associated with LNAPL behavior, accurately foreseeing the future spread of LNAPLs can be challenging. Although studies have utilized modeling techniques to simulate and predict LNAPL migration, the inherent complexities and uncertainties in the subsurface environment make it difficult to precisely predict the extent of LNAPL spread in the future. The granular soil structure considerably affects the porosity and pore pressure.

Matched MeSH terms: Water; Groundwater*
Benthic functionality under climate-induced environment changes offshore on the Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf

Mohd Nasir N, Barnes DKA, Wan Hussin WMR

Mar Environ Res, 2024 Feb;194:106341.
PMID: 38183736 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106341

Marine ecosystems in Antarctica are thought to be highly vulnerable to aspects of dynamic global climate change, such as warming. In deep-water ecosystems, there has been little physico-chemical change in seawater there for millions of years. Thus, some benthic organisms are likely to include strong potential indicators of environmental changes and give early warnings of ecosystem vulnerability. In 2017 we sampled deep-water benthic assemblages across a continental shelf trough in outer Marguerite Bay, West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). This region is one of the hotspots of climate-related physical change on Earth in terms of seasonal sea ice loss. Video and images of the seabed were captured at 5 stations, each with 20 replicates. From these, we identified substratum types and biota to functional groups to assess variability in benthic composition and diversity. We also collected coincident environmental information on depth, temperature, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll-a (using a CTD). Climax sessile suspension feeders were the most spatially dominant group, comprising 539 individuals (39% of total abundance) that included Porifera, Brachiopoda and erect Bryozoa. ST5, the shallowest station was functionally contrasting with other stations. This functional difference was also influenced by hard substrata of ST5, which is typically preferred by climax sessile suspension feeders. Depth (or an associated driver) and hard substrates were the most apparent key factor which functionally characterised the communities, shown by the abundance of climax sessile suspension feeders. Our study showed that non-invasive, low taxonomic skill requirement, functional group approach is not only valuable in providing functional perspective on environment status, but such groupings also proved to be sensitive to environmental variability.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange characteristics in the uppermost canopy of a rain forest tree, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f

Ishida A, Toma T, Matsumoto Y, Yap SK, Maruyama Y

Tree Physiol, 1996 Sep;16(9):779-85.
PMID: 14871685

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. is a major tropical canopy species in lowland tropical rain forests in Peninsular Malaysia. Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapor (g(s)) were measured in fully expanded young and old leaves in the uppermost canopy (35 m above ground). Maximum A was 12 and 10 micro mol m(-2) s(-1) in young and old leaves, respectively; however, because of large variation in A among leaves, mean maximum A in young and old leaves was only 6.6 and 5.5 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Both g(s) and A declined in young leaves when T(leaf) exceeded 34 degrees C and leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (DeltaW) exceeded 0.025, whereas in old leaves, g(s) and A did not start to decline until T(leaf) and DeltaW exceeded 36 degrees C and 0.035, respectively. Under saturating light conditions, A was linearly related to g(s). The coefficient of variation (CV) for the difference between the CO(2) concentrations of ambient air and the leaf intercellular air space (C(a) - C(i)) was smaller than the CV for A or g(s), suggesting that maximum g(s) was mainly controlled by mesophyll assimilation (A/C(i)). Minimum C(i)/C(a) ratios were relatively high (0.72-0.73), indicating a small drought-induced stomatal limitation to A and non-conservative water use in the uppermost canopy leaves.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Vibrio Species and Cyanobacteria: Understanding Their Association in Local Shrimp Farm Using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)

Dayang Najwa AB, Elexson N, Dalene L, Teng ST

Microb Ecol, 2024 Mar 15;87(1):51.
PMID: 38488929 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02356-5

In aquatic environments, Vibrio and cyanobacteria establish varying relationships influenced by environmental factors. To investigate their association, this study spanned 5 months at a local shrimp farm, covering the shrimp larvae stocking cycle until harvesting. A total of 32 samples were collected from pond A (n = 6), pond B (n = 6), effluent (n = 10), and influent (n = 10). Vibrio species and cyanobacteria density were observed, and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) assessed their correlation. CCA revealed a minor correlation (p = 0.847, 0.255, 0.288, and 0.304) between Vibrio and cyanobacteria in pond A, pond B, effluent, and influent water, respectively. Notably, Vibrio showed a stronger correlation with pH (6.14-7.64), while cyanobacteria correlated with pH, salinity (17.4-24 ppt), and temperature (30.8-31.5 °C), with salinity as the most influential factor. This suggests that factors beyond cyanobacteria influence Vibrio survival. Future research could explore species-specific relationships, regional dynamics, and multidimensional landscapes to better understand Vibrio-cyanobacteria connections. Managing water parameters may prove more efficient in controlling vibriosis in shrimp farms than targeting cyanobacterial populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Enhancing urban blue-green landscape quality assessment through hybrid genetic algorithm-back propagation (GA-BP) neural network approach: a case study in Fucheng, China

Fan D, Maliki NZB, Yu S, Jin F, Han X

Environ Monit Assess, 2024 Apr 04;196(5):424.
PMID: 38573531 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12558-6

This study employs an artificial neural network optimization algorithm, enhanced with a Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation (GA-BP) network, to assess the service quality of urban water bodies and green spaces, aiming to promote healthy urban environments. From an initial set of 95 variables, 29 key variables were selected, including 17 input variables, such as water and green space area, population size, and urbanization rate, six hidden layer neurons, such as patch number, patch density, and average patch size, and one output variable for the comprehensive value of blue-green landscape quality. The results indicate that the GA-BP network achieves an average relative error of 0.94772%, which is superior to the 1.5988% of the traditional BP network. Moreover, it boasts a prediction accuracy of 90% for the comprehensive value of landscape quality from 2015 to 2022, significantly outperforming the BP network's approximate 70% accuracy. This method enhances the accuracy of landscape quality assessment but also aids in identifying crucial factors influencing quality. It provides scientific and objective guidance for future urban landscape structure and layout, contributing to high-quality urban development and the creation of exemplary living areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Enhancement of energy recovery from caffeine wastewater in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell through operating conditions

Teoh TP, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS, Lutpi NA, Tan SM, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Jul;30(35):84397-84411.
PMID: 37358771 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28362-7

The enhancement of up-flow constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (UFCW-MFC) performance in energy retrieval from caffeine containing wastewater has been explored via various operating conditions (hydraulic retention time (HRT), multianode (MA), multicathode current collector (MC), external resistance). The anaerobic decaffeination and COD removal improved by 37 and 12% as the HRT extended from 1 to 5 d. The increment in contact time between the microbes and organic substrates promoted the degradation and contributed to higher power output (3.4-fold), CE (eightfold), and NER (14-16-fold). The MA and MC connections facilitated the electron transfer rate and the degradation rate of organic substrates in the multiple anodic zones, which enhanced the removal efficiency in the anaerobic compartment (Caffeine: 4.2%; COD: 7.4%) and led to higher electricity generation (Power: 4.7-fold) and energy recovery (CE: 1.4-fold; NER: 2.3-2.5-fold) compared to SA. The lower external resistance favored the growth of electrogens and induced higher electron flux, where the best treatment performance and electricity production was obtained when the external resistance approached the internal resistance. Overall, it was noteworthy that the optimum operating conditions were achieved with 5 d HRT, MA, and MC connection along with external resistance of 200 Ω, which significantly outperformed the initial conditions (1 d HRT, SA connection, and 1000 Ω) by 43.7 and 29.8% of caffeine and COD removal in the anaerobic compartment, respectively as well as 14-fold of power generation.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Water
Fulltext Microplastic Pollution and Health and Relevance to the Malaysia's Roadmap to Zero Single-Use Plastics 2018-2030

Ma ZF, Ibrahim YS, Lee YY

Malays J Med Sci, 2020 May;27(3):1-6.
PMID: 32684801 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.3.1

Microplastic pollution is an emerging environmental and public health threat worldwide including Malaysia. Microplastics are widespread in drinking water, but also food products especially seafood, an important dietary source for the Malaysians. Potential health hazards may be a result of chemicals, physical properties and microbial disturbance associated with microplastic exposure. However, most studies were performed in animals rather than in human. Nevertheless, in recognition of rising threat from microplastics, in 2018, the Malaysia's Roadmap to Zero Single-use Plastics 2018-2030 has been released. In this editorial, we firstly discussed the potential impact of microplastics on human health, followed by the strategies or limitations highlighted in the Malaysia's Roadmap.

Matched MeSH terms: Drinking Water
The Effect of Young Coconut Water on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients

Awaluddin, Pristika A

J Pak Med Assoc, 2024 May;74(5 (Supple-5)):S51-S54.
PMID: 39221800 DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.Ind-RInC-14

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of young coconut water on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
METHODS: The quasi-experimental study was conducted in the work area of the Perhentian Luas Public Health Centre, Kuantan Singingi district, Riau province, Indonesia, from June 12 to 26, 2022, and comprised people aged >35 years with stage I hypertension. They were divided into intervention group A and control group B. Group A received young coconut water 150ml for 1 week once a day in the morning. Data was collected using observation sheets and blood pressure monitoring. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.
RESULTS: Of the 30 subjects, 15(50%) were each in each of the two groups. All the 15(100%) respondents in group A were females, while there were 10(66.7%) males and 5(33.3%) females in group B. In both the groups, there were 8(53.3%) subjects aged 26-45 years and 7(46.7%) aged >45 years. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after the intervention showed significant difference in group A (p<0.05), while the difference in group B was not significant (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Consuming young coconut water every day for 7 days reduced blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Water
Fulltext SARS-CoV-2 removal by mix matrix membrane: A novel application of artificial neural network based simulation in MATLAB for evaluating wastewater reuse risks

Zahmatkesh S, Rezakhani Y, Chofreh AG, Karimian M, Wang C, Ghodrati I, et al.

Chemosphere, 2023 Jan;310:136837.
PMID: 36252897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136837

The COVID-19 outbreak led to the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage; thus, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) could have the virus in their effluent. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 is eradicated by sewage treatment is virtually unknown. Specifically, the objectives of this study include (i) determining whether a mixed matrixed membrane (MMM) is able to remove SARS-CoV-2 (polycarbonate (PC)-hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) and PC-silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP)), (ii) comparing filtration performance among different secondary treatment processes, and (iii) evaluating whether artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be employed as performance indicators to reduce SARS-CoV-2 in the treatment of sewage. At Shariati Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, secondary treatment effluent during the outbreak of COVID-19 was collected from a WWTP. There were two PC-Ag-NP and PC-HMO processes at the WWTP targeted. RT-qPCR was employed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage fractions. For the purposes of determining SARS-CoV-2 prevalence rates in the treated effluent, 10 L of effluent specimens were collected in middle-risk and low-risk treatment MMMs. For PC-HMO, the log reduction value (LRV) for SARS-CoV-2 was 1.3-1 log10 for moderate risk and 0.96-1 log10 for low risk, whereas for PC-Ag-NP, the LRV was 0.99-1.3 log10 for moderate risk and 0.94-0.98 log10 for low risk. MMMs demonstrated the most robust absorption performance during the sampling period, with the least significant LRV recorded in PC-Ag-NP and PC-HMO at 0.94 log10 and 0.96 log10, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Waste Water
Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of anionic dyes on Chitosan/PVA/Na-Titanate/TiO2 composites synthesized by solution casting method

Habiba U, Islam MS, Siddique TA, Afifi AM, Ang BC

Carbohydr Polym, 2016 09 20;149:317-31.
PMID: 27261756 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.127

Chitosan/PVA/Na-titanate/TiO2 composite was synthesized by solution casting method. The composite was analyzed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermal gravimetric analysis and water stability test. Incorporation of Na-titanate shown decrease of crystallinity for chitosan but increase water stability. However, the composite structure was deteriorated with considerable weight loss in acidic medium. Two anionic dyes, methyl orange and congo red were used for the adsorption test. The adsorption behavior of the composites were described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Lagergren-first-order model for methyl orange and congo red, respectively. For methyl orange, adsorption was started with a promising decolorization rate. 99.9% of methyl orange dye was removed by the composite having higher weightage of chitosan and crystalline TiO2 phase. On the other hand, for the congo red the composite having higher chitosan and Na-titanate showed an efficient removal capacity of 95.76%. UV-vis results showed that the molecular backbone of methyl orange and congo red was almost destroyed when equilibrium was obtained, and the decolorization rate was reaching 100%. Kinetic study results showed that the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and congo red could be explained by Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Thus, chitosan/PVA/Na-titanate/TiO2 possesses efficient adsorptivity and photocatalytic property for dye degradation.

Matched MeSH terms: Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation & purification; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry
Quality of Kelantan drinking water and knowledge, attitude and practice among the population of Pasir Mas, Malaysia

Ab Razak NH, Praveena SM, Aris AZ, Hashim Z

Public Health, 2016 Feb;131:103-11.
PMID: 26715317 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.11.006

Information about the quality of drinking water, together with analysis of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) analysis and health risk assessment (HRA) remain limited. The aims of this study were: (1) to ascertain the level of KAP regarding heavy metal contamination of drinking water in Pasir Mas; (2) to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd) in drinking water in Pasir Mas; and (3) to estimate the health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) caused by heavy metal exposure through drinking water using hazard quotient and lifetime cancer risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Drinking Water/standards*; Drinking Water/chemistry*
Merits of partial shielding in dumping sediment spoils

Jensen JH, Saremi S, Jimenez C, Hadjioannou L

Mar Pollut Bull, 2015 Dec 15;101(1):61-68.
PMID: 26597564 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.023

The commonly adopted method of dumping dredge spoil at sea using split-hull barges leads to considerable sediment loss to the water column and a subsequent dispersion of fine material that can pose a risk to sensitive "downstream" habitats such as coral reefs. Containing sediment loads using stitched closed geotextile bags is practiced for minimizing loss of contaminated sediment, but is expensive in terms of operational efficiency. Following promising observations from initial laboratory trials, the plunging of partially shielded sediment loads, released on open sea, was studied. The partial shielding was achieved with rigid, open containers as well as flexible, open bags. The loss of sediment from these modes of shielding was measured, and it was observed that even limited and unstitched shielding can be effective in debilitating the entrainment of water into the descending load. In particular, long-sleeved flexible bags practically self-eliminated the exposure of the load and thus losses.

Matched MeSH terms: Water Movements; Water Pollution/prevention & control*
Kinetic and stoichiometric characterization for efficient enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process at high temperatures

Liau KF, Shoji T, Ong YH, Chua AS, Yeoh HK, Ho PY

Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2015 Apr;38(4):729-37.
PMID: 25381606 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1313-3

A recently reported stable and efficient EBPR system at high temperatures around 30 °C has led to characterization of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of the Activated Sludge Model no. 2d (ASM2d). Firstly, suitable model parameters were selected by identifiability analysis. Next, the model was calibrated and validated. ASM2d was found to represent the processes well at 28 and 32 °C except in polyhyroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulation of the latter. The values of the kinetic parameters for PHA storage (q PHA), polyphosphate storage (q PP) and growth (μ PAO) of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) at 28 and 32 °C were found to be much higher than those reported by previous studies. Besides, the value of the stoichiometric parameter for the requirement of polyphosphate for PHA storage (Y PO4) was found to decrease as temperature rose from 28 to 32 °C. Values of two other stoichiometric parameters, i.e. the growth yield of heterotrophic organisms (Y H) and PAOs (Y PAO), were high at both temperatures. These calibrated parameters imply that the extremely active PAOs of the study were able to store PHA, store polyphosphate and even utilize PHA for cell growth. Besides, the parameters do not follow the Arrhenius correlation due to the previously reported unique microbial clade at 28 and 32 °C, which actively performs EBPR at high temperatures.

Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*; Waste Water

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