Design: Prospective exploratory study of infants born at <34 weeks gestational age (GA).
Setting: Two neonatal units, one in Malaysia and one in the UK (May 2019 to March 2020).
Methods: Data collected from birth until discharge and compared between units.
Results: From 100 infants included, median GA (IQR) was 31 (30-33) and mean±SD birth weight was 1549±444 g. There were more small-for-gestational age infants in Malaysian unit: 12/50 (24%) vs UK: 3/50 (6%), p=0.012 and more morbidities. More Malaysian infants received breast milk (Malaysia: 49 (98%) vs UK: 38 (76%), p=0.001), fortified breast milk (Malaysia: 43 (86%) vs UK: 13 (26%), p<0.001) and exclusive breast milk at discharge (Malaysia: 26 (52%) vs UK: 16 (32%), p=0.043). There was higher parenteral nutrition use among Malaysian infants (40/50 (80%)) vs UK (19/50 (38%)) (p<0.001) with higher protein intake (mean±SD Malaysia: 3.0±0.5 vs UK: 2.7±0.6 g/kg/d, p=0.004) in weeks 1-4 and smaller cumulative protein deficits (mean±SD Malaysia: 11.4±6.1 vs UK: 15.4±8.0 g/kg, p=0.006). There were no significant differences in short-term growth between units and more than half of the infants in both units had ≥1.28 changes in weight-for-age Z-score at discharge (p=0.841).
Conclusions: An exploratory comparison of practices showed differences in patient characteristics and nutritional practices which impacted growth. Future studies with larger sample sizes and detailed analysis of maternal characteristics and infants' outcomes are needed for improving care of preterm infants in all settings.
CASE SUMMARY: This is the case of a 54-year-old Malay woman with genetically confirmed FH complicated by premature coronary artery disease (PCAD). She was clinically diagnosed in primary care at 52 years old, fulfilling the Simon Broome Criteria (possible FH), Dutch Lipid Clinic Criteria (score of 8: probable FH), and Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Case Ascertainment Tool (relative risk score of 9.51). Subsequently, she was confirmed to have a heterozygous LDLR c.190+4A>T intron 2 pathogenic variant at the age of 53 years. She was known to have hypercholesterolaemia and was treated with statin since the age of 25. However, the lipid-lowering agent was not intensified to achieve the recommended treatment target. The delayed FH diagnosis has caused this patient to have PCAD and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at the age of 29 years and a second PCI at the age of 49 years. She also has a very strong family history of hypercholesterolaemia and PCAD, where seven out of eight of her siblings were affected. Despite this, FH was not diagnosed early, and cascade screening of family members was not conducted, resulting in a missed opportunity to prevent PCAD.
DISCUSSION: Familial hypercholesterolaemia can be clinically diagnosed in primary care to identify those who may require genetic testing. Multidisciplinary care focuses on improving identification, cascade screening, and management of FH, which is vital to improving prognosis and ultimately preventing PCAD.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with MetS attending a university primary care clinic in Selangor, Malaysia. The usability score was measured using a previously translated and validated EMPOWER-SUSTAIN Usability Questionnaire (E-SUQ) with a score of > 68 indicating good usability. Multiple logistic regressions determined the factors associated with its usability.
RESULTS: A total of 391 patients participated in this study. More than half (61.4%) had a good usability score of > 68, with a mean (± SD) usability score of 72.8 (± 16.1). Participants with high education levels [secondary education (AOR 2.46, 95% CI 1.04, 5.83) and tertiary education (AOR 2.49, 95% CI 1.04, 5.96)], those who used the booklet at home weekly (AOR 2.94, 95% CI 1.63, 5.33) or daily (AOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.09, 6.85), and those who had social support to use the booklet (AOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.02, 2.64) were significantly associated with good usability of the booklet.
CONCLUSIONS: The usability of the EMPOWER-SUSTAIN Global Cardiovascular Risks Self-Management Booklet© was good among patients with MetS in this primary care clinic, which supports its widespread use as a patient empowerment tool. The findings of this study also suggest that it is vital to encourage daily or weekly use of this booklet at home, with the support of family members. The focus should also be given to those with lower education to improve the usability of this booklet for this group of patients.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effect of age on the protein profile of Malay individuals and its association with cognitive competency.
METHODS: A total of 160 individuals were recruited and grouped accordingly. Cognitive competency of each subject was assessed with several neuropsychological tests. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed with Q Exactive HF Orbitrap. Proteins were identified and quantitated with MaxQuant and further analyzed with Perseus to determine differentially expressed proteins. PANTHER, Reactome, and STRING were applied for bioinformatics output.
RESULTS: Our data showed that the Malay individuals are vulnerable to the deterioration of cognitive function with aging, and most of the proteins were differentially expressed in concordance. Several physiological components and pathways were shown to be involved, giving a hint of a promising interpretation on the induction of aging toward the state of the Malays' cognitive function. Nevertheless, some proteins have shown a considerable interaction with the generated protein network, which provides a direction of focus for further investigation.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated notable changes in the expression of several proteins as age increased. These changes provide a promising platform for understanding the biochemical factors affecting cognitive function in the Malay population. The exhibited network of protein-protein interaction suggests the possibility of implementing regulatory intervention in ameliorating Malay cognitive function.
METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted among patients aged ≥ 18 years with cardiovascular risk factors attending a university primary care clinic. Patients were given the app to use for at least three months. Those who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were recruited. Data gathered were on sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, self-management support by doctors, utilisation of the app at home and social support in using the app. The previously translated and validated Malay version of the mHealth App Usability Questionnaire was used to measure usability. The mean usability score was calculated and linear regressions analysis was conducted to determine the factors associated with the usability of the app.
RESULTS: A total of 247 patients with at least one cardiovascular risk factor(s) were recruited. The mean age was 60.2 (±8.2). The majority were Malays (86.2%) and half of them were males (52.2%). The total mean (±SD) usability score was 5.26 (±0.67) indicating a high usability of the app. Usability of the app declined with increasing age in the simple linear regressions analysis. The multiple linear regressions yielded that being Malay (b = 0.31, 95% CI 0.08,0.54), using the app at home to understand their medications (b = 0.33, 95% CI 0.12,0.53) and having social support from family members and friends (b = 0.28, 95% CI 0.07,0.49) were significantly associated with higher usability of the app.
CONCLUSION: The usability of the EMPOWER-SUSTAIN Self-Management Mobile App© was high among patients with cardiovascular risk factors in our primary care clinic. This finding supports the widespread use of this app among our patients. Involvement of family members and friends should be encouraged to improve the usability of the app.
METHODS: The study is completed in two phases. In phase I a cross-sectional study is performed using two quantitative research designs, i.e., exploratory and descriptive, to evaluate the knowledge of private pharmacy staff. The sample of 218 pharmacies was selected. While in phase II cross sectional survey is conducted in 10 facilities from where FDC anti TB drugs were sampled for analyzing their quality.
RESULT: Results revealed the presence of pharmacists only at 11.5% of pharmacies. Approximately 81% of staff at pharmacies had no awareness of MDR-TB, while 89% of pharmacies had no TB-related informative materials. The staff identified that most of the patients with TB (70%) were of poor socio-economic class, which restricted their purchase of four FDCs only up to 2-3 months. Only 23% were acquainted with the Pakistan National TB Program (NTP). Except for MDR-TB, the results showed a significant correlation between the experiences of staff with TB awareness. Findings from the quality evaluation of four FDC-TB drugs indicated that the dissolution and content assay of rifampicin were not according to the specifications, and overall, 30% of samples failed to comply with specifications. However, the other quality attributes were within the limits.
CONCLUSION: In light of the data, it can be concluded that private pharmacies could be crucial to the effective management of NTP through the timely identification of patients with TB, appropriate disease and therapy-related education and counseling, and proper storage and stock maintenance.