In this research, the biodiesel from WCO is used in order to reduce the exhaust emission and to investigate the
community perception regarding to the human health. Biodiesel production is conducted using trans-esterification
process with holding time of 2 hours, temperature of 60 oC and conventional frequency of 20 kHz and then followed
by washing process with holding time of 1 hours, temperature of 50 oC and the frequency of 5 kHz. Biodiesel can
reduce exhaust emission of NOx up to 55%, NO gas up to 57%, increase CO gas up to 25% and increase CO2 gas up
to 43.18% as compared to diesel fuel. In addition, biodiesel is achieve good responds from 35 respondents about the
biodiesel importance.
Cocoa beans are rich in numbers of beneficial bioactive compounds such as phenolics and
phytosterols, which benefits to human being. The suitable extraction method is needed to
produce high quality and quantity of cocoa butter and other bioactive compounds. There are
many extraction method to extract these compounds such as Soxhlet extraction, supercritical
fluid extraction, ultrasound extraction method and others. The objective of this study is to
determine the effectiveness of the different extraction methods producing high yields of cocoa
butter, lower oxidative value, stable phytosterols and antioxidant content. The cocoa beans were
subjected to different extraction methods such as Soxhlet extraction (SE), Ultrasonic extraction
method (USE), Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2
) and Supercritical carbon dioxide with cosolvent
(SCO2
-Ethanol). Cocoa butter extracted using SCO2
-Ethanol has significantly (p
Iron and steel industries are among the contributors of CO2 emission in large volume into the atmosphere, causing detrimental effects to the environment and the ecosystem at large scale. These industries also generate solid wastes in the form of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag during operations which result in about 10-15% slag wastes per ton of steel produced. In this study, the EAF slags from an iron and steel-making factory in Klang, Malaysia was utilized for CO2 sequestration through direct aqueous mineral carbonation. According to the surface area analysis, the fresh EAF slag has a mesoporous structure, its elemental composition shows the presence of 20.91 wt.% of CaO that was used for the sequestration of CO2 through carbonation. The sequestration capacity was found to be 58.36 g CO2/kg of slag at ambient temperature in 3 h, with the liquid/solid (L/S) ratio of 5:1 and using <63μm particle size. Moreover, the shrinking core model (SCM) was used to analyze the solid-fluid reaction in a heterogeneous phase and the CO2 sequestration shows to be controlled by the product layer phase. The EAF slag is demonstrated to have the potential of CO2 sequestration at ambient temperature.
Bacillus pumilis was isolated and identified from limestone and the ability towards carbon dioxide (CO) sequestration was demonstrated. B . pumilus (S3 SC_1), isolated from Gua Tempurung, Gopeng, Perak was able to form calcite in the presence of calcium ions. B. pumilus was successfully characterized by using conventional biochemical characterization and 16s rDNA sequencing. Three types of experimental systems with B. pumilus, without B. pumilus and without continuous supply of CO2 with the presence of B. pumilus which could produce extracellular carbonic were studied to determine the effects of bacterially produced carbonic anhydrase (CA) by B. pumilus in removing CO2 as calcite. Through our current study, CO2 sequestration ability of B . pumilus was proven.
Ganoderma lucidum has been recognized as a precious fungus in both Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine for
centuries. It contains many bioactive ingredients such as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. The present study used
supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2
) fractionation to fractionate Ganoderma lucidum extract into four fractions (R,
F1, F2, & F3) and evaluate the correlation between the content of functional components and their antioxidant ability.
Relatively high concentrations of the three types of bioactive constituents were simultaneously partitioned into different
fractionation collecting vessels. The free radical scavenging ability was greatest in F1. The IC50 of DPPH scavenging ability
was 0.90 mg/mL and that of ABTS radicals scavenging activity was 0.45 mg/mL. The correlation analysis of antioxidant
ability with total triterpenoids and total polyphenols showed a positive relationship. In conclusion, this study showed
that fractionation of Ganoderma lucidum extract using SC-CO2 fractionation technology was able to effectively partition
its bioactive components including triterpenoids, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds and also to increase the
antioxidant activities of the fractions.
Sewage treatment is an important issue in a country for public health and environmental protection. The treatment
process not only consumes energy but also emits CO2
. In this research, the idea of streamlined life cycle assessment was
applied. The CO2
emission from sewage treatment was assessed from direct energy consumption of four major sewage
treatment plants in Taiwan. The results showed that the CO2
emission at in-plant sewage treatment stage takes more
than 95% of total CO2
emission for most plants. The results suggested that CO2
emission of sewage treatment can be
calculated from energy consumption at in-plant sewage treatment stage to simplify the calculation. The CO2
emission
of sewage treatment was then assessed from sewage plants in Taiwan using in-plant electricity consumption. The unit
CO2
emission of sewage treatment in Taiwan is 0.216 kg-CO2
/m3
. This database will be an important reference for water
resource research and future government environmental policies.
Transforming CO2 into fuels by utilizing sunlight is promising to synchronously overcome global warming and energy-supply issues. It is crucial to design efficient photocatalysts with intriguing features such as robust light-harvesting ability, strong redox potential, high charge-separation, and excellent durability. Hitherto, a single-component photocatalyst is incapable to simultaneously meet all these criteria. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, constructing artificial Z-scheme photocatalysts provides a facile way to conquer these bottlenecks. In this review, we firstly introduce the fundamentals of photocatalytic CO2 reduction and Z-scheme systems. Thereafter we discuss state-of-the-art Z-scheme photocatalytic CO2 reduction, whereby special attention is placed on the predominant factors that affect photoactivity. Additionally, further modifications that are important for efficient photocatalysis are reviewed.
The recycling of millions of tons of glass bottle waste produced each year is far from optimal. In the present work, ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) was substituted in fly ash-based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) for the purpose of preparing glass bottle waste nano-powder (BGWNP). The AAMs mixed with BGWNP were subsequently subjected to assessment in terms of their energy consumption, economic viability, and mechanical and chemical qualities. Besides affording AAMs better mechanical qualities and making them more durable, waste recycling was also observed to diminish the emissions of carbon dioxide. A more than 6% decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, an over 16% increase in compressive strength, better durability and lower water absorption were demonstrated by AAM consisting of 5% BGWNP as a GBFS substitute. By contrast, lower strength was exhibited by AAM comprising 10% BGWNP. The conclusion reached was that the AAMs produced with BGWNP attenuated the effects of global warming and thus were environmentally advantageous. This could mean that glass waste, inadequate for reuse in glass manufacturing, could be given a second life rather than being disposed of in landfills, which is significant as concrete remains the most commonplace synthetic material throughout the world.
The main objectives of this work were to develop a lab-scale direct current (DC) glow discharges plasma system for modification of organic and inorganic membranes. Characteristics of plasma system were presented under the discharge of five gases (Ar, N2, air, O2, and CO2). A Langmuir double probe was used for the evaluation of the electron temperature (Te) and electron density (ne) of plasmas. The current and voltage (I-V) characteristic curves were analyzed. Relationships between breakdown voltage (VB) of gases and products of gas pressure and inter-electrode gap (pd) were studied in form of Paschen curves. The results showed that Te of plasma in various gases was in the range of 4-13 eV, while the ne varied between 108 and 109 cm-3. The plasma generated at different gas pressure and applied voltage is in the normal and abnormal modes. Finally, the constructed DC-plasma system was utilized for modification of polymeric membrane surfaces. Treatment time, discharge power and type of gas were varied. The tailoring of membrane surfaces was analyzed through the water contact angle and percent-weight loss (PWL) measurements, DMTA, AFM, XPS and FTIR spectrum. It could be shown that DC-plasma from this system can be used to modify the surface of polymeric membranes.
The aim of the measurement of this data is to evaluate the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in terms of chemical and physical parameters. Data were collected at three different kindergartens having different surrounding activities (industrial, institutional, residential area). The chemical parameters measured were respirable suspended particulates of PM10, PM2.5, PM1, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and the concentrations are within the acceptable limit. Physical parameters of wind speed are within the standard, while temperature and relative humidity exceeded the acceptable limit. A strong correlation was found between the chemical IAQ parameters with thermal comfort parameters (temperature and relative humidity). The concentration of IAQ pollutants is higher in order of residential > institutional > industrial.
The development and utilization of clean energy has long been a focus of research. In the coal bed methane field, most coal bed biogenic methane experiments are small static sample tests in which the initial conditions are set and the process cannot be batch-fed elements and microbial strains, and the gas cannot be collected in batches. Although significant results have been achieved in the coal-to-biogenic methane conversion in China, findings are restricted to the laboratory scale. No successful commercialization of coal bed biogenic methane production has been achieved yet. This study used a large-capacity fermentation tank (5 L) to conduct biogenic methane experiments. Results were compared to those from the traditional laboratory test. The gas production rate and gas concentration were higher when the 250 mL methane test volume was increased to a 5 L fermentation volume, increasing by 20.9% and 2.3%, respectively. The inhibition effect of the liquid phase products was reduced in the large fermentation tank, and the microbial activity was extended by batch feeding trace elements (iron and nickel) and methane strains and by semi-continuous collection of the gas. However, the gas conversion rate can be increased by retaining the H2 and CO2 in the intermediate gas products in the fermentation tank. The gas production rate was increased from 17.9 to 24.6 mL/g, increasing by 37.4%. The simulation pilot test can lay a foundation for the transition from a coal bed biogenic methane laboratory static small sample test to a dynamic pilot test, optimizing the process parameters to improve the reaction efficiency and move forward to commercialization test.
The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and ever-increasing environmental pollution have forced humankind to look for a renewable energy source. Microalgae, a renewable biomass source, has been proposed as a promising feedstock to generate biofuels due to their fast growth rate with high lipid content. However, literatures have indicated that sustainable production of microalgae biofuels are only viable with a highly optimized production system. In the present study, a cradle-to-gate approach was used to provide expedient insights on the effect of different cultivation systems and biomass productivity toward life cycle energy (LCEA), carbon balance (LCCO2) and economic (LCC) of microalgae biodiesel production pathways. In addition, a co-production of bioethanol from microalgae residue was proposed in order to improve the economic sustainability of the overall system. The results attained in the present work indicated that traditional microalgae biofuels processing pathways resulted to several shortcomings, such as dehydration and lipid extraction of microalgae biomass required high energy input and contributed nearly 21 to 30% and 39 to 57% of the total energy requirement, respectively. Besides, the microalgae biofuels production system also required a high capital investment, which accounted for 47 to 86% of total production costs that subsequently resulted to poor techno-economic performances. Moreover, current analysis of environmental aspects of microalgae biorefinery had revealed negative CO2 balance in producing microalgae biofuels.
Recent advances in nanotechnology have revealed the superiority of nanocarbon species such as carbon nanotubes over other conventional materials for gas sensing applications. In this work, analytical modeling of the semiconducting zigzag carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (ZCNT-FET) based sensor for the detection of gas molecules is demonstrated. We propose new analytical models to strongly simulate and investigate the physical and electrical behavior of the ZCNT sensor in the presence of various gas molecules (CO2, H2O, and CH4). Therefore, we start with the modeling of the energy band structure by acquiring the new energy dispersion relation for the ZCNT and introducing the gas adsorption effects to the band structure model. Then, the electrical conductance of the ZCNT is modeled and formulated while the gas adsorption effect is considered in the conductance model. The band structure analysis indicates that, the semiconducting ZCNT experiences band gap variation after the adsorption of the gases. Furthermore, the bandgap variation influences the conductance of the ZCNT and the results exhibit increments of the ZCNT conductance in the presence of target gases while the minimum conductance shifted upward around the neutrality point. Besides, the I-V characteristics of the sensor are extracted from the conductance model and its variations after adsorption of different gas molecules are monitored and investigated. To verify the accuracy of the proposed models, the conductance model is compared with previous experimental and modeling data and a good consensus is observed. It can be concluded that the proposed analytical models can successfully be applied to predict sensor behavior against different gas molecules.
In this study, municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) was pretreated with CO2 via slurry carbonation (SC) and dry carbonation coupled with subsequent water washing (DCW). Both the treated MSWIFAs were then used as cement replacement in cement pastes by weight of 10%, 20% and 30% to investigate the influence on hydration mechanisms, physico-mechanical characteristics and leaching properties. The results showed that carbonates formed on the surface of SC-MSWIFA particles were finer (primarily 20-50 nm calcite) than those from the corresponding DCW-MSWIFA (mostly 130-200 nm vaterite). Hence, SC-MSWIFA blended cement pastes led to shorter setting time and higher early compressive strength than the DCW-MSWIFA pastes. In contrast, the presence of vaterite-rich DCW-MSWIFA in the blended cement pastes could accelerate the cement hydration after 24 h. Both the CO2-pretreated MSWIFA can replace cement up to 30% without sacrificing the long-term strength and mechanical properties of cement pastes, demonstrating excellent performance as a supplementary cementitious material. Moreover, volume stability in terms of expansion and lead leaching of CO2-pretreated MSWIFA cement pastes were far below the regulatory limits.
In recent years, the increasing level of CO₂ in the atmosphere has not only contributed to global warming but has also triggered considerable interest in photocatalytic reduction of CO₂. The reduction of CO₂ with H₂O using sunlight is an innovative way to solve the current growing environmental challenges. This paper reviews the basic principles of photocatalysis and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, discusses the measures of the photocatalytic efficiency and summarizes current advances in the exploration of this technology using different types of semiconductor photocatalysts, such as TiO₂ and modified TiO₂, layered-perovskite Ag/ALa₄Ti₄O15 (A = Ca, Ba, Sr), ferroelectric LiNbO₃, and plasmonic photocatalysts. Visible light harvesting, novel plasmonic photocatalysts offer potential solutions for some of the main drawbacks in this reduction process. Effective plasmonic photocatalysts that have shown reduction activities towards CO₂ with H₂O are highlighted here. Although this technology is still at an embryonic stage, further studies with standard theoretical and comprehensive format are suggested to develop photocatalysts with high production rates and selectivity. Based on the collected results, the immense prospects and opportunities that exist in this technique are also reviewed here.
Less than half of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere. While carbon balance models imply large carbon uptake in tropical forests, direct on-the-ground observations are still lacking in Southeast Asia. Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha-1 per year (95% CI 0.14-0.72, mean period 1988-2010) above-ground live biomass. These results closely match those from African and Amazonian plot networks, suggesting that the world's remaining intact tropical forests are now en masse out-of-equilibrium. Although both pan-tropical and long-term, the sink in remaining intact forests appears vulnerable to climate and land use changes. Across Borneo the 1997-1998 El Niño drought temporarily halted the carbon sink by increasing tree mortality, while fragmentation persistently offset the sink and turned many edge-affected forests into a carbon source to the atmosphere.
Diesel engines produce high emissions of nitrogen oxide, smoke and particulate matter. The challenge is to reduce exhaust emissions but without making changing their mechanical configuration. This paper is an overview of the effect of natural gas on the diesel engine emissions. Literature review suggests that engine load, air-fuel ratio, and engine speed play a key role in reducing the pollutants in the diesel engine emissions with natural gas enrichment. It is found that increasing the percentage of natural gas (CNG) will affect emissions. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is decreased and increased at part loads and high loads respectively when adding CNG. The reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM) and smoke are observed when adding CNG. However, carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) are increased when CNG is added.
The canopies and roots of seagrass, mangrove, and saltmarsh protect a legacy of buried sedimentary organic carbon from resuspension and remineralisation. This legacy's value, in terms of mitigating anthropogenic emissions of CO2, is based on total organic carbon (TOC) inventories to a depth likely to be disturbed. However, failure to subtract allochthonous recalcitrant carbon overvalues the storage service. Simply put, burial of oxidation-resistant organics formed outside of the ecosystem provides no additional protection from remineralisation. Here, we assess whether black carbon (BC), an allochthonous and recalcitrant form of organic carbon, is contributing to a significant overestimation of blue carbon stocks. To test this supposition, BC and TOC contents were measured in different types of seagrass and mangrove sediment cores across tropical and temperate regimes, with different histories of air pollution and fire together with a reanalysis of published data from a subtropical system. The results suggest current carbon stock estimates are positively biased, particularly for low-organic-content sandy seagrass environs, by 18 ± 3% (±95% confidence interval) and 43 ± 21% (±95% CI) for the temperate and tropical regions respectively. The higher BC fractions appear to originate from atmospheric deposition and substantially enrich the relatively low TOC fraction within these environs.
Nitrogen-rich materials such as poultry litter (PL) contributes to substantial N and C loss in the form of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) during composting. Biochar can act as a sorbent of ammonia (NH3) and CO2 emission released during co-composting. Thus, co-composting poultry litter with rice husk biochar as a bulking agent is a good technique to mitigate NH3 volatilization and CO2 emission. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of composting the mixtures of poultry litter with rice husk biochar at different ratios on NH3 and CO2 emissions. Four mixtures of poultry litter and rice husk biochar at different rate were composted at 0:1, 0.5:1, 1.3:1 and 2.3:1 ratio of rice husk biochar (RHB): poultry litter (PL) on a dry weight basis to achieve a suitable C/N ratio of 15, 20, 25, and 30, respectively. The results show that composting poultry litter with rice husk biochar can accelerate the breakdown of organic matter, thereby shortening the thermophilic phase compared to composting using poultry litter alone. There was a significant reduction in the cumulative NH3 emissions, which accounted for 78.38%, 94.60%, and 97.30%, for each C/N ratio of 20, 25, and 30. The total nitrogen (TN) retained relative was 75.96%, 85.61%, 90.24%, and 87.89% for each C/N ratio of 15, 20, 25, and 30 at the completion of composting. Total carbon dioxide lost was 5.64%, 6.62%, 8.91%, and 14.54%, for each C/N ratio of 15, 20, 21, and 30. In addition, the total carbon (TC) retained were 66.60%, 72.56%, 77.39%, and 85.29% for 15, 20, 25, and 30 C/N ratios and shows significant difference as compared with the initial reading of TC of the compost mixtures. In conclusion, mixing and composting rice husk biochar in poultry litter with C/N ratio of 25 helps in reducing the NH3 volatilization and CO2 emissions, while reducing the overall operational costs of waste disposal by shortening the composting time alongside nitrogen conservation and carbon sequestration. In formulating the compost mixture with rice husk biochar, the contribution of C and N from the biochar can be neglected in the determination of C/N ratio to predict the rate of mineralization in the compost because biochar has characteristic of being quite inert and recalcitrant in nature.
This study aims to contribute to the existing literature by looking at the influence of foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions, carbon footprint, and ecological footprint. In order to realize the aim of this study, we have utilized the augmented mean group estimator, which is supported by common correlated effect mean group estimator in the analysis for 20 countries. The panel results reveal that foreign direct investment has no effect on environmental degradation indicators. The panel results further reveal that gross domestic product, energy consumption, and urbanization are the main contributors to environmental degradation. The results at country level show that foreign direct investment and urbanization increase pollution in the developing countries while they mitigate pollution in the developed countries. Moreover, gross domestic product and energy consumption increase pollution for both developed and developing countries, which includes China and the USA. The negative impact of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation in the developed countries can be explained on the basis that these countries have strong environmental regulations, which makes it almost impossible for dirty foreign industries to invest therein. From the output of this research, several policy recommendations are enumerated for the investigated countries.