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Gelatin controversies in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products: Authentication methods, current status, and future challenges

Ali E, Sultana S, Hamid SBA, Hossain M, Yehya WA, Kader A, et al.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2018 Jun 13;58(9):1495-1511.
PMID: 28033035 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1264361

Gelatin is a highly purified animal protein of pig, cow, and fish origins and is extensively used in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. However, the acceptability of gelatin products greatly depends on the animal sources of the gelatin. Porcine and bovine gelatins have attractive features but limited acceptance because of religious prohibitions and potential zoonotic threats, whereas fish gelatin is welcomed in all religions and cultures. Thus, source authentication is a must for gelatin products but it is greatly challenging due to the breakdown of both protein and DNA biomarkers in processed gelatins. Therefore, several methods have been proposed for gelatin identification, but a comprehensive and systematic document that includes all of the techniques does not exist. This up-to-date review addresses this research gap and presents, in an accessible format, the major gelatin source authentication techniques, which are primarily nucleic acid and protein based. Instead of presenting these methods in paragraph form which needs much attention in reading, the major methods are schematically depicted, and their comparative features are tabulated. Future technologies are forecasted, and challenges are outlined. Overall, this review paper has the merit to serve as a reference guide for the production and application of gelatin in academia and industry and will act as a platform for the development of improved methods for gelatin authentication.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Trio, a novel high fecundity allele: I. Transcriptome analysis of granulosa cells from carriers and noncarriers of a major gene for bovine ovulation rate

Kamalludin MH, Garcia-Guerra A, Wiltbank MC, Kirkpatrick BW

Biol Reprod, 2018 03 01;98(3):323-334.
PMID: 29088317 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox133

A major gene for bovine ovulation rate has been mapped to a 1.2 Mb region of chromosome 10. Screening of coding regions of positional candidate genes within this region failed to reveal a causative polymorphism, leading to the hypothesis that the phenotype results from differences in candidate gene expression rather than alteration of gene structure. This study tested differences in expression of positional candidate genes in granulosa cells between carriers and noncarriers of the high fecundity allele, as well as characterizing differences in the transcriptomic profile between genotypes. Five carriers and five noncarriers, female descendants of "Trio," a carrier of the high fecundity allele were initially used in an RNA-seq analysis of gene expression. Four of ten samples were contaminated with theca cells, so that six samples were used in the final analysis (three of each genotype). Of 14 973 genes expressed, 143 were differentially expressed (false discovery rate P < 0.05) in carriers versus noncarriers. Among the positional candidate genes, SMAD6 was 6.6-fold overexpressed in the carriers compared to noncarriers (P < 5 × 10-5). This result was replicated in an independent group of 12 females (7 carriers and 5 noncarriers) using quantitative real-time PCR; SMAD6 was 9.3-fold overexpressed in carriers versus noncarriers (P = 1.17 × 10-6). Association of overexpression of SMAD6, an inhibitor of the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway, with high ovulation rate corresponds well with disabling mutations in ligands (BMP15 and GDF9) and a receptor (BMPR1B) of this pathway that cause increased ovulation rate in sheep.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Eye irritation potential: palm-based methyl ester sulphonates

Yusof NZ, Azizul Hasan ZA, Abd Maurad Z, Idris Z

Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2018 Jun;37(2):103-111.
PMID: 28693384 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1352595

AIM: To evaluate eye irritation potential of palm-based methyl ester sulphonates (MES) of different chain lengths; C12, C14, C16, C16:18.
METHODS: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP), OECD Test Guideline 437, was used as an initial step to study the inducing effect of palm-based MES on irreversible eye damage. The second assessment involved the use of reconstructed human corneal-like epithelium test method, OECD Test Guideline 492 using SkinEthic™ Human Corneal Epithelium to study the potential effect of palm-based MES on eye irritancy. The palm-based MES were prepared in 10% solution (w/v) in deionized water and tested as a liquid and surfactant test substances whereby both test conducted according to the liquid/surfactant treatment protocol.
RESULTS: The preliminary BCOP results showed that palm-based MES; C12, C14, C16, C16:18 were not classified as severe eye irritants test substances with in vitro irritancy score between 3 and the threshold level of 55. The second evaluation using SkinEthic™ HCE model showed that palm-based MES; C12, C14, C16, C16:18 and three commercial samples were potentially irritants to the eyes with mean tissue viability ≤ 60% and classified as Category 2 according to United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. However, there are some limitations of the proposed ocular irritation classification of palm-based MES due to insolubility of long chain MES in 10% solution (w/v) in deionized water.
CONCLUSION: Therefore, future studies to clarify the eye irritation potential of the palm-based MES will be needed, and could include; methods to improve the test substance solubility, use of test protocol for solids, and/or inclusion of a benchmark anionic surfactant, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate within the study design.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Fulltext In vitro treatment of lipopolysaccharide increases invasion of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 into bovine aortic endothelial cells

Yap SK, Zakaria Z, Othman SS, Omar AR

J Vet Sci, 2018 Mar 31;19(2):207-215.
PMID: 28693312 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.2.207

Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 causes hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. The invasion mechanism of the bacterium when invading the bloodstream is unclear. This study aimed to characterize the effects of immunomodulatory molecules, namely dexamethasone and lipopolysaccharide, on the invasion efficiency of P. multocida serotype B:2 toward bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and the involvement of actin microfilaments in the invasion mechanism. The results imply that treatment of BAECs with lipopolysaccharide at 100 ng/mL for 24 h significantly increases the intracellular bacteria number per cell (p ＜ 0.01) compared with those in untreated and dexamethasone-treated cells. The lipopolysaccharide-treated cells showed a significant decrease in F-actin expression and an increase in G-actin expression (p ＜ 0.001), indicating actin depolymerization of BAECs. However, no significant differences were detected in the invasion efficiency and actin filament reorganization between the dexamethasone-treated and untreated cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed that P. multocida B:2 resided in a vacuolar compartment of dexamethasone-treated and untreated cells, whereas the bacteria resided in cellular membrane of lipopolysaccharide-treated cells. The results suggest that lipopolysaccharide destabilizes the actin filaments of BAECs, which could facilitate the invasion of P. multocida B:2 into BAECs.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Synthesis, in vitro β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential and molecular docking studies of quinolines

Bano B, Arshia, Khan KM, Kanwal, Fatima B, Taha M, et al.

Eur J Med Chem, 2017 Oct 20;139:849-864.
PMID: 28865280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.052

In this study synthesis and β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential of 3/5/8 sulfonamide and 8-sulfonate derivatives of quinoline (1-40) are discussed. Studies reveal that all the synthetic compounds were found to have good inhibitory activity against β-glucuronidase. Nonetheless, compounds 1, 2, 5, 13, and 22-24 having IC50 values in the range of 1.60-8.40 μM showed superior activity than the standard saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 48.4 ± 1.25 μM). Moreover, molecular docking studies of selected compounds were also performed to see interactions between active compounds and binding sites. Structures of all the synthetic compounds were confirmed through (1)H NMR, EI-MS and HREI-MS spectroscopic techniques.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Impact of Eurycoma longifolia extract on DNA integrity, lipid peroxidation, and functional parameters in chilled and cryopreserved bull sperm

Baiee FH, Wahid H, Rosnina Y, Ariff O, Yimer N, Jeber Z, et al.

Cryobiology, 2018 02;80:43-50.
PMID: 29269043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.12.006

This study aims to assess the effect of Eurycoma longifolia aqueous extract on chilled and cryopreserved quality of bull sperm. Semen samples were obtained from four Simmental-Brangus. Each sample was divided into two fractions: the first fraction was used for chilling the semen, and the second fraction was used for the freezing process. Both fractions were extended with Tris-egg yolk extender supplemented with 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/ml Eurycoma longifolia aqueous extract. The diluted chilled fraction was chilled at 5 °C for 6 days, whereas the frozen-thawed fraction was frozen in liquid nitrogen. Data revealed that 1 mg/ml E. longifolia aqueous extract yielded significantly (p 

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Antimicrobial and bactericidal impacts of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 on fecal shedding of pathogenic bacteria in dairy calves and adult dogs

Vazquez-Mendoza P, Elghandour MMM, Alaba PA, Sánchez-Aparicio P, Alonso-Fresán MU, Barbabosa-Pliego A, et al.

Microb Pathog, 2018 Jan;114:458-463.
PMID: 29180295 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.040

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the bactericidal impacts of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 on the shedding of faecal pathogenic bacteria in dairy calves (Experiment 1) and in adults dogs (experiment 2). In the calves experiment, a completely randomized design was used to investigate the faecal bacteria profile of Holstein dairy calves fed with either pasteurized waste milk (PWM; n = 9) or a formulated non-medicated milk replacer (NMR; n = 9) for 60 d. The NMR containing sodium-butyrate and the active probiotic B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940. In the dogs experiment, addition of same probiotic (i.e., B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940) was carried out in two stages. The first stage started from day 7-37, and the second from day 44-71. The assessment of faecal score measured on day 22, 37, 42, 57, 71 and 77 to determine the texture of the stools. Calves received PWM consumed (P

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Process evaluation and in vitro selectivity analysis of aptamer-drug polymeric formulation for targeted pharmaceutical delivery

Tan KX, Lau SY, Danquah MK

Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 May;101:996-1002.
PMID: 29635910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.052

Targeted drug delivery is a promising strategy to promote effective delivery of conventional and emerging pharmaceuticals. The emergence of aptamers as superior targeting ligands to direct active drug molecules specifically to desired malignant cells has created new opportunities to enhance disease therapies. The application of biodegradable polymers as delivery carriers to develop aptamer-navigated drug delivery system is a promising approach to effectively deliver desired drug dosages to target cells. This study reports the development of a layer-by-layer aptamer-mediated drug delivery system (DPAP) via a w/o/w double emulsion technique homogenized by ultrasonication or magnetic stirring. Experimental results showed no significant differences in the biophysical characteristics of DPAP nanoparticles generated using the two homogenization techniques. The DPAP formulation demonstrated a strong targeting performance and selectivity towards its target receptor molecules in the presence of non-targets. The DPAP formulation demonstrated a controlled and sustained drug release profile under the conditions of pH 7 and temperature 37 °C. Also, the drug release rate of DPAP formulation was successfully accelerated under an endosomal acidic condition of ∼pH 5.5, indicating the potential to enhance drug delivery within the endosomal micro-environment. The findings from this work are useful to understanding polymer-aptamer-drug relationship and their impact on developing effective targeted delivery systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Studies on the interaction of mononuclear metal(II) complexes of amino‑naphthoquinone with bio-macromolecules

Kosiha A, Lo KM, Parthiban C, Elango KP

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019 Jan 01;94:778-787.
PMID: 30423764 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.021

Three metal(II) complexes [CoLCl2], [CuLCl2] and [ZnL2Cl2] {L = 2‑chloro‑3‑((3‑dimethylamino)propylamino)naphthalene‑1,4‑dione} have been synthesized and characterized using analytical, thermal and spectral techniques (FT-IR, UV-Vis, ESR and ESI-MS). The structure of the L has been confirmed by single crystal XRD study. The complexes show good binding propensity to bovine serum albumin (BSA) having relatively higher binding constant values (104 M-1) than the ligand. Fluorescence spectral studies indicate that [CoLCl2] binds relatively stronger with CT DNA through intercalative mode, exhibiting higher binding constant (2.22 × 105 M-1). Agarose gel electrophoresis run on plasmid DNA (pUC18) prove that all the complexes showed efficient DNA cleavage via hydroxyl radical mechanism. The complexes were identified as potent anticancer agents against two human cancer cell lines (MCF7 and A549) by comparing with cisplatin. Co(II) complex demonstrated greater cytotoxicity against MCF7 and A549 cells with IC50 values at 19 and 22 μM, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Comprehensive spectroscopic studies of synergism between Gadong starch based carbon dots and bovine serum albumin

Sonthanasamy RSA, Sulaiman NMN, Tan LL, Lazim AM

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2019 Jul 05;218:85-96.
PMID: 30954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.108

Carbon dots (C-dots) were used to study the binding mechanisms with serum protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) by using two notable binding systems known as non-covalent and covalent interaction. Interaction between C-dots and BSA were estimated by Stern-Volmer equation and Double Log Regression Model (DLRM). According to the fluorescent intensity, quenching of model carrier protein by C-dots was due to dynamic quenching for non-covalent and static quenching for covalent binding. The binding site constant, KA and number of binding site, for covalent interaction is 1754.7L/mol and n≈1 (0.6922) were determined by DLRM on fluorescence quenching results. The blue shift of the fluorescence spectrum, from 450nm to 421nm (non-covalent) and 430nm (covalent) and suggested that both the microenvironment of C-dots and protein changed in relation to the protein concentration. The fluorescence intensity results show that protein structure has a significant role in Protein-C-dots interactions and type of binding influence physicochemical properties of C-dots differently. Understanding to this bio interface is important to utilize both quantum dots and biomolecules for biomedical field. It can be a useful guideline to design further applications in biomedical and bioimaging.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
α-Glucosidase inhibitory potential and hemolytic evaluation of newly synthesized 3,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazole derivatives

Nafeesa K, Aziz-Ur-Rehman -, Abbasi MA, Siddiqui SZ, Rasool S, Ali Shah SA, et al.

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2019 Nov;32(6):2651-2658.
PMID: 31969298

A series of 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives bearing piperidine moiety has been introduced as new anti-diabetic drug candidates with least cytotoxicity. p-Chlorophenylsulfonyl chloride (1) and ethyl nipecotate (2) were the starting reagents that resulted into corresponding 3,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazole (6) through a series of steps. A series of electrophiles, 9a-e, were synthesized by reacting 4-bromobutyryl chloride (7) with differently substituted aromatic amines (8a-e) under basic aqueous medium. Target derivatives, 10a-e, were synthesized by the reaction of compound 6 with N-aryl-4-bromobutanamides (9a-e) in an aprotic solvent. Structures of all the derivatives were verified by spectroscopic analysis using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and EIMS. Most of the derivatives revealed moderate to good α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with reference to acarbose. The moderate hemolytic potential demonstrated least toxicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Potential authentication of various meat-based products using simple and efficient DNA extraction method

Khairil Mokhtar NF, El Sheikha AF, Azmi NI, Mustafa S

J Sci Food Agric, 2020 Mar 15;100(4):1687-1693.
PMID: 31803942 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10183

BACKGROUND: The growth of halal food consumption worldwide has resulted in an increase in the request for halal authentication. DNA-based detection using powerful real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been shown to be highly specific and sensitive authentication tool. The efficient DNA extraction method in terms of quality and quantity is a backbone step to obtain successful real-time PCR assays. In this study, different DNA extraction methods using three lysis buffers were evaluated and developed to recommend a much more efficient method as well as achieve a successful detection using real-time PCR.
RESULTS: The lysis buffer 2 (LB2) has been shown to be the best lysis buffer for DNA extraction from both raw and processed meat samples comparing to other lysis buffers tested. Hence, the LB2 has been found to be ideal to detect meat and porcine DNAs by real-time PCR using pairs of porcine specific primers and universal primers which amplified at 119 bp fragment and 93 bp fragment, respectively. This assay allows detection as low as 0.0001 ng of DNA. Higher efficiency and sensitivity of real-time PCR via a simplified DNA extraction method using LB2 have been observed, as well as a reproducible and high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9979) based on the regression analysis of the standard curve have been obtained.
CONCLUSION: This study has established a fast, simple, inexpensive and efficient DNA extraction method that is feasible for raw and processed meat products. This extraction technique allows an accurate DNA detection by real-time PCR and can also be implemented to assist the halal authentication of various meat-based products available in the market. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Low-temperature and long-time heating regimes on non-volatile compound and taste traits of beef assessed by the electronic tongue system

Ismail I, Hwang YH, Joo ST

Food Chem, 2020 Aug 01;320:126656.
PMID: 32224424 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126656

The influence of temperature-time combinations on non-volatile compound and taste traits of beef semitendinosus muscles tested by the electronic tongue was studied. Single-stage sous-vide at 60 and 70 °C (6 and 12 h), and two-stage sous-vide that sequentially cooked at 45 °C (3 h) and 60 °C (either 3 or 9 h) were compared with traditional cooking at 70 °C (30 min). Umami was better explained in the given model of partial least squares regression than astringency, sourness, saltiness, bitterness, and richness. Sous-vide at 70 °C for 12 h characterized the most umami, likely adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP) as significant contributors. Two-stage sous-vide projected higher histidine, leucine, inosine, and hypoxanthine with the astringent and sour taste significant after 6 and 12 h cooking, respectively. Equivalent umami concentration (EUC) between umami amino acids and umami nucleotides showed a strong relationship to umami taste assessed by the electronic tongue.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Synthesis, Bacterial biofilm inhibition and cytotoxicity of new N-Alkyl/aralkyl-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamides

Abbasi MA, Zeb A, Rehman A, Siddiqui SZ, Shah SAA, Shahid M, et al.

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jan;33(1):41-47.
PMID: 32122829

The current research was commenced by reaction of 1,4-benzodioxane-6-amine (1) with 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in the presence of aqueous base under dynamic pH control at 9 to yield N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (3) which was further reacted with a series of alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-i) in polar aprotic solvent using catalytic amount of lithium hydride which acts as base to afford some new N-alkyl/aralkyl-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamides (5a-i). The projected structures of all the synthesized derivatives were characterized by contemporary techniques i.e., IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS. The biofilm Inhibitory action of all synthesized molecules was carried out against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. It was inferred from their results that 5f and 5e exhibited suitable inhibitory action against the biofilms of these bacterial strains. Moreover, their cytotoxicity was also checked and it was concluded that these synthesized molecules displayed docile cytotoxicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Fulltext Therapeutic effects of conditioned - DPBS from amniotic stem cells on lactating cow mastitis

Ting WJ, Shaw SW, Hii LY, Lin TY, Chang SC, Liu KY, et al.

Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 2020 Jul;59(4):520-526.
PMID: 32653123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.05.009

OBJECTIVE: Bovine mastitis results in economic loss due to decrease in milk production. Antibiotic ointments are commonly used for treating. However, residue and anti-microbial resistance warranted attention progressively. Fortunately, stem cell anti-inflammatory properties and paracrine expression of cytokines accelerates wound healing and suppresses inflammatory reactions in mastitis. The objective of this study is to use the conditioned-Dulbecco's pluripotent stem cells (DPBS) from amniotic membrane stem cells (AMSCs) in treating bovine mastitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cows with mastitis were divided into two groups. In antibiotic control group, the cows were given tetraneomycin ointment. In conditioned-DPBS of AMSCs treatment group, amniotic membrane was collected for AMSCs after delivery. With expression of surface antigen and potential of tri-linage differentiation, AMSCs were injected into mammary glands. Then, milk was sampled every three days to monitor the effect of both treatments. The quality of milk was measured with pH, titratable acidity, free calcium ions and somatic cell count.
RESULTS: Our results demonstrated the Bovine AMSCs expressed CD44, low levels of CD4 and no CD105. Bovine AMSCs demonstrated the differentiation capability in the tri-cell lineages. Mastitis treatment with conditioned-DPBS from AMSCs (experimental group) and conventional antibiotics (control group) showed insignificant difference in pH value and titratable acidity. The level of ionic calcium concentration in the conditioned-DPBS group decreased from 3rd day to 12th day, while the level in the antibiotic group decreased from 0 day to 12th day. The somatic cell number was similar in both groups, which meet the standard of Taiwan milk collection.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, conditioned-DPBS from bovine AMSCs has the therapeutic potential to treat bovine mastitis and may replace antibiotics therapy in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Fulltext Characterization of Bovine Lactoferrin Nanoparticle Prepared by Desolvation Technique

Taguchi K, Chuang VTG, Hashimoto M, Nakayama M, Sakuragi M, Enoki Y, et al.

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2020;68(8):766-772.
PMID: 32741918 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00222

Lactoferrin (Lf) nanoparticles have been developed as a carrier of drugs and gene. Two main methods, desolvation technique and emulsification method, for preparation of protein nanoparticles have been reported so far, but most of the previous reports of Lf nanoparticles preparation are limited to emulsification method. In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions by desolvation technique for the preparation of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked bovine Lf (bLf) nanoparticles within the size range of 100-200 nm, and evaluated their properties as a carrier for oral and intravenous drug delivery. The experimental results of dynamic light scattering and Transmission Electron Microscope suggested that glutaraldehyde-crosslinked bLf nanoparticles with 150 nm in size could be produced by addition of 2-propanol as the desolvating solvent into the bLf solution adjusted to pH 6, followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. These cross-linked bLf nanoparticles were found to be compatible to blood components and resistant against rapid degradation by pepsin. Thus, cross-linked bLf nanoparticles prepared by desolvation technique can be applied as a drug carrier for intravenous administration and oral delivery.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
A rapid immune plaque assay for the detection of Hendra and Nipah viruses and anti-virus antibodies

Crameri G, Wang LF, Morrissy C, White J, Eaton BT

J Virol Methods, 2002 Jan;99(1-2):41-51.
PMID: 11684302

Rapid immune plaque assays have been developed to quantify biohazard level 4 agents Hendra and Nipah viruses and detect neutralising antibodies to both viruses. The methods rely on the fact that both viruses rapidly generate large syncytia in monolayers of Vero cells within 24 h and that monospecific antiserum to the Hendra virus phosphoprotein (P) detects that protein in both Hendra and Nipah virus-induced syncytia after methanol fixation of virus-infected cells. The P protein is a constituent of the ribonucleoprotein core of the viruses and a component of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and is made in significant amounts in infected cells. In the immune plaque assay, anti-P antibody is localised by an alkaline phosphatase-linked second antibody and the Western blot substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate and p-nitro blue tetrazolium. A modification of the rapid immune plaque assay was also used to detect antibodies to Nipah virus in a panel of porcine field sera from Malaysia and the results showed good agreement between the immune plaque assay and a traditional serum neutralisation test. After methanol fixation, plates can be stored for up to 7 months and may be used in the immune plaque assay to complement the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening of sera for antibodies to Nipah virus. At present, all enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay positive sera are subject to confirmatory serum neutralisation tests. Use of the immune plaque assay may reduce the number of sera requiring confirmatory neutralisation testing for Nipah virus antibodies under biohazard level 4 conditions by identifying those that generate false positive in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Surfactant protein A and stable microbubble formation in tracheal aspirates

Cheong KB, Cheong SK, Boo NY

Malays J Pathol, 1996 Dec;18(2):101-5.
PMID: 10879230

This study aimed to determine the role of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in the formation of stable microbubble in tracheal aspirates. Our results showed that as the concentration of anti SP-A antibodies added to tracheal aspirate specimens increased, the number of stable microbubble formed in the specimen decreased. The correlation between stable microbubble counts and the SP-A levels in the tracheal aspirates was good, r = 0.85, p < 0.05. This study suggests that SP-A plays an important role in stable microbubble formation. Measurement of small stable microbubbles is thus a useful bedside test for predicting the SP-A activity in the tracheal aspirates and in indirect measurement of lung maturity.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Fulltext An enzyme immunoassay for advanced glycosylation end-products in serum

Wan Nazaimoon WM, Khaid BAK

Malays J Pathol, 1998 Dec;20(2):83-9.
PMID: 10879267

We successfully developed an in-house, competitive enzyme immunoassay to measure advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) in serum. The assay involved coating microtitre wells with AGE-BSA at 8 micrograms/ml for 4 hours, followed by overnight incubation of 20 microliters sample (prediluted at 1:6) with 80 microliters antiserum (1:8000). HRP-labelled goat anti-rabbit was used as the second antibody and 3,5',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride as the substrate. Incubation was carried out at 4 degrees C. As suggested in an earlier study, we standardised the AGE units against normal human serum (NHS). Thus, one AGE unit was defined as the inhibition that resulted when the 1:6 diluted NHS was assayed. Mean (+/- SD) AGE level in normal subjects (n = 37) was significantly lower than in diabetes subjects with microalbuminuria (n = 57) (6.0 +/- 0.7 versus 10.2 +/- 4.7 units/ml, p = 0.0001). With the availability of in-house assay and by standardising the AGE unit with the other laboratories, more studies could be undertaken and results compared, and possibly, further elucidate the roles of AGE in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Fulltext The effectiveness of surfactant replacement therapy for preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome

Lim WL, Lim CT, Chye JK

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Dec;53(4):376-84.
PMID: 10971981

Thirty preterm infants weighing > or = 800 g with clinical and radiological evidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) requiring mechanical ventilation with FiO2 of > or = 40% were given modified bovine surfactant (Survanta). They were compared with equal number of historical controls. Infants who received surfactant showed prompt and highly significant improvement in FiO2, mean airway pressure, arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio and ventilatory index. There was significant improvement in mortality rate (10% vs 33%; p = 0.03). Among the survivors, surfactant-treated infants required shorter duration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (3.4 vs 9.6 days; p = 0.04). For survivors with birthweight of > 1000 g, surfactant-treated infants required shorter duration of ventilatory support (intermittent positive pressure ventilation + CPAP) (7.5 vs 18.9 days, p = 0.02). Overall, surfactant-treated infants achieved full enteral feeds sooner (15.7 days vs 24.6 days; p = 0.03) and required shorter duration of total parenteral nutrition (13.9 days vs 25.6 days; p = 0.02). We concluded that surfactant replacement therapy was effective in the treatment of preterm infants with RDS.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle

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