Browse publications by year: 2012

Fulltext Images in clinical medicine. Retinoblastoma

Kah TA, Annuar FH

N Engl J Med, 2012 Jul 19;367(3):258.
PMID: 22808961 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1112964
MeSH terms: Child, Preschool; Eye Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Eye Neoplasms/radiography; Female; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Reflex; Retinoblastoma/diagnosis*; Retinoblastoma/radiography
Fulltext Design, synthesis and structural studies of meta-xylyl linked bis-benzimidazolium salts: potential anticancer agents against 'human colon cancer'

Haque RA, Iqbal MA, Khadeer Ahamed MB, Majid AA, Abdul Hameed ZA

Chem Cent J, 2012;6(1):68.
PMID: 22809051 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-6-68
Fulltext Retracted: Luciferase-transfected colon adenocarcinoma cell line (DLD-1) for use in Orthotopic Xenotransplantation studies

Siddique MR, Shynder S, Ashraf MA, Yusoff I, Wajid A

Chem Cent J, 2012 Jul 18;6(1):69.
PMID: 22809083 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-6-69

BACKGROUND: Renilla Luciferase reporter gene (rLuc) GL4.82 and GL4.13 promoter are key player in transfection, but precise knowledge of its targets in colon cancer remains limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the best transfection technique to produce a stable transfected colon DLD1 (colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line), therefore imaging based approaches were employed.
RESULTS: DLD1 cells were transfected with a Plasmid (SV40-RLuc) carrying Renilla luciferase under the control of the SV-40 promoter, by using two different transfection techniques. Cells expressing the required DNA were isolated after antibiotic (Puramycin) selection. Clones of DLD-1/SV40-RLuc were produced using two different techniques (96 well plates and Petri dish) and their florescence intensity was recorded using IVIS machine (Calliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, USA). Both techniques were characterized with the help of serial dilution technique. Results from this study substantiated that electroporation is the best. As expected, clones varied in their specific luciferase activity along with the dilutions. With the increase in cell concentration increase in intensity of florescence was recorded.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results we are confident that this transfected cell line DLD-1/SV40-RLuc (colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line) is the best for further Orthotopic Xenotransplantation Studies and in-vivo experiments as well. Investigation shows that DLD1/SV-rLuc cells have gained little bit resistance against both drugs therefore further study is suggested to know the reasons.
Quercetin-induced inhibition and synergistic activity with cisplatin - a chemotherapeutic strategy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

Daker M, Ahmad M, Khoo AS

Cancer Cell Int, 2012;12(1):34.
PMID: 22809533

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique tumour of epithelial origin with a distinct geographical distribution, genetic predisposition and environmental as well as dietary influence as aetiological factors. Standard NPC treatment regimes, such as radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs, can produce undesirable complications often associated with significant toxicity. Here, we report the effects of a widely distributed flavonoid, quercetin, on cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The effects of combining quercetin and cisplatin on human NPC cells were explored.
Fulltext Social and psychological factors affecting eating habits among university students in a Malaysian medical school: a cross-sectional study

Ganasegeran K, Al-Dubai SA, Qureshi AM, Al-abed AA, Am R, Aljunid SM

Nutr J, 2012;11:48.
PMID: 22809556 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-48

BACKGROUND: Eating habits have been a major concern among university students as a determinant of health status. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of eating habits and its associated social and psychological factors among medical students.
METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 132 medical students of pre-clinical phase at a Malaysian university. A self-administered questionnaire was used which included questions on socio-demography, anthropometry, eating habits and psychosocial factors.
RESULTS: Mean (± SD) age of the respondents was 22.7 (± 2.4) years and (the age) ranged from 18 to 30 years. More than half had regular meals and breakfast (57.6% &, 56.1% respectively). Majority (73.5%) consumed fruits less than three times per week, 51.5% had fried food twice or more a week and 59.8% drank water less than 2 liters daily. Eating habits score was significantly low among younger students (18-22 years), smokers, alcohol drinkers and those who did not exercise. (p<0.05). Four psychological factors out of six, were significantly associated with eating habits (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, age and 'eating because of feeling happy' were significantly associated with eating habits score (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Most of the students in this study had healthy eating habits. Social and psychological factors were important determinants of eating habits among medical students.
Study site: Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
Scales & Questionnaires: Compulsive Eating Scale

MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Anthropometry; Energy Intake; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Food Habits*; Fruit; Humans; Life Style; Malaysia; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires; Schools, Medical; Socioeconomic Factors; Students, Medical*; Universities; Vegetables; Linear Models; Young Adult; Meals; Breakfast
Protective effect of treatment with black cumin oil on spatial cognitive functions of rats that suffered global cerebrovascular hypoperfusion

Azzubaidi MS, Saxena AK, Talib NA, Ahmed QU, Dogarai BB

Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 2012;72(2):154-65.
PMID: 22810217

The fixed oil of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L. (NSO), has shown considerable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its subsequent cognitive impairment in which oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are the principal culprits. Cerebrovascular hypoperfusion was experimentally achieved by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2VO) in rats. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to assess the effects of NSO on spatial cognitive function before and after 2VO intervention. Rats were divided into long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) groups, each was further subdivided into 3 subgroups: sham control, untreated 2VO and NSO treated 2VO group. All subgroups were tested with MWM at the tenth postoperative week. Working memory test results for both sham control and NSO treated groups showed significantly lower escape latency time and total distance travelled than untreated 2VO group. Similarly, LTM and STM MWM tests for sham control and NSO treated groups revealed significantly better maze test performance as compared to untreated 2VO group. Sham control and NSO treated 2VO groups demonstrated superior probe memory test performance as compared to untreated 2VO group. The fixed oil of Nigella sativa seeds has demonstrated noticeable spatial cognitive preservation in rats challenged with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion which indicates a promising prospective neuroprotective effect.

MeSH terms: Animals; Blindness/etiology; Blindness/prevention & control; Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology; Cerebrovascular Disorders/drug therapy*; Cerebrovascular Disorders/mortality; Cerebrovascular Disorders/psychology*; Cognition/drug effects*; Male; Memory, Short-Term/drug effects; Plant Oils/pharmacology*; Space Perception/drug effects*; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Neuroprotective Agents*; Maze Learning/drug effects; Cuminum/chemistry*; Rats; Memory, Long-Term/drug effects
Fulltext Honey--a novel antidiabetic agent

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Wahab MS

Int J Biol Sci, 2012;8(6):913-34.
PMID: 22811614 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3697

Diabetes mellitus remains a burden worldwide in spite of the availability of numerous antidiabetic drugs. Honey is a natural substance produced by bees from nectar. Several evidence-based health benefits have been ascribed to honey in the recent years. In this review article, we highlight findings which demonstrate the beneficial or potential effects of honey in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), on the gut microbiota, in the liver, in the pancreas and how these effects could improve glycemic control and metabolic derangements. In healthy subjects or patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus, various studies revealed that honey reduced blood glucose or was more tolerable than most common sugars or sweeteners. Pre-clinical studies provided more convincing evidence in support of honey as a potential antidiabetic agent than clinical studies did. The not-too-impressive clinical data could mainly be attributed to poor study designs or due to the fact that the clinical studies were preliminary. Based on the key constituents of honey, the possible mechanisms of action of antidiabetic effect of honey are proposed. The paper also highlights the potential impacts and future perspectives on the use of honey as an antidiabetic agent. It makes recommendations for further clinical studies on the potential antidiabetic effect of honey. This review provides insight on the potential use of honey, especially as a complementary agent, in the management of diabetes mellitus. Hence, it is very important to have well-designed, randomized controlled clinical trials that investigate the reproducibility (or otherwise) of these experimental data in diabetic human subjects.

MeSH terms: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy; Diabetes Mellitus/prevention & control; Honey*; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use; Glucose Intolerance/drug therapy; Glucose Intolerance/prevention & control
Fulltext Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. Fruit Parts in Rabbits Fed High Cholesterol Diet

Shakirin FH, Azlan A, Ismail A, Amom Z, Yuon LC

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:838604.
PMID: 22811751 DOI: 10.1155/2012/838604

The effect of C. odontophyllum (CO) fruit parts was investigated in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Forty-nine rabbits, which were randomly divided into seven groups of seven animals (n = 7), received a diet containing different parts of CO fruit parts for 8 weeks. The groups were as follows: (1) normal diet: NC group and (2) hypercholesterolemic diet: PC, HS (10 mg/kg/day simvastatin), HPO (20 g kg(-1) oil extracted from the pulp of CO), HKO (20 g kg(-1) oil extracted from the kernel of CO), HF (50 g kg(-1) fullfat pulp of CO), and HD (50 g kg(-1) defatted pulp of CO). Among these groups, rabbits receiving defatted pulp of CO showed the greatest cholesterol lowering effect as it had reduced plasma LDL-C, TC, and thiobarbiturate reactive substance (TBARS) levels as well as atherosclerotic plaques. The presence of high dietary fiber and antioxidants activity are potential factors contributing to the cholesterol lowering effect. Consequently, these results indicate the potential use of CO defatted pulp as a cholesterol lowering and antioxidant agent.

MeSH terms: Animals; Antioxidants; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Fruit; Hypolipoproteinemias; Cholesterol, LDL; Rabbits; Thiobarbiturates; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Simvastatin; Plaque, Atherosclerotic
Fulltext Pleurotus giganteus (Berk.) Karunarathna & K.D. Hyde: Nutritional value and in vitro neurite outgrowth activity in rat pheochromocytoma cells

Phan CW, Wong WL, David P, Naidu M, Sabaratnam V

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012;12:102.
PMID: 22812497 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-102

Drugs dedicated to alleviate neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's have always been associated with debilitating side effects. Medicinal mushrooms which harness neuropharmacological compounds offer a potential possibility for protection against such diseases. Pleurotus giganteus (formerly known as Panus giganteus) has been consumed by the indigenous people in Peninsular Malaysia for many years. Domestication of this wild mushroom is gaining popularity but to our knowledge, medicinal properties reported for this culinary mushroom are minimal.

MeSH terms: Animals; Biological Products/pharmacology*; Biological Products/therapeutic use; Biological Products/chemistry; Dietary Carbohydrates/analysis; Dietary Fiber/analysis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Malaysia; Phytotherapy*; Nutritive Value; Phenols/analysis; Pheochromocytoma/metabolism*; Potassium/analysis; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles; Triterpenes/analysis; Signal Transduction; Neurites/drug effects*; PC12 Cells; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy*; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism; Pleurotus/chemistry*; Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects*; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry; Oncogene Protein v-akt/metabolism; Rats
Brewing a perfect blend: the National Heart Association of Malaysia and the Japanese Circulation Society

Yean Yip Fong A, Wan Ahmad WA, Rosman A, Sim KH

Circ J, 2012;76(8):1807-10.
PMID: 22813752
MeSH terms: Heart*; Heart Diseases/epidemiology; Heart Diseases/therapy; Humans; Hypertension/epidemiology; Hypertension/therapy; Japan/epidemiology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Portraits as Topic; Societies, Medical*; Prevalence; Diabetes Complications/epidemiology; Diabetes Complications/therapy; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century
Isotherm equilibria of Mn²⁺ biosorption in drinking water treatment by locally isolated Bacillus species and sewage activated sludge

Hasan HA, Abdullah SR, Kofli NT, Kamarudin SK

J Environ Manage, 2012 Nov 30;111:34-43.
PMID: 22813857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.027

Manganese (Mn(2+)) is one of the inorganic contaminant that causes problem to water treatment and water distribution due to the accumulation on water piping systems. In this study, Bacillus sp. and sewage activated sludge (SAS) were investigated as biosorbents in laboratory-scale experiments. The study showed that Bacillus sp. was a more effective biosorbent than SAS. The experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir (Langmuir-1 & Langmuir-2), Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Redlich-Peterson (R-P) isotherms to obtain the characteristic parameters of each model. Mn(2+) biosorption by Bacillus sp. was found to be significantly better fitted to the Langmuir-1 isotherm than the other isotherms, while the D-R isotherm was the best fit for SAS; i.e., the χ(2) value was smaller than that for the Freundlich, Temkin, and R-P isotherms. According to the evaluation using the Langmuir-1 isotherm, the maximum biosorption capacities of Mn(2+) onto Bacillus sp. and SAS were 43.5 mg Mn(2+)/g biomass and 12.7 mg Mn(2+)/g biomass, respectively. The data fitted using the D-R isotherm showed that the Mn(2+) biosorption processes by both Bacillus sp. and SAS occurred via the chemical ion-exchange mechanism between the functional groups and Mn(2+) ion.

MeSH terms: Absorption; Bacillus/metabolism*; Filtration; Manganese/metabolism*; Models, Theoretical; Sewage/chemistry*; Temperature; Water Purification/methods*
Fulltext Prevalence of depression among women attending a primary urban care clinic in Malaysia

Mohd Sidik S, Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Ahmad R

Singapore Med J, 2012 Jul;53(7):468-73.
PMID: 22815016

Depression affects more women than men in Malaysia. The objective of this paper was to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among women attending a government primary care clinic.

MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care Facilities; China/ethnology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression/diagnosis; Depression/etiology; Depression/epidemiology*; Female; Humans; India/ethnology; Malaysia; Malaysia/ethnology; Middle Aged; Parent-Child Relations; Primary Health Care/organization & administration; Surveys and Questionnaires; Regression Analysis; Risk; Sex Factors; Social Class; Urban Population; Prevalence; Urban Health Services
Fulltext Three cases of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: genotypes and management outcome

Ooi HL, Wu LL

Singapore Med J, 2012 Jul;53(7):e142-4.
PMID: 22815030

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as insulin-requiring DM in the first six months of life. Unlike type 1 DM, it is a monogenic disorder resulting from a de novo mutation in the genes involved in the development of the pancreas, β-cell mass or secretory function. The majority of neonatal DM cases are caused by a heterozygous activating mutation in the KCNJ11 or ABCC8 genes that encode the Kir6.2 and SUR1 protein subunits, respectively, in the KATP channel. Sulphonylurea, a KATP channel inhibitor, can restore insulin secretion, hence offering an attractive alternative to insulin therapy. We report three cases of neonatal DM and their genetic mutations. Two patients were successfully switched over to sulphonylurea monotherapy with resultant improvement in the quality of life and a more stable blood glucose profile. Patients with neonatal DM should undergo genetic evaluation. For patients with KCNJ11 and ABCC8 gene mutation, oral sulphonylurea should be considered.

MeSH terms: Blood Glucose/metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus/genetics*; Diabetes Mellitus/therapy*; Female; Genotype; Heterozygote; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Models, Biological; Models, Genetic; Molecular Biology; Mutation*; Pancreas/physiology; Quality of Life; Receptors, Drug/genetics; Sulfonylurea Compounds/therapeutic use; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics; Sulfonylurea Receptors
Efficacy of intranasal vaccination of field buffaloes against haemorrhagic septicaemia with a live gdhA derivative Pasteurella multocida B:2

Rafidah O, Zamri-Saad M, Shahirudin S, Nasip E

Vet Rec, 2012 Aug 18;171(7):175.
PMID: 22815208 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100403

The efficacy of an intranasal haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine containing live gdhA derivative Pasteurella multocida B:2 was tested in buffaloes in Sabah. Sixty buffaloes, kept grazing in the field with minimal human intervention were devided into three groups of 20 buffaloes per group. Buffaloes of group 1 were exposed intranasal to 5 ml vaccine containing 10(6) CFU/ml of live gdhA derivative P multocida B:2. Buffaloes of group 2 were not exposed to the vaccine but exposed to PBS and were allowed to commingle and graze in the same field as the buffaloes of group 1 while buffaloes of group 3 were similarly exposed to PBS and were grazing separately. Booster was on group 1, two weeks later. Twelve months after the first vaccination, three buffaloes from each group were brought into the experimental house and challenged subcutaneously with 10(9) CFU/ml of live wild-type P multocida B:2. All challenged buffaloes of groups 1 and 2 survived with only mild, transient signs while all control unvaccinated buffaloes developed severe signs of haemorrhagic septicaemia and were euthanased between 28 hours and 38 hours postchallenge with signs and lesions typical of haemorrhagic septicaemia. These data showed that the gdhA mutant strain, given intranasally as two doses two weeks apart, successfully induced systemic immunity in exposed buffaloes and also led to spread of vaccine strain to the in-contact animals, where it acted as an effective live vaccine to protect both exposed buffaloes and in-contact buffaloes against challenge with the virulent parent strain.

MeSH terms: Administration, Intranasal/veterinary; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage*; Buffaloes; Female; Hemorrhagic Septicemia/prevention & control; Hemorrhagic Septicemia/veterinary*; Male; Mutation; Vaccination/veterinary*; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage; Virulence; Treatment Outcome; Pasteurella multocida/genetics; Pasteurella multocida/immunology*
Public health strategies to address Asian men's health needs

Tong SF, Low WY

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2012 Jul;24(4):543-55.
PMID: 22815311 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512452756

Men's health discourse has been around for more than 2 decades. The higher mortality rates and the shorter life expectancy in Asian men compared with their women counterparts show the disadvantaged status of men's health. Thus, discussions on men's health should address their health needs and not be confined to sex-specific male urology and reproductive health. In Asia, assessing men's health needs is challenging because of the vast differences in the socioeconomic status and the diverse culture among its member countries. Although, the epidemiology of men's health provides the focus for what to address in improving men's health, having an optimal strategy requires the understanding of men's health-seeking behaviors and the social determinants surrounding them. Thus, public health approaches addressing health behaviors and health promotion in the society should be one of the keys in improving men's health status. Locally relevant information is needed to inform effective public health approaches.

MeSH terms: Asia; Health Promotion/methods*; Health Services Needs and Demand*; Humans; Male; Terminology as Topic; Public Health Administration*; Men's Health*
Fulltext Genome sequence of Mycobacterium massiliense M18, isolated from a lymph node biopsy specimen

Ngeow YF, Wong YL, Tan JL, Arumugam R, Wong GJ, Ong CS, et al.

J Bacteriol, 2012 Aug;194(15):4125.
PMID: 22815444 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00712-12

Mycobacterium massiliense is a rapidly growing mycobacterial species. The pathogenicity of this subspecies is not well known. We report here the annotated genome sequence of M. massiliense strain M18, which was isolated from a lymph node biopsy specimen from a Malaysian patient suspected of having tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis.

MeSH terms: Biopsy; DNA, Bacterial/genetics*; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry*; Humans; Lymph Nodes/microbiology; Malaysia; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycobacterium/genetics*; Mycobacterium/isolation & purification; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node/microbiology; Genome, Bacterial*; Sequence Analysis, DNA*
Fulltext Detection of quorum sensing signal molecules and identification of an autoinducer synthase gene among biofilm forming clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp

Anbazhagan D, Mansor M, Yan GO, Md Yusof MY, Hassan H, Sekaran SD

PLoS One, 2012;7(7):e36696.
PMID: 22815678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036696

Quorum sensing is a term that describes an environmental sensing system that allows bacteria to monitor their own population density which contributes significantly to the size and development of the biofilm. Many gram negative bacteria use N-acyl-homoserine lactones as quorum sensing signal molecules. In this study, we sought to find out if the biofilm formation among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. is under the control of autoinducing quorum sensing molecules.

MeSH terms: Acetates/chemistry; Acinetobacter/cytology; Acinetobacter/genetics*; Acinetobacter/isolation & purification; Acinetobacter/physiology*; Bacterial Proteins/genetics*; Humans; Mutation; Transcription Factors/genetics*; Biosensing Techniques; Biofilms/growth & development*; Quorum Sensing*; Acyl-Butyrolactones/metabolism*
Fulltext An Asian validation of the TIMI risk score for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Selvarajah S, Fong AY, Selvaraj G, Haniff J, Uiterwaal CS, Bots ML

PLoS One, 2012;7(7):e40249.
PMID: 22815733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040249

Risk stratification in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is important, such that the most resource intensive strategy is used to achieve the greatest clinical benefit. This is essential in developing countries with wide variation in health care facilities, scarce resources and increasing burden of cardiovascular diseases. This study sought to validate the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score for STEMI in a multi-ethnic developing country.

MeSH terms: Aged; Blood Coagulation*; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology; Electrocardiography*; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases/epidemiology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis; Myocardial Infarction/mortality; Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology*; Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology*; Prognosis; Risk Assessment/methods*
Unusual nitrogenous derivatives from Alstonia

Tan SJ, Subramaniam G, Thomas NF, Kam TS

Nat Prod Commun, 2012 Jun;7(6):739-42.
PMID: 22816296

Five new nitrogenous compounds were isolated from the Malayan Alstonia angustifolia and their structures determined based on interpretation of spectroscopic data.

MeSH terms: Alkaloids/chemistry*; Molecular Structure; Alstonia/chemistry*
Phenylethanoid glycosides isolated from Paraboea paniculata

Yue TH, Hock AH, Kiang LC, Mooi LY

Nat Prod Commun, 2012 Jun;7(6):775-8.
PMID: 22816305

Phytochemical studies of the leaves and rhizomes of Paraboea pa niculata (Gesneriaceae) are reported for the first time. Three phenylethanoid glycosides were isolated and characterized as 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl-(3"-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, calceoralarioside E, and acteoside. These isolates exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against the K-562 cell line with a 50% of cell killing rate of 40.18 microM, 27.05 microM, and 27.24 microM, respectively. In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, their IC50 values were determined as 75.89 microM, 25.00 microM, and 26.04 microM, respectively.

MeSH terms: Cell Survival/drug effects; Glycosides/adverse effects; Glycosides/chemistry*; Humans; Molecular Structure; Angiosperms/chemistry*; Cell Line, Tumor; Solid Phase Extraction

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