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  1. Fulltext A retrospective review of mucocutaneous infections by human herpesvirus 1 and 2 in an urban population in Malaysia
    Hooi PS, Chua BH, Karunakaran R, Lam SK, Chua KB
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Mar;57(1):80-7.
    PMID: 14569722 MyJurnal
    This is a 10-year retrospective review of mucocutaneous infection by human herpesvirus 1 (HHV1) and human herpesvirus 2 (HHV2) carried out by the virus diagnostic unit of University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). A total of 504 specimens from UMMC and a private clinic in the same city (KLSC) were tested; 198 samples from patients with oral lesions and 306 from patients with genital lesions. HHV1 was found to be responsible for 98.4% of oral lesions whereas HHV2 was the cause of 83.6% of all genital lesions. Detailed analysis showed no statistical difference by age group, race or gender among the patients with oral and genital lesions. Two laboratory methods were used in this study. Of the total 504 specimens tested, 18.0% specimens were positive by direct immunofluorescence (IF), 55.0% by virus isolation and 56.5% when both methods were used in combination. Although IF can provide a more rapid diagnosis, it is, however, less sensitive and can be attributed partly to inadequate collection of specimens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/diagnosis; Herpes Simplex/epidemiology*; Herpes Simplex/virology*
  2. Malignant catatonia secondary to viral meningoencephalitis in a young man with bipolar disorder
    Saini SM, Eu CL, Wan Yahya WN, Abdul Rahman AH
    Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2013 Apr;5 Suppl 1:55-8.
    PMID: 23857838 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12045
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/complications*; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/psychology
  3. Fulltext Esophageal ulcer in a HIV-seropositive patient co-infected by herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus
    Srilatha PS, Suvarna N, Gupta A, Bhat G
    Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 2011 Jan-Mar;54(1):219-20.
    PMID: 21393929 DOI: 10.4103/0377-4929.77420
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/complications; Herpes Simplex/diagnosis*
  4. Natural virus infections in cynomolgus monkeys
    Suzuki M
    Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 1981 Aug;34(4):261-3.
    PMID: 7321300
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/epidemiology; Herpes Simplex/veterinary
  5. Fulltext A Case of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Encephalitis as a Possible Complication of Cosmetic Nasal Dermal Filler Injection
    Khoo CS, Tan HJ, Sharis Osman S
    Am J Case Rep, 2018 Jul 13;19:825-828.
    PMID: 30002360 DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.909883
    BACKGROUND Dermal fillers are increasingly used for medical and aesthetic purposes in clinical practice. Common complications following filler injections include bruising, itching, infections, allergic reactions, and tissue necrosis. This case is the first report of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis as a possible complication of dermal filler injection. CASE REPORT A 27-year-old woman with no past medical history presented with altered mental state, headaches, and seizures. She had a nasal dermal filler injection for aesthetic purpose five weeks before her acute presentation. A diagnosis of HSV-1 encephalitis was made based on brain imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings that showed bilateral frontotemporal lobe hyperintensity. Analysis of her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) confirmed the presence of HSV-1 DNA. Despite anti-viral treatment with acyclovir, she developed postencephalitic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS This case report highlights the possibility that among the complications of the use of cosmetic dermal fillers, the transmission of HSV-1 and the development of HSV-1 encephalitis should be recognized.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/drug therapy; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/etiology*
  6. Fulltext A serological study of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections in Peninsular Malaysia
    Tan DS, Stern H
    Bull World Health Organ, 1981;59(6):909-12.
    PMID: 6279323
    Healthy Malaysians from various parts of Peninsular Malaysia were examined for CF antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2. CMV antibodies were detected in 1114 out of 1556 persons (71.6%) and HSV antibodies were detected in 954 persons out of 1554 (61.4%). The age distribution patterns were similar for the two infections, with maximum prevalence at 5 - 14 years of age. Prevalence was higher in women than in men. There were no significant differences among the Malay, Chinese, and Indian groups of the population with respect to CMV, 72 - 78% possessing antibodies, but in the case of HSV, 76% of the Chinese had antibodies, compared with 57 - 60% of the Malays and Indians. More than 90% of newborn infants had CMV and HSV CF antibodies, confirming the highly immune status of childbearing women in Malaysia. No CMV-specific IgM was detected in the Malaysian neonates examined but this does not exclude the possibility of congenital infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/immunology; Herpes Simplex/epidemiology*
  7. Congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease with disseminated Herpes simplex infection
    Amidzic J, Vuckovic N, Capo I, Levakov AF
    Malays J Pathol, 2019 Apr;41(1):75-78.
    PMID: 31025643
    We report a case of congenital cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus infection suspected via ultrasound indicated by the presence of fetal cerebral abnormalities. The pregnancy was electively terminated at 31 weeks of gestation. The postmortem examination of the foetus showed brain with lissencephaly. The histopathological examination revealed numerous enlarged cells containing cytomegalic inclusions and multinucleated giant cells in multiple fetal organs and placenta. Documented evidence of histopathological detection of cytomegalovirus inclusions in multiple organs are very sparse in literature. This case highlights the causal relationship of viral infections in early pregnancy and abnormalities of the central nervous system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
  8. Neonatal herpes simplex virus type-1 central nervous system disease with acute retinal necrosis
    Fong CY, Aye AM, Peyman M, Nor NK, Visvaraja S, Tajunisah I, et al.
    Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2014 Apr;33(4):424-6.
    PMID: 24378951 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000137
    We report a case of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 central nervous system disease with bilateral acute retinal necrosis (ARN). An infant was presented at 17 days of age with focal seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction was positive for HSV-1 and brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebritis. While receiving intravenous acyclovir therapy, the infant developed ARN with vitreous fluid polymerase chain reaction positive for HSV-1 necessitating intravitreal foscarnet therapy. This is the first reported neonatal ARN secondary to HSV-1 and the first ARN case presenting without external ocular or cutaneous signs. Our report highlights that infants with neonatal HSV central nervous system disease should undergo a thorough ophthalmological evaluation to facilitate prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment of this rapidly progressive sight-threatening disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/drug therapy; Herpes Simplex/pathology*; Herpes Simplex/virology
  9. Fulltext HIV/Human herpesvirus co-infections: Impact on tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and immune reconstitution
    Yap SH, Abdullah NK, McStea M, Takayama K, Chong ML, Crisci E, et al.
    PLoS One, 2017;12(10):e0186000.
    PMID: 29016635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186000
    BACKGROUND: Co-infections with human herpesvirus (HHV) have been associated with residual chronic inflammation in antiretroviral (ART)-treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, the role of HHV in modulating the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and clinical outcomes in HIV-infected individuals is poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the seroprevalence of four common HHVs among treated HIV-infected participants and their impact on kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) ratio and long-term CD4 T-cell recovery in HIV/HHV co-infected participants.

    METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, HIV-infected participants receiving suppressive ART for a minimum of 12 months were recruited from the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia. Stored plasma was analyzed for CMV, VZV, HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG antibody levels, immune activation markers (interleukin-6, interferon-γ, neopterin and sCD14), kynurenine and tryptophan concentrations. The influence of the number of HHV co-infection and K/T ratio on CD4 T-cell recovery was assessed using multivariate Poisson regression.

    RESULTS: A total of 232 HIV-infected participants were recruited and all participants were seropositive for at least one HHV; 96.1% with CMV, 86.6% with VZV, 70.7% with HSV-1 and 53.9% with HSV-2. K/T ratio had a significant positive correlation with CMV (rho = 0.205, p = 0.002), VZV (rho = 0.173, p = 0.009) and a tendency with HSV-2 (rho = 0.120, p = 0.070), with CMV antibody titer demonstrating the strongest modulating effect on K/T ratio among the four HHVs assessed in SOM analysis. In multivariate analysis, higher K/T ratio (p = 0.03) and increasing number of HHV co-infections (p<0.001) were independently associated with poorer CD4 T-cell recovery following 12 months of ART initiation.

    CONCLUSION: Multiple HHV co-infections are common among ART-treated HIV-infected participants in the developing country setting and associated with persistent immune activation and poorer CD4 T-cell recovery.

    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/blood; Herpes Simplex/immunology; Herpes Simplex/epidemiology*; Herpes Simplex/virology
  10. Fulltext Novel antiviral activity of mung bean sprouts against respiratory syncytial virus and herpes simplex virus -1: an in vitro study on virally infected Vero and MRC-5 cell lines
    Hafidh RR, Abdulamir AS, Abu Bakar F, Sekawi Z, Jahansheri F, Jalilian FA
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015;15:179.
    PMID: 26062546 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0688-2
    New sources for discovering novel antiviral agents are desperately needed. The current antiviral products are both expensive and not very effective.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/drug therapy*; Herpes Simplex/metabolism; Herpes Simplex/virology
  11. Fulltext Oral bioavailability enhancement of acyclovir from solid lipid nanoparticles drug delivery system
    Haniza Hassan, Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin, Ekram Alias, Meor Mohd Redzuan Meor Mohd Affandi, Siti Khadijah Adam, Rusliza Basir
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(107):2-2.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Acyclovir, a widely marketed antiviral drug is used for the treatment of Herpes Simplex infection. High doses of acyclovir are prescribed to patients to attain its maximum therapeutic effect due to its poor absorption and low oral bioavailability. The current therapeutics regiment of acyclovir are known to cause unwarranted adverse effects, thus prompted the need for a suitable drug carrier to improve the pharmacokinetic limitations. Develop-ment of solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of acyclovir proposed in this study aimed to enhance acyclovir oral bioavailability. Methods: Comprehensive experiments and a series of optimization process were carried out to ensure reproducibility and assurance of product quality. The physicochemical characteristics of the solid lipid nanoparticles developed from plant-based solid lipid, Biogapress Vegetal 297 ATO with polysorbate 80 as an emul-sifying agent were also evaluated. Results: The spherical-shaped nanoparticles had an average size of 123 nm with good drug entrapment efficiency, up to 80%. The in vitro drug release study showed that solid lipid nanoparticles had prolonged acyclovir release in simulated intestinal fluid for 24 hours. The nanoparticles formulation was con-sidered stable during storage at refrigerated temperature for at least three months. In vivo oral bioavailability study showed that acyclovir-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles possessed superior oral bioavailability when compared with the commercial acyclovir suspension. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study exhibited the feasibility of solid lipid nanoparticles as an oral delivery vehicle for acyclovir and therefore represent a new promising therapeutic concept of nanoparticulate delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
  12. Fulltext Acyclovir-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization and Evaluation of Its Pharmacokinetic Profile
    Hassan H, Bello RO, Adam SK, Alias E, Meor Mohd Affandi MMR, Shamsuddin AF, et al.
    Nanomaterials (Basel), 2020 Sep 09;10(9).
    PMID: 32916823 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091785
    Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infection. Its oral bioavailability is low; therefore, frequent and high doses are prescribed for optimum therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the current therapeutic regimen of acyclovir is associated with unwarranted adverse effects, hence prompting the need for a suitable drug carrier to overcome these limitations. This study aimed to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as acyclovir carriers and evaluate their in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters to prove the study hypothesis. During the SLN development process, response surface methodology was exploited to optimize the composition of solid lipid and surfactant. Optimum combination of Biogapress Vegetal 297 ATO and Tween 80 was found essential to produce SLNs of 134 nm. The oral bioavailability study showed that acyclovir-loaded SLNs possessed superior oral bioavailability when compared with the commercial acyclovir suspension. The plasma concentration of acyclovir-loaded SLNs was four-fold higher than the commercial suspension. Thus, this investigation presented promising results that the method developed for encapsulation of acyclovir offers potential as an alternative pathway to enhance the drug's bioavailability. In conclusion, this study exhibited the feasibility of SLNs as an oral delivery vehicle for acyclovir and therefore represents a new promising therapeutic concept of acyclovir treatment via a nanoparticulate drug delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
  13. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of induced acyclovir-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1
    Hussin A, Md Nor NS, Ibrahim N
    Antiviral Res, 2013 Nov;100(2):306-13.
    PMID: 24055837 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.008
    Eleven strains of acyclovir (ACV)-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were generated from HSV-1 clinical isolates by exposure to ACV. Genotype of the thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (pol) genes from these mutants were further analyzed. Genotypic analysis revealed four non-synonymous mutations in TK gene associated with gene polymorphism and two to three non-synonymous mutations in DNA pol gene. Seven and six strains contained at least one resistance-associated mutation at TK and DNA pol gene, respectively. Resistance-associated mutations within the TK gene consisted of 64% of non-synonymous frameshift mutations within the homopolymer region of G's and C's, and 36% of non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions of the conserved gene region (C336Y, R51W and R222H), nucleotide that produced stop codon (L288Stop) and two amino acid substitutions outside the conserved region (E39G & L208F). There were 10 non-synonymous amino acid substitutions located outside the conserved region with the unclear significance to confer resistance observed. Resistance-associated mutations in DNA pol gene include insertion of G at the homopolymer region of G's (794-797) and amino acid substitutions inside (V621S) or outside (H1228D) the conserved region. In silico analysis of the mutated TK (C336Y, R51W and L208F), and DNA pol (V621S and H1228D) suggested structural changes that might alter the stability of these proteins. However, there were several mutations with unclear significance to confer ACV-resistance identified, especially mutations outside the conserved region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/virology*
  14. Managing complications of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients: Part VI. Management of opportunistic infections
    Ngeow WC, Chai WL, Ramli R, Rahman RA
    Singapore Dent J, 2006 Dec;28(1):19-21.
    PMID: 17378338
    Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists. The modes of treatment include surgery and/or radiation therapy. Where possible, pretreatment dental assessment shall be provided for these patients before they undergo radiation therapy. There are occasions, however, whereby head and neck cancer patients are not prepared optimally for radiation therapy. Because of this, they succumb to complicated oral adverse effects after radiation therapy. The last part of this series reviews the opportunistic infections that can occur to the perioral structure. Their management is briefly discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex/drug therapy*
  15. Fulltext A multi-disciplinary team approach to klüver-bucy syndrome: a case report
    Kanchan Thadani, Chee Kok Yoon, Hanis Aminah John Mohamad, Norzaini Rose Mohd Zain, Chan Pek Har, Noor Jannah Ariffin
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;27(2):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Klüver-Bucy syndrome was first diagnosed in humans in 1955, after a group
    of people who had experienced temporal lobectomy. It is a rare
    neuropsychiatry disease and of which little is understood about its
    pathophysiological processes. Here we present a 60-year-old man seen in the
    outpatient psychiatric department in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur
    who presented to us with hyper sexuality, impulsivity, docility, amnesia and
    hyperphagia for the past 10 months. He was diagnosed with Herpes Simplex
    Virus with encephalitis 18 months ago and was shown to have bilateral
    meningoencephalitis of his temporal lobes. Thus, a diagnosis of Klüver-Bucy
    was made. We have taken a multi-disciplinary team approach to treat his
    illness and specific goals has been laid out in each discipline. A written
    consent has been taken by the patient and his family for the publication of
    this report.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
  16. Idiopathic ileal volvulus with multiple concomitant infections in a starving man
    Tan LJ, Othman MS, Hiu J, Wong KT, Lai SK
    Malays J Pathol, 2021 Apr;43(1):81-85.
    PMID: 33903310
    BACKGROUND: Small bowel volvulus is defined as the torsion of the small intestine, potentially leading to bowel obstruction, gangrene and perforation. It is a rare condition, especially in adults.

    CASE PRESENTATION: A 30-year-old man was retrieved from the jungle with severe weight loss and abdominal symptoms. He succumbed to death despite 22 days of intensive medical treatment. An autopsy revealed a ruptured gangrenous ileal volvulus with peritonitis and subdiaphragmatic abscess. Further laboratory analysis detected systemic Candida tropicalis and intestinal gramnegative bacterial sepsis, systemic Zika virus viremia, leptospirosis complicating rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, Type I Herpes Simplex virus infection of the tongue and upper gastrointestinal tract. The cause of death was the ruptured ileal volvulus, complicated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to Herpes simplex virus esophagitis in a malnourished patient with resolving leptospirosis and underlying Zika virus co-infection.

    CONCLUSION: Rare clinical scenarios of adult-onset intestinal volvulus with concomitant multiple infections precludes clinical diagnosis and early treatment, leading to devastating consequences of clinical outcome. The positive clinical and postmortem correlation is a good learning lesson in many disciplines of medicine and science.

    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
  17. Chronic non-healing ulcers as presenting sign of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    Nasiri S, Barat T, Bidari-Zerehpoosh F, Mozafari N
    Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(2):30-33.
    PMID: 32843942
    Atypical forms of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, which indicate severe impairment of cellular immunity can be challenging to diagnose. In this paper, we report the case of an atypical HSV infection presenting as chronic nonhealing wounds, which are the first sign of HIV, in a 50-year-old female patient. The lesions had emerged as two large, chronic, and painful ulcerations on the left buttock and labia major 8 months prior. The skin biopsy revealed multinucleated keratinocytes with ground glass nuclei and intranuclear Cowdry type A viral inclusions. A serologic test for HIV-1 was positive. Her CD4+ T-cell count was 42/mm3. Clinicians should be familiar with the dermatologic manifestations of HIV, as they are occasionally key to correctly suspecting an underlying HIV infection, allowing for early diagnosis and treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
  18. Fulltext Vitreous haemorrhage: a consequence of herpes simplex acute retinal necrosis
    Sherina, Q., Rosiah, M., Mushawiahti, M.
    Medicine & Health, 2019;14(2):271-277.
    MyJurnal
    Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare, blinding disease that typically affects adults. However, in this case report, we highlight the diagnosis, management and outcome of herpes simplex acute retinal necrosis in a 13-year-old healthy girl, who presented with painful right eye, redness and blurring of vision for one week. Examination of the right eye showed features of granulomatous panuveitis. Optic disc was swollen and retina appeared pale. There were multiple patches of retinitis and haemorrhages at mid-periphery of the fundus with inferior serous detachment observed. Rapidly progressive inflammation in just four days along with secondary cataract that obscured fundus view, imposed greater challenge to the diagnosis and management. Intravenous acyclovir 300mg, 3 times a day was initiated promptly while vitreous fluid was sent for polymerase chain reaction, which identified Herpes Simplex Virus-1. Inflammation improved, but she developed vitreous haemorrhage secondary to proliferative retinopathy, which required panretinal photocoagulation. ARN is therefore, principally a clinical diagnosis and high index of suspicion is crucial particularly, in children for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Complications should also be addressed timely to improve the chances of preserving vision.

    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
  19. Fulltext Phyllanthus SP a local plant with multiple medicinal properties
    Tang YQ, Lee SH, Sekaran SD
    JUMMEC, 2014;17(2):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    The plants of the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) are distributed in most tropical and subtropical regions of world. This plant has been long used as a traditional medicine to treat problems such as stomach, intestinal infections, kidney and urinary bladder disturbances, diabetes, and hepatitis B. There has been considerable interest in these plants in recent years. This review discusses the antiviral and anticancer aspects of Phyllanthus species. Scientific studies have demonstrated that extracts and purified isolated compounds (flavonoids, lignans, phenols, and terpenes) obtained from these plants possess antiviral effects against herpes simplex (HSV) and dengue virus infections (DENV). These observations are associated with the disruption of essential proteins needed during viral cycle, thus halting the viral replication. In addition, the Phyllanthus species have also been shown to exert inhibitory effects against selected cancers types. In these studies anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic effects and induced apoptosis of human cancers cell lines were observed. These may be explained by the disruption of multiple survival pathways and differential protein expression. CONLCUSION:As a conclusion, tThe Phyllanthus plant possesses multiple medicinal properties, including antiviral and anticancer activities which may potentially be used as a medicinal source for many disease locally.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpes Simplex
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