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Fulltext Involvement of inflammation and adverse vascular remodelling in the blood pressure raising effect of repeatedly heated palm oil in rats

Ng CY, Kamisah Y, Faizah O, Jubri Z, Qodriyah HM, Jaarin K

Int J Vasc Med, 2012;2012:404025.
PMID: 22778962 DOI: 10.1155/2012/404025

Oil thermoxidation during deep frying generates harmful oxidative free radicals that induce inflammation and increase the risk of hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the effect of repeatedly heated palm oil on blood pressure, aortic morphometry, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control, fresh palm oil (FPO), one-time-heated palm oil (1HPO), five-time-heated palm oil (5HPO), or ten-time-heated palm oil (10HPO). Feeding duration was six months. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and monthly using tail-cuff method. After six months, the rats were sacrificed and the aortic arches were dissected for morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. FPO group showed significantly lower blood pressure than all other groups. Blood pressure was increased significantly in 5HPO and 10HPO groups. The aortae of 5HPO and 10HPO groups showed significantly increased thickness and area of intima-media, circumferential wall tension, and VCAM-1 than other groups. Elastic lamellae were disorganised and fragmented in 5HPO- and 10HPO-treated rats. VCAM-1 expression showed a significant positive correlation with blood pressure. In conclusion, prolonged consumption of repeatedly heated palm oil causes blood pressure elevation, adverse remodelling, and increased VCAM-1, which suggests a possible involvement of inflammation.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Anti-inflammatory activities of cucurbitacin E isolated from Citrullus lanatus var. citroides: role of reactive nitrogen species and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition

Abdelwahab SI, Hassan LE, Sirat HM, Yagi SM, Koko WS, Mohan S, et al.

Fitoterapia, 2011 Dec;82(8):1190-7.
PMID: 21871542 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.08.002

The in vivo and in vitro mechanistic anti-inflammatory actions of cucurbitacin E (CE) (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) were examined. The results showed that LPS/INF-γ increased NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas L-NAME and CE curtailed it. CE did not reveal any cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 and WRL-68 cells. CE inhibited both COX enzymes with more selectivity toward COX-2. Intraperitoneal injection of CE significantly suppressed carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema. ORAC and FRAP assays showed that CE is not a potent ROS scavenger. It could be concluded that CE is potentially useful in treating inflammation through the inhibition of COX and RNS but not ROS.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation/chemically induced; Inflammation/drug therapy*; Inflammation/metabolism
Fulltext Multidrug resistance 1 gene polymorphism in amlodipine-induced gingival enlargement

Naik KN, Jhajharia K, Chaudhary R, Tatikonda A, Dhaliwal AS, Kaur RK

J Indian Soc Periodontol, 2015 5 28;19(2):239-41.
PMID: 26015682 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124X.145837

Gingival enlargement comprises any clinical condition in which an increase in the size of the gingiva is observed. It is a side effect associated with some distinct classes of drugs, such as anticonvulsants, immunosuppressant, and calcium channel blockers. Among calcium channel blockers, nifedipine causes gingival enlargement in about 10% of patients, whereas the incidence of amlodipine, a third-generation calcium channel blocker, induced gingival enlargement is very limited. Because the calcium antagonists, albeit to a variable degree, act as inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the gene product of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1), and inflammation may modify P-gp expression. We hereby, report a case of amlodipine-induced gingival enlargement with MDR1 3435C/T polymorphism, associated with inflammatory changes due to plaque accumulation, in a 50-year-old hypertensive male patient. The genotype obtained for the polymorphism was a heteromutant genotype, thus supporting the contention that the MDR1 polymorphism may alter the inflammatory response to the drug.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Effects of Statin Treatment on Inflammation and Cardiac Function in Heart Failure: An Adjusted Indirect Comparison Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Bonsu KO, Reidpath DD, Kadirvelu A

Cardiovasc Ther, 2015 Dec;33(6):338-46.
PMID: 26280110 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12150

Statins are known to prevent heart failure (HF). However, it is unclear whether statins as class or type (lipophilic or hydrophilic) improve outcomes of established HF.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation/blood; Inflammation/diagnosis; Inflammation/drug therapy*
Fulltext Concentration of serum amyloid a in clinically normal endurance horses in Malaysia

Rajendren, S.K., Khairuddin, N.H., Sumita, S.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2019;31(1):28-33.
MyJurnal

Endurance horses continuously undergoing training. This will cause inflammation which leads to acute phase reaction with the production of acute phase protein, especially serum amyloid A (SAA). The purpose of this study was to establish concentration of SAA in normal endurance horses in the blood serum using two-site enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) technique. Horse sera were aliquoted from blood taken from jugular venipuncture. The highest concentration of SAA was observed in horses rested between 12 months and 24 months. The lowest concentration of SAA was noticed in horses rested more than 24 months. All the horses between 6 and 11 years old have high SAA concentration. When resting intervals were compared against gender of the horses, it was noted that all mares have high SAA concentration compared to gelding and stallion. Whereas SAA concentration in Thoroughbred horses were high compared to Arabian horses in all rest intervals. The SAA concentration in horses rested more than 24 months was low most probably because the horses recovered well from the inflammatory process happened during the endurance race.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
A novel wound healing accelerator: Effect of vitreous gel of cow eyeball on a chronic wound model

Makhmudi A, Wirohadidjojo YW, Gahara E, Noor HZ, Sunardi M, Mahmudah NA, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2020 11;75(6):698-704.
PMID: 33219180

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported the disturbance in the process of wound healing after administration of mitomycin-C, which inhibits granulation tissue formation and collagen synthesis, resulting in chronic wounds. The vitreous gel of cow eyeballs contains a high level of hyaluronic acid, which has a role in inflammation, granulation, re-epithelialization, and remodelling. This study aims to understand the effect of 1% povidone iodine and vitreous gel of cow eyeballs on wound healing after administration of mitomycin-C.
METHODS: This was an in vivo study with quasi-experimental methods on 32 Wistar mice. Full-thickness wounds were made and then treated with mitomicyn-C. The mice were divided into 4 groups: a control group with NaCl 0.9% vitreous gel of cow eyeball (VGCE), 1% povidone-iodine, and a combination of VGCE and 1% povidone-iodine groups. Macroscopic and microscopic observations of the process of wound healing were performed on days 3, 7, and 14.
RESULTS: Vitreous gel administration produced significant wound healing rates within the first three days, and histological analysis revealed an increased number of fibroblasts and polymorphonuclear cells. However, the povidone iodine group and the combination group with vitreous gel did not produce significant results.
CONCLUSION: The single administration of VGCE can accelerate the wound healing process, increase the number of fibroblasts, and reduce inflammation in a chronic wound model.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext The Effect of Doxycycline on Achilles Tendon Repair in a Rat Model

Sobhani-Eraghi A, Panahi M, Shirani A, Pazoki-Toroudi H

Malays Orthop J, 2020 Nov;14(3):155-160.
PMID: 33403077 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2011.024

Introduction: Doxycycline is a commonly used antibiotic that is also a potent inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs). The use of doxycycline in repairing tendon lesions has been previously investigated and conflicting findings have been reported on its effectiveness. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of exposure to doxycycline on Achilles tendon repair.
Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy rats of the same breed and gender were randomly assigned to two groups of sham, and Doxycycline group therapy. The rats underwent a surgical intervention in which a 2mm incision was performed on the lateral sides of the right Achilles tendons. The treatment group received oral gavage administrations of 50mg/kg/day of doxycycline for 30 days. After this duration, tissue samples were taken from the site of the injuries, which were then histologically evaluated for alignment of the collagen fibres, inflammation reaction, cellular density, and fibroblastic activity.
Results: The histological assessment of the tissue samples, revealed significant changes in the repaired tissues of the treatment group in comparison to the sham group; namely more irregularity in the alignment of the collagen fibres, increased cellular density, and increased fibroblastic activity. However, only the alignment of the collagen fibres reached the statistical significance.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that exposure to doxycycline may result in the improvement of repair of the Achilles tendon injuries, especially collagen filament integrity.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
A revisit to the effects of zinc salt on skin burn wound healing to reflect the risks in current pharmaceutical care

Osman MAH, Wong TW, Anuar NK

J Dermatolog Treat, 2020 Sep;31(6):651-654.
PMID: 31264929 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1639607

The lower limit of soluble zinc content that can possibly be applied onto a wounded skin as a healing promoter was not known. This study examined skin wound healing process of rats inflicted by partial thickness thermal burn wound as a function of applied soluble zinc contents (0.1 ml of zinc chloride solution 0.01% (w/w) or 5.0% (w/w)). The size, surface morphology and histological profiles of wound beds of untreated rats and those treated with zinc chloride solutions were characterized. A soluble zinc content as low as 10.5 μg/cm2 of skin negated skin wound healing when compared to the untreated rats. This was alarming as the commercial products currently in the market are formulated with a high level of zinc content. Albeit the zinc salt employed was water-insoluble, a minute fraction of soluble zinc might be available to the treatment sites. This could be partially responsible for the late adverse effects such as pruritis and inflammation reported with calamine/diphenhydramine lotion, medicated shampoo, Olay Complete defense moisturizing lotion and Zineryt® topical solution. The skin irritation was likely a resultant oxidative stress action of soluble zinc, where a small fraction could be adequate to negate the skin homeostasis.[Figure: see text]Key messagesZinc is essentially a cofactor for skin collagen formation.Soluble zinc content as low as 10.5 μg/cm2 of skin irritates skin and negates burn wound healing.Skin irritation of commercial products relates to minute soluble zinc content availability.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Understanding Apoptosis and Apoptotic Pathways Targeted Cancer Therapeutics

Jan R, Chaudhry GE

Adv Pharm Bull, 2019 Jun;9(2):205-218.
PMID: 31380246 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.024

Various physiological processes involve appropriate tissue developmental process and homeostasis - the pathogenesis of several diseases connected with deregulatory apoptosis process. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in maintaining a balance between cell death and division, evasion of apoptosis results in the uncontrolled multiplication of cells leading to different diseases such as cancer. Currently, the development of apoptosis targeting anticancer drugs has gained much interest since cell death induced by apoptosis causes minimal inflammation. The understanding of complexities of apoptosis mechanism and how apoptosis is evolved by tumor cells to oppose cell death has focused research into the new strategies designed to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review focused on the underlying mechanism of apoptosis and the dysregulation of apoptosis modulators involved in the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which include death receptors (DRs) proteins, cellular FLICE inhibitory proteins (c-FLIP), anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), tumor suppressor (p53) in cancer cells along with various current clinical approaches aimed to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Cancer-Derived Exosomes as Effectors of Key Inflammation-Related Players

Othman N, Jamal R, Abu N

Front Immunol, 2019;10:2103.
PMID: 31555295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02103

Exosomes, a category of small lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles that are naturally secreted by many cells (both healthy and diseased), carry cargo made up of proteins, lipids, DNAs, and RNAs; all of which are functional when transferred to their recipient cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the powerful role that exosomes play in the mediation of cell-to-cell communication to induce a pro-tumoral environment to encourage tumor progression and survival. Recently, considerable interest has developed in regard to the role that exosomes play in immunity; with studies demonstrating the ability of exosomes to either metabolically alter immune players such as dendritic cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the function of exosomes in regulating a key process that has long been associated with the progression of cancer-inflammation and immunity.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Appearance of Acute Inflammatory State Indicates Improvement in Atopic Dermatitis Cases Under Classical Homeopathic Treatment: A Case Series

Mahesh S, Mallappa M, Habchi O, Konstanta V, Chise C, Sykiotou P, et al.

Clin Med Insights Case Rep, 2021;14:1179547621994103.
PMID: 33628071 DOI: 10.1177/1179547621994103

The Continuum theory and the Levels of Health theory propound the idea that return of efficient acute inflammation (high fever) heralds true improvement in chronic inflammatory states. We present 6 cases of atopic dermatitis (AD), which had stability in their improvement for 1 year or more, under classical homeopathy. The cases were retrospectively assessed with selected based on the Hanifin Rajka atopic dermatitis diagnostic criteria and the follow ups evaluated according to changes on SCORing Atopic Dermatitis scale (SCORAD) scale. The pictures are presented as evidence. Modified Naranjo Criteria for assessing causal attribution of clinical outcome to homeopathic intervention was used to assess the effect of homeopathy in these cases. All the cases improved and stabilised with complete skin clearance (those that relapsed within 1 year were not included). These patients had not suffered high fevers/acute inflammatory diseases since onset/aggravation of AD. Five of the 6 cases developed acute inflammatory diseases as the chronic condition improved. The last case showed return of an old, lesser pathology. The control cases - which were selected for non-improvement under classical homeopathy also showed remarkable skin clearance when there was appearance of acute inflammatory states. In this study, there is a mutually exclusive relationship between efficient acute inflammation and chronic inflammation, which is in accordance with the 2 theories considered here. Further scientific studies are necessary to establish the phenomenon at tissue level.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Differential Action of Connexin Hemichannel and Pannexin Channel Therapeutics for Potential Treatment of Retinal Diseases

Mat Nor MN, Rupenthal ID, Green CR, Acosta ML

Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Feb 10;22(4).
PMID: 33578721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041755

Dysregulation of retinal function in the early stages of light-induced retinal degeneration involves pannexins and connexins. These two types of proteins may contribute to channels that release ATP, leading to activation of the inflammasome pathway, spread of inflammation and retinal dysfunction. However, the effect of pannexin channel block alone or block of both pannexin channels and connexin hemichannels in parallel on retinal activity in vivo is unknown. In this study, the pannexin channel blocker probenecid and the connexin hemichannel blocker tonabersat were used in the light-damaged rat retina. Retinal function was evaluated using electroretinography (ERG), retinal structure was analyzed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and the tissue response to light-induced injury was assessed immunohistochemically with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and Connexin43 (Cx43). Probenecid did not further enhance the therapeutic effect of connexin hemichannel block in this model, but on its own improved activity of certain inner retina neurons. The therapeutic benefit of blocking connexin hemichannels was further evaluated by comparing these data against results from our previously published studies that also used the light-damaged rat retina model. The analysis showed that treatment with tonabersat alone was better than probenecid alone at restoring retinal function in the light-damaged retina model. The results assist in the interpretation of the differential action of connexin hemichannel and pannexin channel therapeutics for potential treatment of retinal diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation/drug therapy; Inflammation/etiology; Inflammation/pathology
Fulltext Mesenchymal stem cells: a modern tool for immunomodulation

Rajesh Ramasamy

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):13-13.
MyJurnal

Immunomodulation is essential for controlling the immune system to maintain efficient immune surveillance and inflammation. Both arms of immunomodulation, namely immunostimulation and immunosuppression, are equally crucial in setting the optimal balance of immune response. However, diseases or conditions such as autoimmune diseases, tissue rejection due to transplantation and chronic inflammation require downregulation of overwhelming immune reactions. The conventional immunosuppressive drugs prevent the activation of immune cells, yet create an unsafe condition with toxic adverse effects. In such predicament, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) emerged as one of the safe immunosuppressive regiments and widely tested in clinical trials for numerous chronic inflammatory dis-eases. Mesenchymal stem cells are the origin of the stromal/mesenchymal cells in almost all solid organs, including the pulp of the tooth. In addition to providing structural support to the organ, MSCs participate in the tissue repair and regeneration by ameliorating an overly activated immune response locally and systemically. Regardless of the source, MSCs profoundly suppress the proliferation and effector functions of both innate and adaptive immune cells. The mechanism of inhibition primarily took place in the early phase of cell cycle and mediated via suppression of mainstream signalling pathways that involve cyclins and other cell cycle proteins. The antiproliferative activity of MSCs is not only limited to the healthy immune cells but extends to the various tumour cells of the immune system. Similarly, an array of cell signalling pathways that executed by cell cycle proteins found downregulated in the pres-ence of MSCs. The immunosuppressive activity exerted by MSCs is not specific to particular immune cells where it impairs a group of the common cell signalling pathways or putative cell cycle proteins which are vital elements for the proliferation.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Human coronaviruses: ophthalmic manifestations

Abdul-Kadir MA, Lim LT

BMJ Open Ophthalmol, 2020;5(1):e000630.
PMID: 33195813 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000630

The 2019 novel coronavirus which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) known as SARS-CoV-2 still remains as a global pandemic since its discovery and continues to spread across the world, given how highly contagious the virus is. We reviewed various articles that explore eye involvement in COVID-19 and other human coronaviruses, its human manifestations in comparison to animal studies and potential mechanism of viral entry into the eye surface. Evidence of animal studies depicted various complications of coronaviruses infection into the eyes, in both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Conjunctival inflammation remains uncommon in association with COVID-19, with other ophthalmic findings. The risk of transmission via the ocular surface remains likely low, though it is inarguably present based on preliminary finding of viral load in ocular samples and expression of ACE2 on the ocular surface. Testing the tears sample for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 was unreliable due to limitations of the testing kits and conflicting evidence of the viral titre in the ocular samples. Further larger, more precise and specific studies are required to allow us to better understand the pattern of virulence underlying the associations of SARS-CoV-2 in the eye despite its rare occurrence. This review article aims to enhance better awareness among clinicians regarding ocular manifestations associated with COVID-19 and necessary precautions should be implemented to minimise the risk of person-to-person especially in the nosocomial setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Plasma- and Saliva Exosome Profile Reveals a Distinct MicroRNA Signature in Chronic Periodontitis

Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Awang RAR, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS

Front Physiol, 2020;11:587381.
PMID: 33329037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.587381

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an oral cavity disease arising from chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues. Exosomes are lipid vesicles that are enriched in specific microRNAs (miRNAs), potentially providing a disease-specific diagnostic signature. To assess the value of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for CP, 8 plasma- and 8 salivary-exosomal miRNAs samples were profiled using Agilent platform (comparative study). From 2,549 probed miRNAs, 33 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in CP as compared to healthy plasma samples. Whereas, 1,995 miRNAs (1,985 down-regulated and 10 up-regulated) were differentially expressed in the CP as compared to healthy saliva samples. hsa-miR-let-7d [FC = -26.76; AUC = 1; r = -0.728 [p-value = 0.04]), hsa-miR-126-3p (FC = -24.02; AUC = 1; r = -0.723 [p-value = 0.043]) and hsa-miR-199a-3p (FC = -22.94; AUC = 1; r = -0.731 [p-value = 0.039]) are worth to be furthered studied for plasma-exosomal samples. Meanwhile, for salivary-exosomal samples, hsa-miR-125a-3p (FC = 2.03; AUC = 1; r = 0.91 [p-value = 0.02]) is worth to be furthered studied. These miRNAs are the reliable candidates for the development of periodontitis biomarker, as they were significantly expressed differently between CP and healthy samples, have a good discriminatory value and strongly correlate with the mean of PPD. These findings highlight the potential of exosomal miRNAs profiling in the diagnosis from both sourced as well as provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in CP.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Abdominal obesity and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein level among malay obese adults in Kuantan, Malaysia

Siti Zuhaidah Shahadan, Muhammad Lokman Md. Isa, Azlina Daud, Ali Aminuddin Mohd Rasani, Muhammad Ibrahim, Samsul Deraman

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(1):79-86.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Abdominal obesity and inflammation are two independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the inter-relationship between these two factors among Malay population is fragmented. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between waist circumference as a measure of abdominal obesity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as an indicator of inflammation status among Malay obese adults in Kuantan, Pahang. Materials and Methods: Ninety-three apparently healthy obese adults (BMI between 27.5 and 39.9 kg/m2 ) aged between 20 to 62 years old were recruited in this study (68% men and 32% women). Circumference tape was used to measure the waist circumference and fasting venous blood was obtained to determine the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level. Results: On average, the waist circumference of obese men and women was 103 cm (SD = 8.7) and 94 cm (SD = 7.0), respectively. The median (IQR) of the hs-CRP level of the study participant was 3.80 mg/L (1.5, 10.1). The Kendall’s Tau correlation reveals that there is a significant positive linear correlation between waist circumference and hs -CRP level in obese men (r (30) = 0.355, p = 0.006) and women (r (63) = 0.177, p = 0.043). Conclusion: There is a significant inter-relationship between waist circumference and hs-CRP level among apparently healthy obese adults in Kuantan, Pahang. This study suggests that assessment of hs-CRP level is beneficial to predict the risk for future cardiovascular disease event and facilitate the management of obesity in this population. A prospective clinical study is recommended to confirm the findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on inflammatory cytokines in healing dynamics of diabetic wounds: a systematic review of preclinical studies

Karkada G, Maiya GA, Houreld NN, Arany P, Rao Kg M, Adiga S, et al.

Arch Physiol Biochem, 2020 Dec 28.
PMID: 33370535 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1861025

CONTEXT: Delayed wound healing in diabetes mellitus (DM) is due to the overlapping phases of the healing process. The prolonged inflammation and altered levels of inflammatory cytokines lead to deformed cell proliferation. Photobiomodulation alleviates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and promotes tissue repair, thereby restoring the wound healing process.
OBJECTIVE: To find out the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the healing dynamics of diabetic wounds with particular emphasis on interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumour necrosis factor-α.
METHODS: Scientific databases searched using keywords of the population: DM, intervention: PBMT, and outcomes: inflammatory cytokines.
RESULTS: We have included five preclinical studies in the present systematic review for qualitative analysis. These studies evaluated the effect of PBMT at different wavelengths, dosage, and time on wound healing in DM.
CONCLUSIONS: The systematic review concludes that PBMT regulates inflammatory cytokines levels, enhances cell proliferation, and migration, thereby improving the wound healing properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext Quantification of Beta-Defensins (DEFB) gene copy number variations in relation to inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy patients

Maryam Jamielah Yusoff, Zahirunisa Abd Rahim, Nurul Amiera Ghazi, Shi-Kee Chin, Mohd Jokha Yahya, Noor Lita Adam, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(101):58-65.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Association studies between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been abundant. However, there are limited reports on copy number variations (CNVs) of beta-defen- sins (DEFB) gene in relation to T2DM. In this study, DEFB copy numbers were quantified in T2DM with nephropathy, T2DM without nephropathy and non-diabetic control groups to investigate its influence in chronic inflammation in Malaysian individuals. Methods: DEFB copy number in Malaysian individuals were quantified by using paralogue ratio tests (PRT) which allow direct quantification of gene copy number by using PRT107A and HSPD21 PRT primers. The copy number generated was then validated from insertion/deletion ratio measurement 5DEL (rs5889219) and two microsatellite analyses (EPEV-1 and EPEV-3). Results: DEFB copy number was found extending from 2 to 8 cop- ies in the non-diabetic group (n=146), while in T2DM group (n=392), copy numbers were more extensive, ranging between 1 and 12 copies; with 1, 10 and 12 copies detected in T2DM with nephropathy group (n=202). Statistically, there is no significant difference in DEFB copy number between T2DM and the non-diabetic group (p=0.209) as well as between diabetic nephropathy and without nephropathy of the T2DM group (p=0.522). However, significant white blood cell (WBC) count was found between T2DM groups with and without diabetic nephropathy (p=0.000). Conclusion: Extreme DEFB copy numbers in T2DM with nephropathy group suggest future studies with bigger sam- ple size are necessary to elucidate the true impact of CNVs of DEFB gene in promoting early onset of nephropathy in T2DM.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation
Fulltext HMGB1-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses in Brain Injuries: Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

Paudel YN, Angelopoulou E, Piperi C, Othman I, Shaikh MF

Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Jun 29;21(13).
PMID: 32610502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134609

Brain injuries are devastating conditions, representing a global cause of mortality and morbidity, with no effective treatment to date. Increased evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation in driving several forms of brain injuries. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a pro-inflammatory-like cytokine with an initiator role in neuroinflammation that has been implicated in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Herein, we discuss the implication of HMGB1-induced neuroinflammatory responses in these brain injuries, mediated through binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) and other inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we provide evidence on the biomarker potential of HMGB1 and the significance of its nucleocytoplasmic translocation during brain injuries along with the promising neuroprotective effects observed upon HMGB1 inhibition/neutralization in TBI and EBI induced by SAH. Overall, this review addresses the current advances on neuroinflammation driven by HMGB1 in brain injuries indicating a future treatment opportunity that may overcome current therapeutic gaps.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation Mediators
Fulltext A case of secondary choroidal neovascularization in inactive choroidal tuberculoma

Farhana, I., Nor Azita, A.T., Hamisah, I.

Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):158-163.
MyJurnal

Ocular tuberculosis is an ocular infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). About 5-10% of ocular inflammation cases are caused by ocular TB. Spectrum of ocular TB is diverse, affecting any part of the adnexa, different layers and structures of the globe, orbital contents, optic nerve to the orbital apex posteriorly. It can be associated with or without systemic manifestation. Posterior uveitis is the most common presentation of ocular tuberculosis. Subretinal haemorrhage secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a rare complication in ocular tuberculosis. We report a rare case of secondary choroidal neovascularization in a 9-year-old boy with bilateral eye choroidal tuberculoma with underlying miliary tuberculosis. He was treated with intravitreal ranibizumab and intravitreal recombinant-tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) injection. The CNV resolved, however, vision was poor due to atrophic fovea.

Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation

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