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Fulltext Proline Homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: How Does the Stress-Responsive Transcription Factor Msn2 Play a Role?

Mat Nanyan NSB, Takagi H

Front Genet, 2020;11:438.
PMID: 32411186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00438

Overexpression of MSN2, which is the transcription factor gene in response to stress, is well-known to increase the tolerance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to a wide variety of environmental stresses. Recent studies have found that the Msn2 is a feasible potential mediator of proline homeostasis in yeast. This result is based on the finding that overexpression of the MSN2 gene exacerbates the cytotoxicity of yeast to various amino acid analogs whose uptake is increased by the active amino acid permeases localized on the plasma membrane as a result of a dysfunctional deubiquitination process. Increased understanding of the cellular responses induced by the Msn2-mediated proline incorporation will provide better comprehension of how cells respond to and counteract to different kinds of stimuli and will also contribute to the breeding of industrial yeast strains with increased productivity.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext The genetics of schizophrenia

Salleh MR

Malays J Med Sci, 2004 Jul;11(2):3-11.
PMID: 22973121 MyJurnal

Schizophrenia is a complex biological disorder with multifactorial mode of transmission where non-genetic determinants are also play important role. It is now clear that it involves combined effect of many genes, each conferring a small increase in liability to the illness. Thus no causal disease genes or single gene of major effects, only susceptible genes are operating. Given this complexity, it comes as no surprise of the difficulty to find susceptible genes. However, schizophrenia genes have been found at last. Recent studies on molecular genetics of schizophrenia which focused on positional and functional candidate genes postulated to be associated with schizophrenia are beginning to produce findings of great interest. These include neuregulin (NRG-1, 8p12-21), dysbindin, (DTNBP1,6p22.3), G72 (13q34) / D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO,12q24), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH-2, 22q11.21), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT, 22q11.21), regulator of G protein signaling (RGS-4), 5HT2A and dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3). Applications of microarrays methods were able to locate positional candidate genes related to dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. New genome scan project, seen in the light of previous scans, provide support for schizophrenia candidate region on chromosome 1q, 2q, 5q, 6p, 8p, 10p, 13q,15q and 22q. Other reports described including the application of LD mapping and positional cloning technique, microarray technology and efforts to develop quantitative phenotype. More exciting finding is expected in near future with the completion of Hap Map project.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline Oxidase
Fulltext Isolation of threadfin bream (nemipterus japonicus) waste collagen using natural acid from calamansi (citrofortunella microcarpa) juice

Normah, I., Nur-Hani Suryati, M.Z.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(6):2294-2301.
MyJurnal

Collagen was isolated from threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicas) waste (mixture of scale and fin) by using 0.5 M citric acid or calamansi juice (Citrofortunella microcarpa) for 12 and 24 hrs at 4°C. The physico-chemical characteristics of the collagens were then compared with the commercial collagen. Shorter extraction time (12 hrs) and extraction using calamansi juice resulted in higher yield. The yield was 22% (12 hrs) and 20.37% (24 hrs) for collagen extracted using calamansi juice and 8.3% (12 hrs) and 6.9% (24 hrs) for collagen extracted using citric acid. Collagen extracted using calamansi juice were light yellow (L = 93.70, a = -1.84, b = 13.44) while citric acid collagens were white (L = 94.82, a = 0.31, b = 0.20). Sensory evaluation on odor recognition test showed that collagen extracted with calamansi juice has a pleasant
natural fragrance which is sweet citrus. Electrophoresis profile indicated that the collagen were of type I comprising of α1 and α2 chains. Threadfin bream collagen contained higher amount of imino acids proline (254.72 to 275.50/1000 residues) and hydroxyproline (7.56 to 13.50/1000 residues) than commercial collagen which is 21.25 and 5.16/1000 residues, respectively. Maximum transition temperature (Tmax) falls within a close range for all the collagens ranging from 24.81 to 25.91°C. Calamansi juice collagens were more viscous compared to others. The extraction of threadfin bream collagen for 12 hrs using calamansi juice generally leads to collagen characterised by pleasant odor, reasonably high yield and more viscous. Therefore, natural source such as calamansi juice could be an alternative medium for collagen extraction.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxyproline; Proline
Fulltext Optimization and physical properties of gelatin extracted from pangasius catfish (Pangasius sutchi) bone

Mahmoodani F, Ardekani VS, See SF, Yusop SM, Babji AS

J Food Sci Technol, 2014 Nov;51(11):3104-13.
PMID: 26396302 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0816-7

In the present study, to establish the optimum gelatin extraction conditions from pangasius catfish (Pangasius sutchi) bone, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a 4-factor, 5-level Central Composite Design (CCD) was conducted. The model equation was proposed with regard to the effects of HCl concentration (%, X1), treatment time (h, X2), extraction temperature (°C, X3) and extraction time (h, X4) as independent variables on the hydroxyproline recovery (%, Y) as dependent variable. X 1 = 2.74 %, X 2 = 21.15 h, X 3 = 74.73 °C and X 4 = 5.26 h were found to be the optimum conditions to obtain the highest hydroxyproline recovery (68.75 %). The properties of optimized catfish bone gelatin were characterized by amino acid analysis, SDS-PAGE, gel strength, TPA and viscosity in comparison to bovine skin gelatin. The result of SDS-PAGE revealed that pangasius catfish bone gelatin consisted of at least 2 different polypeptides (α1 and α2 chains) and their cross-linked chains. Moreover, the pangasius catfish bone gelatin was found to contain 17.37 (g/100 g) imino acids (proline and hydroxyproline). Pangasius catfish bone gelatin also indicated physical properties comparable with that of bovine and higher than those from cold water fish gelatin. Based on the results of the present study, there is a potential for exploitation of pangasius catfish bone for gelatin production. Furthermore, RSM provided the best method for optimizing the gelatin extraction parameters.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxyproline; Proline
Proline-Modified UIO-66 as Nanocarriers to Enhance Candida rugosa Lipase Catalytic Activity and Stability for Electrochemical Detection of Nitrofen

Cheng Y, Lai OM, Tan CP, Panpipat W, Cheong LZ, Shen C

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021 Jan 27;13(3):4146-4155.
PMID: 33440928 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17134

Immobilization can be used to improve the stability of lipases and enhances lipase recovery and reusability, which increases its commercial value and industrial applications. Nevertheless, immobilization frequently causes conformational changes of the lipases, which decrease lipase catalytic activity. in the present work, we synthesized UIO-66 and grafted UIO-66 crystals with proline for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). As indicated by steady-state fluorescence microscopy, grafting of proline onto UIO-66 crystals induced beneficial conformational change in CRL. CRL immobilized on UIO-66/Pro (CRL@UIO-66/Pro) demonstrated higher enzyme activity and better recyclability than that immobilized on UIO-66 (CRL@UIO-66) in both hydrolysis (CRL@UIO-66/Pro: 0.34 U; CRL@UIO-66: 0.15 U) and transesterification (CRL@UIO-66/Pro: 0.93 U; CRL@UIO-66: 0.25 U) reactions. The higher values of kcat and kcat/Km of CRL@UIO-66/Pro also showed that it had better catalytic efficiency as compared to CRL@UIO-66. It is also worth noting that CRL@UIO-66/Pro (0.93 U) demonstrated a much higher transesterification activity as compared to free CRL (0.11 U), indicating that UIO-66/Pro has increased the solvent stability of CRL. Both CRL@UIO-66 and CRL@UIO-66/Pro were also used for the fabrication of biosensors for nitrofen with a wide linear range (0-100 μM), lower limit of detection, and good recovery rate.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/analogs & derivatives*
Allelic variants of acidic proline-rich proteins observed in Japanese, Chinese, and Malays

Shintani M, Minaguchi K, Suzuki K, Lim KA

Biochem Genet, 1990 Apr;28(3-4):173-84.
PMID: 2383244

Three new variants of acidic proline-rich proteins (At, Au, Aw) were found in human parotid saliva by isoelectric focusing and basic gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic comparison of the purified proteins and their tryptic peptides suggested minor charge and size differences from other acidic PRPs. Genetic and biochemical studies indicate that the At and Aw proteins are allelic products of the PRH1 locus. Gene frequencies of the At productive allele (PRH1(6)) in Japanese, Chinese, and Malays were 0.008, 0.012, and 0.004, respectively. The Au protein was also found in Japanese (2 in 746 samples), Chinese (1 in 215 samples), and Malays (1 in 220 samples), however, the Aw protein was found only in one Japanese (n = 746). These three proteins were not found in 106 Indian subjects.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline-Rich Protein Domains; Salivary Proline-Rich Proteins
Fulltext Association of Salivary Statherin, Calcium, and Proline-Rich Proteins on Oral Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study

Pateel DGS, Gunjal S, Fong LF, Hanapi NSM

Int J Dent, 2021;2021:1982083.
PMID: 33688346 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1982083

Background: Saliva, as a complex biofluid, plays a pivotal role in maintaining oral health and tooth integrity. There has been inconsistent data available on the relationship between salivary parameters and oral health. This study aims to investigate the association between salivary statherin, acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRP), and calcium with oral hygiene status.
Methods: One hundred and eighty-eight healthy subjects aged between 18 and 50 years with varying oral hygiene status who gave consent to participate were included in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were recruited from primary oral health care of MAHSA University. Oral hygiene of all the participants was measured using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S). Stimulated saliva collected using paraffin wax was analyzed for salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium. The relationship between salivary statherin, aPRP, and calcium levels with OHI-S was assessed using Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient; the strength of relationship was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis.
Results: The study found a weak positive correlation (r = 0.179, p = 0.014) between salivary statherin and OHI-S; weak negative correlation (r = -0.187, p = 0.010) between salivary aPRP and OHI-S; and moderate negative correlation between salivary statherin and salivary aPRP levels (r = -0.50, p

Matched MeSH terms: Proline; Salivary Proline-Rich Proteins
Fulltext Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Bangladeshi honeys stored for more than one year

Islam A, Khalil I, Islam N, Moniruzzaman M, Mottalib A, Sulaiman SA, et al.

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012;12:177.
PMID: 23043497 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-177

There is no available information on physicochemical and antioxidant properties on Bangladeshi honey. We investigated five different monofloral and three different multifloral honey samples collected from different parts of Bangladesh.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/analysis*
Beta-sheet containment by flanking prolines: molecular dynamic simulations of the inhibition of beta-sheet elongation by proline residues in human prion protein

Shamsir MS, Dalby AR

Biophys J, 2007 Mar 15;92(6):2080-9.
PMID: 17172295

Previous molecular dynamic simulations have reported elongation of the existing beta-sheet in prion proteins. Detailed examination has shown that these elongations do not extend beyond the proline residues flanking these beta-sheets. In addition, proline has also been suggested to possess a possible structural role in preserving protein interaction sites by preventing invasion of neighboring secondary structures. In this work, we have studied the possible structural role of the flanking proline residues by simulating mutant structures with alternate substitution of the proline residues with valine. Simulations showed a directional inhibition of elongation, with the elongation progressing in the direction of valine including evident inhibition of elongation by existing proline residues. This suggests that the flanking proline residues in prion proteins may have a containment role and would confine the beta-sheet within a specific length.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/chemistry*
Fulltext Treatment outcomes of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir among NS5A inhibitor-experienced patients with hepatitis C: Real-world data from a multicenter Asian registry

Wong YJ, Kumar R, Kumar R, Tan J, Liu CH, Hui VK, et al.

J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022 Aug;37(8):1642-1644.
PMID: 35723645 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15918
Matched MeSH terms: Proline/analogs & derivatives
Functional and structural characterisation of common cytochrome P450 2D6 allelic variants-roles of Pro34 and Thr107 in catalysis and inhibition

Dong AN, Ahemad N, Pan Y, Palanisamy UD, Yiap BC, Ong CE

Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2019 08;392(8):1015-1029.
PMID: 31025144 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01651-0

One major source of inter-individual variability in drug pharmacokinetics is genetic polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. This study aimed to elucidate the enzyme kinetic and molecular basis for altered activity in three major alleles of CYP2D6, namely CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*10 and CYP2D6*17. The E. coli-expressed allelic variants were examined using substrate (venlafaxine and 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin[CEC]) and inhibitor (quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, terbinafine) probes in enzyme assays as well as molecular docking. The kinetics data indicated that R296C and S486T mutations in CYP2D6*2 have caused enhanced ligand binding (enhanced intrinsic clearance for venlafaxine and reduced IC50 for quinidine, paroxetine and terbinafine), suggesting morphological changes within the active site cavity that favoured ligand docking and binding. Mutations in CYP2D6*10 and CYP2D6*17 tended to cause deleterious effect on catalysis, with reduced clearance for venlafaxine and CEC. Molecular docking indicated that P34S and T107I, the unique mutations in the alleles, have negatively impacted activity by affecting ligand access and binding due to alteration of the substrate access channel and active site morphology. IC50 values however were quite variable for quinidine, fluoxetine and terbinafine, and a general decrease in IC50 was observed for paroxetine, suggesting ligand-specific altered susceptibility to inhibition in the alleles. This study indicates that CYP2D6 allele selectivity for ligands was not solely governed by changes in the active site architecture induced by the mutations, but that the intrinsic properties of the substrates and inhibitors also played vital role.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/genetics
Biochemical and radical-scavenging properties of sea cucumber (Stichopus vastus) collagen hydrolysates

Abedin MZ, Karim AA, Latiff AA, Gan CY, Ghazali FC, Barzideh Z, et al.

Nat Prod Res, 2014;28(16):1302-5.
PMID: 24670209 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.900617

The molecular mass distribution, amino acid composition and radical-scavenging activity of collagen hydrolysates prepared from collagen isolated from the sea cucumber Stichopus vastus were investigated. β and α1 chains of the collagen were successfully hydrolysed by trypsin. The molecular mass distribution of the hydrolysates ranged from 5 to 25 kDa, and they were rich in glycine, alanine, glutamate, proline and hydroxyproline residues. The hydrolysates exhibited excellent radical-scavenging activity. These results indicate that collagen hydrolysates from S. vastus can be used as a functional ingredient in food and nutraceutical products.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydroxyproline/analysis; Proline/analysis
Fulltext Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Malaysian honeys produced by Apis cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis mellifera

Moniruzzaman M, Khalil MI, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2013;13:43.
PMID: 23433009 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-43

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Malaysian monofloral honey samples-acacia, pineapple and borneo honey-and compare them with tualang honey. Acacia and pineapple honey are produced by Apis mellifera bees while borneo and tualang honey are produced by Apis cerana and Apis dorsata bees, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/analysis
High frequency plant regeneration from mature seed of elite, recalcitrant Malaysian indica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) CV. MR 219

Sivakumar P, Law YS, Ho CL, Harikrishna JA

Acta. Biol. Hung., 2010 Sep;61(3):313-21.
PMID: 20724277 DOI: 10.1556/ABiol.61.2010.3.7

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system was established for elite, recalcitrant Malaysian indica rice, Oryza sativa L. CV. MR 219 using mature seeds as explant on Murashige and Skoog and Chu N6 media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and kinetin either alone or in different combinations. L-proline, casein hydrolysate and L-glutamine were added to callus induction media for enhancement of embryogenic callus induction. The highest frequency of friable callus induction (84%) was observed in N6 medium containing 2.5 mg l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 0.2 mg l(-1) kinetin, 2.5 mg l(-1) L-proline, 300 mg l(-1) casein hydrolysate, 20 mg l(-1) L-glutamine and 30 g l(-1) sucrose under culture in continuous lighting conditions. The maximum regeneration frequency (71%) was observed, when 30-day-old N6 friable calli were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg l(-1) 6-benzyl aminopurine, 1 mg l(-1) naphthalene acetic acid, 2.5 mg l(-1) L-proline, 300 mg l(-1) casein hydrolysate and 3% maltose. Developed shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose and were successfully transplanted to soil with 95% survival. This protocol may be used for other recalcitrant indica rice genotypes and to transfer desirable genes in to Malaysian indica rice cultivar MR219 for crop improvement.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/pharmacology
Fulltext Biochemical and anatomical changes and yield reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under varied salinity regimes

Hakim MA, Juraimi AS, Hanafi MM, Ismail MR, Selamat A, Rafii MY, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:208584.
PMID: 24579076 DOI: 10.1155/2014/208584

Five Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, MR33, MR52, MR211, MR219, and MR232, were tested in pot culture under different salinity regimes for biochemical response, physiological activity, and grain yield. Three different levels of salt stresses, namely, 4, 8, and 12 dS m(-1), were used in a randomized complete block design with four replications under glass house conditions. The results revealed that the chlorophyll content, proline, sugar content, soluble protein, free amino acid, and yield per plant of all the genotypes were influenced by different salinity levels. The chlorophyll content was observed to decrease with salinity level but the proline increased with salinity levels in all varieties. Reducing sugar and total sugar increased up to 8 dS m(-1) and decreased up to 12 dS m(-1). Nonreducing sugar decreased with increasing the salinity levels in all varieties. Soluble protein and free amino acid also decreased with increasing salinity levels. Cortical cells of MR211 and MR232 did not show cell collapse up to 8 dS m(-1) salinity levels compared to susceptible checks (IR20 and BRRI dhan29). Therefore, considering all parameters, MR211 and MR232 showed better salinity tolerance among the tested varieties. Both cluster and principal component analyses depict the similar results.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline/metabolism
Fulltext Proteome of rice roots treated with exogenous proline

Teh CY, Ho CL, Shaharuddin NA, Lai KS, Mahmood M

3 Biotech, 2019 Mar;9(3):101.
PMID: 30800612 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1615-x

Proteomic analysis was conducted to identify the rice root proteins induced by exogenous proline and their involvement in root growth. Proteins were extracted from the root tissues grown under two conditions, T1 (control) and T2 (10 mM proline), and profiled by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seventeen of 30 differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Proline-treated rice roots showed up-regulation and down-regulation of nine and eight proteins, respectively, when compared to those in the control. Among the differentially expressed proteins, the down-regulation of glutathione reductase and peroxidase could be involved in the regulation of cellular hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species levels that modulate the root cell wall structure. Differentially expressed proteins identified as pathogenesis-related proteins might be related to stress adaptive mechanisms in response to exogenous proline treatment. In addition, differentially expressed protein identified as the fructose-bisphosphate aldolases and cytochrome c oxidase might be associated with energy metabolism, which is needed during root developmental process. This is the first attempt to study the changes in rice root proteome treated with proline. The acquired information could open new avenues for further functional studies on the involvement of proline in modulating root development and its relation to stress adaptation of plants.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Dynamics of Prolyl Hydroxylases Levels During Disease Progression in Experimental Colitis

Bakshi HA, Mishra V, Satija S, Mehta M, Hakkim FL, Kesharwani P, et al.

Inflammation, 2019 Dec;42(6):2032-2036.
PMID: 31377947 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01065-3

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors are shown to be protective in several models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, these non-selective inhibitors are known to inhibit all the three isoforms of PHD, i.e. PHD-1, PHD-2 and PHD-3. In the present report, we investigated the associated changes in levels of PHDs during the development and recovery of chemically induced colitis in mice. The results indicated that in the experimental model of murine colitis, levels of both, PHD-1 and PHD-2 were found to be increased with the progression of the disease; however, the level of PHD-3 remained the same in group of healthy controls and mice with colitis. Thus, the findings advocated that inhibitors, which inhibited all three isoforms of PHD could not be ideal therapeutics for IBD since PHD-3 is required for normal gut function. Hence, this necessitates the development of new compounds capable of selectively inhibiting PHD-1 and PHD-2 for effective treatment of IBD.

Matched MeSH terms: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases
Fulltext Two Secreted Proteoglycans, Activators of Urothelial Cell-Cell Adhesion, Negatively Contribute to Bladder Cancer Initiation and Progression

Papadaki V, Asada K, Watson JK, Tamura T, Leung A, Hopkins J, et al.

Cancers (Basel), 2020 Nov 13;12(11).
PMID: 33202923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113362

Osteomodulin (OMD) and proline/arginine-rich end leucine repeat protein (PRELP) are secreted extracellular matrix proteins belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycans family. We found that OMD and PRELP were specifically expressed in umbrella cells in bladder epithelia, and their expression levels were dramatically downregulated in all bladder cancers from very early stages and various epithelial cancers. Our in vitro studies including gene expression profiling using bladder cancer cell lines revealed that OMD or PRELP application suppressed the cancer progression by inhibiting TGF-β and EGF pathways, which reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), activated cell-cell adhesion, and inhibited various oncogenic pathways. Furthermore, the overexpression of OMD in bladder cancer cells strongly inhibited the anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity in mouse xenograft studies. On the other hand, we found that in the bladder epithelia, the knockout mice of OMD and/or PRELP gene caused partial EMT and a loss of tight junctions of the umbrella cells and resulted in formation of a bladder carcinoma in situ-like structure by spontaneous breakdowns of the umbrella cell layer. Furthermore, the ontological analysis of the expression profiling of an OMD knockout mouse bladder demonstrated very high similarity with those obtained from human bladder cancers. Our data indicate that OMD and PRELP are endogenous inhibitors of cancer initiation and progression by controlling EMT. OMD and/or PRELP may have potential for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Chromosomal rearrangements and protein globularity changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from cerebrospinal fluid

Saw SH, Tan JL, Chan XY, Chan KG, Ngeow YF

PeerJ, 2016;4:e2484.
PMID: 27688977 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2484

BACKGROUND: Meningitis is a major cause of mortality in tuberculosis (TB). It is not clear what factors promote central nervous system invasion and pathology but it has been reported that certain strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) might have genetic traits associated with neurotropism.
METHODS: In this study, we generated whole genome sequences of eight clinical strains of Mtb that were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients presenting with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in Malaysia, and compared them to the genomes of H37Rv and other respiratory Mtb genomes either downloaded from public databases or extracted from local sputum isolates. We aimed to find genomic features that might be distinctly different between CSF-derived and respiratory Mtb.
RESULTS: Genome-wide comparisons revealed rearrangements (translocations, inversions, insertions and deletions) and non-synonymous SNPs in our CSF-derived strains that were not observed in the respiratory Mtb genomes used for comparison. These rearranged segments were rich in genes for PE (proline-glutamate)/PPE (proline-proline-glutamate), transcriptional and membrane proteins. Similarly, most of the ns SNPs common in CSF strains were noted in genes encoding PE/PPE proteins. Protein globularity differences were observed among mycobacteria from CSF and respiratory sources and in proteins previously reported to be associated with TB meningitis. Transcription factors and other transcription regulators featured prominently in these proteins. Homologs of proteins associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and Neisseria meningitidis virulence were identified in neuropathogenic as well as respiratory mycobacterial spp. examined in this study.
DISCUSSION: The occurrence of in silico genetic differences in CSF-derived but not respiratory Mtb suggests their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of TBM. However, overall findings in this comparative analysis support the postulation that TB meningeal infection is more likely to be related to the expression of multiple virulence factors on interaction with host defences than to CNS tropism associated with specific genetic traits.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline
Fulltext Urinary amino acids profile of vegetarians and non-vegetarians

Chia, Yoke Yin, Ton, So Ha

Malays J Nutr, 2006;12(1):67-78.
MyJurnal

The objective of the study was to quantify and to profile the amino acids content in urine samples. The amino acids content in urine was determined in 162 individuals (62 young non-vegetarians aged 15-45 years, 24 elderly non-vegetarians aged 46-70 years, 40 young vegetarians and 36 elderly vegetarians) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The most common amino acids detected in the young and elderly individuals on vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets were phenylalanine, threonine, arginine and asparagine, while leucine, aspartic acid and alanine were not found in any urine samples in both groups. Isoleucine was not detected in the urine of vegetarians. The concentrations of the majority of essential amino acids were between 0.10 - 2.00 mgl24hrs except for histidine which had a range of 4.1 - 5.0 mgl24hrs. The concentrations of non-essential amino acids varied. Proline, glycine and tyrosine concentrations were between 0.10 - 1.00 mg/24hrs, while cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid and cystine concentrations were between 11.0 - 21.0 mg124hrs. Asparagine and hydroxy-proline had a range of 0.10 - 5.00 mg/24hrs, while serine and arginine ranged between 31.0 - 50.0 mg124hrs. Isoleucine and serine were not detected in elderly vegetarians while histidine, glycine, glutamic acid and hydroxy-proline were not detected in elderly non-vegetarians. Isoleucine, glycine and hydroxy proline were detected in young non-vegetarians but not in young vegetarians. The levels of amino acids showed no significant statistical differences between young vegetarians and non-vegetarians as well as between elderly vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Phenylalanine, threonine and trypthophan were commonly detected in the lacto-ovo and lacto vegetarians, while valine, cysteine, arginine and asparagine were commonly detected in vegans. In conclusion, except for isoleucine, general differences were seen in urinary amino acid excretions between vegetarians and non-vegetarians even though the differences were statistically not significant. Therefore lacto-ovo diets could be nutritionally adequate as the nutrients were substituted by dairy or plant products.

Matched MeSH terms: Proline

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