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Assessment of Academic Resilience and Its Associated Factors Among Pharmacy Students in Twelve Countries

Elnaem MH 1 , Wan Salam WNAA 2 , Thabit AK 3 , Mubarak N 4 , Abou Khatwa MM 5 , Ramatillah DL 6 Show all authors , Isah A 7 , Barakat M 8 , Al-Jumaili AA 9 , Mansour NO 10 , Fathelrahman AI 11 , Adam MF 12 , Jamil S 13 , Baraka M 14 , Rabbani SA 15 , Abdelaziz DH 16 , Elrggal ME 17 , Okuyan B 18 , Elcioglu HK 19

Affiliations 

  • 1 Ulster University, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Coleraine, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.elnaem@ulster.ac.uk
  • 2 International Islamic University Malaysia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
  • 3 King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 4 University of Health Sciences, Lahore Medical & Dental College, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 5 Alexandria University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 6 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 7 University of Nigeria, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Nsukka, Nigeria
  • 8 Applied Science Private University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Amman, Jordan
  • 9 University of Baghdad College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad, Iraq
  • 10 Mansoura University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 11 Taif University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taif, Saudi Arabia
  • 12 University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman, Sudan
  • 13 Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Department of Pharmacy, Sirajganj, Bangladesh
  • 14 Fatima College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 15 RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, RAK College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
  • 16 Future University in Egypt, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice & Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo, Egypt; Al-Baha University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
  • 17 Umm Al-Qura University, College of Medicine, Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia
  • 18 Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
  • 19 Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Türkiye
Am J Pharm Educ, 2024 Apr 02;88(5):100693.
PMID: 38574997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100693

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Academic resilience, a critical determinant of academic achievement, is affected by various factors. There is a paucity of large-scale international assessments of academic resilience among pharmacy students. Therefore, this study aimed to assess academic resilience among pharmacy students in 12 countries and to evaluate factors associated with their academic resilience levels.

METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey-based study was conducted among randomly selected pharmacy students in 12 countries: Egypt, Türkiye, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, Jordan, Nigeria, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. After pilot testing, the validated 30-item academic resilience scale (ARS) was used for the assessment. The data were collected between November 1, 2022 and April 15, 2023. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, as appropriate.

RESULTS: A total of 3950 were received from the 12 participating countries. The mean age was 21.68 ± 2.62 years. About two-thirds of the responses were from female participants and those studying for Bachelor of Pharmacy degrees. Overall, the findings show moderate academic resilience, which varied across countries. The median (IQR) of the total ARS-30 was 114 (103-124). Females exhibited lower negative affective and emotional response subscale levels than males. There were significant cross-country variations in the ARS-30 and all subscales. The highest overall levels were reported for Sudan, Pakistan, and Nigeria and the lowest were reported for Indonesia and Türkiye. Students in private universities tended to have higher overall ARS levels than public university students. Higher academic performance was significantly associated with ARS levels, whereas those with excellent performance exhibited the highest ARS levels. Students with exercise routines had higher ARS levels than those without exercise routines. Finally, students who were engaged in extracurricular activities had higher ARS levels than those who did not participate in these activities.

CONCLUSION: The study offers insights into the factors affecting academic resilience in pharmacy students across several countries. The findings could guide interventions and support activities to improve resilience and academic outcomes.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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