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Biological and molecular approaches of the degradation or decolorization potential of the hypersaline Lake Tuz Bacillus megaterium H2 isolate

Oyewusi HA, Adedamola Akinyede K, Wahab RA, Susanti E, Syed Yaacob SN, Huyop F

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2023 Jul 16.
PMID: 37455463 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2234040

The presence of synthetic dyes in water bodies and soil is one of the major issues affecting the global ecology, possibly impacting societal well-being adversely due to the colorants' recalcitrance and toxicity. Herein, the study spectrophotometrically monitored the ability of the Bacillus megaterium H2 azoreductase (AzrBmH2) to degrade four synthetic dyes, reactive blue 4, remazol brilliant red, thymol blue, and methyl red, followed by in-silico assessment using GROMACS. We found that the bacterium degraded as much as 60% of all four synthetic dyes at various tested concentrations. The genome analysis revealed five different azoreductase genes, which were then modeled into the AzrBmH21, AzrBmH22/3, and AzrBmH24/5 templates. The AzrBmH2-substrate complexes showed binding energies with all the dyes of between -10.6 to -6.9 kcal/mol and formed 4-6 hydrogen bonds with the predicted catalytic binding residues (His10, Glu 14, Ser 58, Met 99, Val 107, His 183, Asn184 and Gln 191). In contrast, the lowest binding energies were observed for the AzrBmH21-substrates (-10.6 to -7.9). Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the AzrBmH21-substrate complexes were more stable (RMSD 0.2-0.25 nm, RMSF 0.05 - 0.3 nm) and implied strong bonding with the dyes. The Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area results also mirrored this outcome, showing the lowest azoreductase-dye binding energy in the order of AzrBmH21-RB4 (-78.18 ± 8.92 kcal/mol), AzrBmH21-RBR (-67.51 ± 7.74 kcal/mol), AzrBmH21-TB (-46.62 ± 5.23 kcal/mol) and AzrBmH21-MR (-40.78 ± 7.87 kcal/mol). In short, the study demonstrated the ability of the B. megaterium H2 to efficiently decolorize the above-said synthetic dyes, conveying the bacterium's promising use for large-scale dye remediation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Taguchi-assisted multi-response improved simultaneous nanocellulose and sugar production from microcrystalline cellulose derived from raw oil palm leaves

Teo HL, Wahab RA, Mark-Lee WF, Zainal-Abidin MH, Huyop F, Susanti E

Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Aug 25.
PMID: 39209591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134983

Enzymatic treatment on lignocellulosic biomass has become a trend in preparing nanocellulose (NC), but the process must be optimized to guarantee high production yield and crystallinity. This study offers insights into an innovative protocol using cultivated fungal cellulase and xylanase to improve NC production from raw oil palm leaves (OPL) using five-factor-four-level Taguchi orthogonal design for optimizing parameters, namely substrate and enzyme loading, surfactant concentration, incubation temperature and time. Statistical results revealed the best condition for producing NC (66.06 % crystallinity, 43.59 % yield) required 10 % (w/v) substrate, 1 % (v/v) enzyme, 1.4 % (w/v) Tween-80, with 72-h incubation at 30 °C. Likewise, the highest sugar yield (47.07 %) was obtained using 2.5 % (w/v) substrate, 2.0 % (v/v) enzyme, 2.0 % (w/v) Tween-80, with 72-h incubation at 60 °C. The auxiliary enzymes used in this study, i.e., xylanase, produced higher crystallinity NC, showing widths between 8 and 12 nm and lengths >1 μm and sugars at 47.07 % yield. Thus, our findings proved that optimizing the single-step enzymatic hydrolysis of raw OPL could satisfactorily produce relatively crystalline NC and sugar yield for further transformation into bio-nanocomposites and biofuels. This study presented a simple, innovative protocol for NC synthesis showing characteristics comparable to the traditionally-prepared NC, which is vital for material's commercialization.
Co-production of cellulose and lignin by Taguchi-optimized one-pot deep eutectic solvent-assisted ball milling pretreatment of raw oil palm leaves

Teo HL, Abdul Wahab R, Zainal-Abidin MH, Mark-Lee WF, Susanti E

Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Nov;280(Pt 2):135787.
PMID: 39304051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135787

This study explores an eco-friendly delignification technique for raw oil palm leaves (OPL), highlighting the optimized conditions of choline chloride-lactic acid deep eutectic solvent (DES)-mediated ball milling pretreatment to maximize the co-production yields of highly crystalline cellulose and lignin. Our five-level-four-factor Taguchi design identified the optimal reaction settings for cellulose production (85.83 % yield, 47.28 % crystallinity) as 90-minute milling, 1500 rpm, mill-ball size ratio of 30:10, ball-to-sample mass ratio of 20:1, DES-to-sample mass ratio of 3:1. Conversely, the maximal lignin extraction yield (35.23 %) occurred optimally at 120-minute milling, 600 rpm, mill-ball size ratio of 25:5, ball-to-sample mass ratio of 20:1 and DES-to-sample mass ratio of 9:1. Statistical results showed that milling frequency (p-value ≤ 0.0001) was highly significant in improving cellulose crystallinity and yield, while DES-to-sample mass ratio (p-value ≤ 0.0001) was the most impacting on lignin yield. The thermogravimetric method affirmed the elevated cellulose thermal stability, corroborating the enhanced cellulose content (40.14 % to 73.67 %) alongside elevated crystallinity and crystallite size (3.31 to 4.72 nm) shown by X-ray diffractograms. The increased surface roughness seen in micrographs mirrored the above-said post-treatment changes. In short, our optimized one-pot dual-action pretreatment effectively delignified the raw OPL to produce cellulose-rich material with enhanced crystallinity and lignin solidity.
Fulltext Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Alocasia Species: A Systematic Review

Arbain D, Sinaga LMR, Taher M, Susanti D, Zakaria ZA, Khotib J

Front Pharmacol, 2022;13:849704.
PMID: 35685633 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.849704

The genus Alocasia (Schott) G. Don consists of 113 species distributed across Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Alocasia plants grow in tropical and subtropical forests with humid lowlands. Featuring their large green heart-shaped or arrow-shaped ear leaves and occasionally red-orange fruit, they are very popular ornamental plants and are widely used as traditional medicines to treat various diseases such as jaundice, snake bite, boils, and diabetes. This manuscript critically analysed the distribution, traditional uses, and phytochemical contents of 96 species of Alocasia. The numerous biological activities of Alocasia species were also presented, which include anti-cancer, antidiabetic and antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoea, antimicrobial and antifungal, antiparasitic (antiprotozoal and anthelminthic), antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory, brine shrimp lethality, hepatoprotective, anti-hemagglutinin, anti-constipation and diuretic, and radioprotective activities as well as acute toxicity studies. Research articles were acquired by the accessing three scientific databases comprising PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. For this review, specific information was obtained using the general search term "Alocasia", followed by the "plant species names" and "phytochemical" or "bioactivity" or "pharmacological activity". The accepted authority of the plant species was referred from theplantlist.org. Scientific studies have revealed that the genus is mainly scattered throughout Asia. It has broad traditional benefits, which have been associated with various biological properties such as cytotoxic, antihyperglycaemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. Alocasia species exhibit diverse biological activities that are very useful for medical treatment. The genus Alocasia was reported to be able to produce a strong and high-quality anti-cancer compound, namely alocasgenoside B, although information on this compound is currently limited. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to further explore the relevant use of natural compounds present in the genus Alocasia, particularly as an anti-cancer agent. With only a few Alocasia species that have been scientifically studied so far, more attention and effort is required to establish the link between traditional uses, active compounds, and pharmacological activities of various species of this genus.
Comprehensive studies of the anti-inflammatory effect of tetraprenyltoluquinone, a quinone from Garcinia cowa Roxb

Dewi IP, Dachriyanus, Aldi Y, Ismail NH, Hefni D, Susanti M, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2024 Feb 10;320:117381.
PMID: 37967776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117381

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Garcinia cowa Roxb. is called asam kandis in West Sumatra. This plant contains several quinone compounds, including tetraprenyltoluquinone (TPTQ). The bioactivity of this compound has been tested as an anticancer agent. However, reports regarding its anti-inflammatory effects are still limited, especially against coronavirus disease (Covid-19).
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study explores the anti-inflammatory effect of TPTQ in silico, in vitro, and in vivo.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In silico testing used the Gnina application, opened via Google Colab. The TPTQ structure was docked with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) protein (PDB: 2RAM). In vitro testing began with testing the cytotoxicity of TPTQ against Raw 264.7 cells, using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. A phagocytic activity test was carried out using the neutral red uptake method, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion tests were carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In vivo, tests were carried out on mice by determining cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+), natural killer cell (NK cell), and IL-6 parameters, using the ELISA method.
RESULTS: TPTQ has a lower binding energy than the native ligand and occupies the same active site as the native ligand. TPTQ decreased the phagocytosis index and secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α experimentally in vitro. TPTQ showed significant downregulation of CD8+ and slightly decreased NK cells and IL-6 secretion in vivo.
CONCLUSION: The potent inhibitory effect of TPTQ on the immune response suggests that TPTQ can be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent, especially in the treatment of Covid-19.
In silico mutagenesis on active site residues of Acinetobacter haemolyticus lipase KV1 for improved binding to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Khairul Anuar NFS, Abdul Wahab R, Huyop F, Normi YM, Oyewusi HA, Susanti E

J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2024 Nov 28.
PMID: 39609936 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2431655

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pollution is an emerging environmental hazard because of its recalcitrance to degradation. This study proposes an in silico mutagenesis of LipKV1 from Acinetobacter haemolyticus for improved lipase-PET interaction, using the PET-degrading Thermobifida cutinase (TfCut2) as the structural benchmark. Results revealed that lid deletion on LipKV1 (LipKV1_LE) facilitated the entry of PET into the active site. The mutation of several predicted amino acids into alanine expanded the LipKV1 active site for better PET binding. Docking results indicated that the LipKV1_LE mutants, Var9 (-6.2 kcal/mol), Var18 (-6.0 kcal/mol), and Var181 (-6.0 kcal/mol), produced higher binding affinities with PET than the wild-type LipKV1 (-2.5 kcal/mol) and TfCut2 (-4.6 kcal/mol), attesting that the selected mutation sites played prominent role in altering the abilities of LipKV1_LE mutants to bind to PET. Our molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results corroborated the variant-PET complexes' improved binding, mirrored by their improved conformations (RMSD ∼0.35 nm). The RMSF results also showed acceptable fluctuation limits of the LipKV1_PET mutant complexes (RMSF < 0.5 nm). Rg data of the complexes showed that they are conformationally stable, with a maximum of three H-bonds in their interaction with PET. SASA results showed that the mutations did not profoundly alter the hydrophobicity of the amino acid residues. MM-PBSA calculations on the LipKV1_PET mutant complexes estimated binding free energies between -28.29 kcal/mol to -23.25 kcal/mol, comparable to the molecular docking data. Thus, the MD data conveyed the practicality of the above-said site mutations in rationally designing the LipKV1 active site for better PET degradation.
Chemical constituents and medical benefits of Plantago major

Adom MB, Taher M, Mutalabisin MF, Amri MS, Abdul Kudos MB, Wan Sulaiman MWA, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2017 Dec;96:348-360.
PMID: 29028587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152

The medicinal benefits of Plantago major have been acknowledged around the world for hundreds of years. This plant contains a number of effective chemical constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid derivatives, iridoid glycosides, fatty acids, polysaccharides and vitamins which contribute to its exerting specific therapeutic effects. Correspondingly, studies have found that Plantago major is effective as a wound healer, as well as an antiulcerative, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial, and antiviral agent. It also combats fatigue and cancer, is an antioxidant and a free radical scavenger. This paper provides a review of the medicinal benefits and chemical constituents of Plantago major published in journals from year 1937 to 2015 which are available from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar.
Fulltext α-Mangostin Improves Glucose Uptake and Inhibits Adipocytes Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells via PPARγ, GLUT4, and Leptin Expressions

Taher M, Mohamed Amiroudine MZ, Tengku Zakaria TM, Susanti D, Ichwan SJ, Kaderi MA, et al.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015;2015:740238.
PMID: 25873982 DOI: 10.1155/2015/740238

Obesity has been often associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. The development of obesity is also accompanied by significant differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. In this study, we investigated the activity of α-mangostin, a major xanthone component isolated from the stem bark of G. malaccensis, on glucose uptake and adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells focusing on PPARγ, GLUT4, and leptin expressions. α-Mangostin was found to inhibit cytoplasmic lipid accumulation and adipogenic differentiation. Cells treated with 50 μM of α-mangostin reduced intracellular fat accumulation dose-dependently up to 44.4% relative to MDI-treated cells. Analyses of 2-deoxy-D-[(3)H] glucose uptake activity showed that α-mangostin significantly improved the glucose uptake (P < 0.05) with highest activity found at 25 μM. In addition, α-mangostin increased the amount of free fatty acids (FFA) released. The highest glycerol release level was observed at 50 μM of α-mangostin. qRT-PCR analysis showed reduced lipid accumulation via inhibition of PPARγ gene expression. Induction of glucose uptake and free fatty acid release by α-mangostin were accompanied by increasing mRNA expression of GLUT4 and leptin. These evidences propose that α-mangostin might be possible candidate for the effective management of obesity in future.
Immunogenicity of monoclonal antibody: Causes, consequences, and control strategies

Asmani AZA, Zainuddin AFF, Azmi Murad NA, Mohd Darwis NH, Suhaimi NS, Zaini E, et al.

Pathol Res Pract, 2024 Nov;263:155627.
PMID: 39357185 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155627

Antibody-based treatment was first used in 1891 for the treatment of diphtheria. Since then, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed to treat many diseases such as cancer and act as vaccines. However, murine-derived therapeutic mAbs were found to be highly immunogenic, and caused anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) reaction, reducing their efficacy and causing severe infusion reactions. Fully human, humanised, and chimeric antibodies were then introduced for better therapeutic efficacy. With the introduction of immune response associated with mAbs immunogenicity. This review explores the immunogenicity of mAbs, its mechanism, contributing factors, and its impact on therapeutic efficacy. It also discusses immunogenicity assessment for preclinical studies and strategies for minimising immunogenicity for effective therapeutic treatment in various diseases. Finally, predicting immunogenicity in drug development is essential for selecting top drug candidates. A lot of methods can be implemented by the researchers and developers to reduce the development of ADAs while simultaneously minimising the immunogenicity reaction of mAbs.
Fulltext The Cortisol Levels, Histology, and Fine Structure of Various Tissues of Fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853) after Exposure to Lead

Adam MA, Soegianto A, Risjani Y, Payus CM, Yoga RGP, Sadi NH, et al.

Scientifica (Cairo), 2023;2023:6649258.
PMID: 38046196 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6649258

BACKGROUND: Aquatic organisms demonstrate a high vulnerability to mortality when exposed to Pb, even at low concentrations. The objective of this investigation is to ascertain the histopathological alterations and cortisol concentrations in diverse tissues of Gambusia affinis, with a specific focus on the eggs and larvae, following exposure to varying concentrations of PbCl2.
METHODS: Adult specimens of G. affinis measuring 5-6 cm in length were obtained from a commercial fish breeding facility. A total of 8 fish with a 1 : 1 ratio of 4 pairs of broodstock were placed in an 8-liter aquarium. Following the adaptation phase, the broodstock underwent a spawning process that lasted for a duration of 7 days. Throughout the spawning process, assessments were conducted on the progression of the abdominal growth of the broodstock. Eggs ready to hatch and Gambusia larvae were taken and exposed to 0.1 mg/L PbCl2, 1 mg/L PbCl2, and control (without PbCl2) for 24 hours, with three replications. At the end of the experiment, histopathological analysis was conducted using the hematoxylin Ehrlich-eosin staining method and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation. The levels of Pb in gills were determined by employing atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The cortisol concentration in organ samples of fish was determined through the utilization of a cortisol ELISA Kit.
RESULTS: The findings of this investigation demonstrated an important bioaccumulation occurrence of Pb within the gills of Gambusia fish that were specifically subjected to 0.1 and 1 mg/L PbCl2. The histological structures of eggs and larvae that were subjected to PbCl2 exhibited impairment in comparison to the control group. The present study observed a significant elevation in cortisol levels among fish specimens that were subjected to PbCl2 exposure.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this investigation suggest that the occurrence of Pb is linked to a rise in cortisol concentrations in various organs of G. affinis larvae. Furthermore, the research indicates that the exposure to Pb has a notable impact on the histological alterations in the eggs and larvae of Gambusia fish, implying that they are undergoing stress as a result of the Pb exposure.
Fulltext The effect of Linum usitatissimum (Flax Seed) and Nigella sativa oil on selected oral pathogen (comparative study)

Nurul Fatihah Mohamed Yusoff, Basma Ezzat Mustafa, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Nazih Shaban Mustafa, Muhannad Ali Kashmoola, Khairani Idah Mokhtar, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):18-18.
MyJurnal

Introduction:Linum usitatissimum (flax seed) has been cultivated for domestic use since prehistoric times. Its use as a dietary supplement becomes more popular nowadays. Nigella sativa seeds and oils have been widely used for centuries in the treatment of various ailments throughout the world. It is an important drug in the Indian traditional system of medicine like Unani and Ayurveda. Methods: This is a laboratory experimental in-vitro study using select-ed oral pathogens (Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) cultured in nutrient agar. The pathogens were then inoculated in nutrient based broth and incubation for 24hours. Linum usitatissimum and Nigella sativa extract efficacy was tested by measurement of the zone of inhibition. The result of the extracts antimicrobial activities were compared with positive control (penicillin) and negative control(Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO). The statistical analysis was done by using SPSS18. Results: The antibacterial effect of Linum usitatissimum and Nigella sativa extract is comparable to the effect of penicillin and this study shows that flax seed extract shows more potent antibacterial effect than Nigella sativa on Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa while both extracts didn’t show an effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion: The results of the present study scien-tifically validate the inhibitory capacity of Linum usitatissimum or Nigella sativa as antibiotic against selective oral pathogens this will contribute towards the development of new treatment options based on natural base products.
Simultaneous enantioseparation of cyproconazole, bromuconazole, and diniconazole enantiomers by CD-modified MEKC

Wan Ibrahim WA, Warno SA, Aboul-Enein HY, Hermawan D, Sanagi MM

Electrophoresis, 2009 Jun;30(11):1976-82.
PMID: 19517438 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800499

An efficient method for the simultaneous enantioseparation of cyproconazole, bromuconazole, and diniconazole enantiomers was developed by CD-modified MEKC using a dual mixture of neutral CDs as chiral selector. Three neutral CDs namely hydroxypropyl-beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-gamma-CD, and gamma-CD were tested as chiral selectors at different concentrations ranging from 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM, but enantiomers of the studied fungicides were not completely separated. The best dual chiral recognition mode for the simultaneous separation of cyproconazole, bromuconazole, and diniconazole enantiomers was achieved with a mixture of 27 mM hydroxypropyl-beta-CD and 3 mM hydroxypropyl-gamma-CD in 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 40 mM SDS to which methanol-acetonitrile (10%:5% v/v) was added as organic modifiers. The best separation was based on the appearance of 10 peaks simultaneously, with good resolution (R(s) 1.1-15.9), and peak efficiency (N>200,000). Good repeatabilities in the migration time, peak area, and peak height were obtained in terms of RSD ranging from (0.72 to 1.06)%, (0.39 to 3.49)%, and (1.90 to 4.84)%, respectively.
Fulltext LC-MS Data set on the Malayan Deer (Cervus timorensis) Antler Velvet and its antibiofilm activity against Candida species: LC-MS Data set on the Malayan Deer (Cervus timorensis) Antler Velvet and its antibiofilm properties against Candida species

Arzmi MH, John A, Rismayuddin NAR, Kenali NM, Darnis DS

Data Brief, 2021 Apr;35:106769.
PMID: 33537383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106769

Deer antler velvet (DAV) has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine, including treatment on toothache [1]. Due to its rapid and regenerative capacity, deer antlers were proposed to be the good model for bone remodelling in mammals [2]. The data presented in this work is on the liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profile and bioactive potential of Malayan deer antler velvet (DAV) on different Candida species that has clinical importance. Aqueous extraction of DAV samples was subjected to Liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) profiling. Reverse phase (RP) separation was used due to the process extraction using water as a solvent to separate polar compound. The data was interpreted using Profile Analysis 2.1V. The DAV samples were also tested for the effect on the biofilm formation of seven Candida species in a 96 well plate [3]. The biofilms were developed for 72 h in aerobic environment. Following that, the biofilms biomass was determined using crystal violet assay.
Fulltext Water corrosivity of polluted reservoir and hydropower sustainability

Sunardi S, Ariyani M, Agustian M, Withaningsih S, Parikesit P, Juahir H, et al.

Sci Rep, 2020 07 06;10(1):11110.
PMID: 32632183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68026-x

Reservoirs play a strategic role in the context of sustainable energy supply. Unfortunately, the majority of the reservoirs are facing water-quality degradation due to complex pollutants originating from activities both in the catchment and inside the reservoir. This research was aimed at assessing the extent of the water degradation, in terms of corrosivity level, and at examining its impacts on hydropower capacity and operation. Water quality data (total dissolved solids, pH, calcium, bicarbonate, and temperature) were obtained from 20 sampling stations in the Cirata Reservoir from 2007 to 2016. The results show that the river water is already corrosive (Langelier Saturation Index, LSI = - 0.21 to - 1.08), and, the corrosiveness becoming greater when entering the reservoir (LSI = - 0.52 to - 1.49). The water corrosivity has caused damage to the hydro-mechanical equipment and lowering production capacity. The external environment of the catchment hosts complex human activities, such as agriculture, land conversion, urban and industrial discharge, which have all played a major role in the water corrosiveness. Meanwhile, the internal environment, such as floating net cage aquaculture, has intensified the problem. As the water corrosiveness has increased, the maintenance of the hydro-mechanical facilities has also increased. Strategies must be applied as current conditions are certainly a threat to the sustainability of the hydropower operation and, hence, the energy supply.
Fulltext Methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidant and liver protective activity in rats

Mamat SS, Kamarolzaman MF, Yahya F, Mahmood ND, Shahril MS, Jakius KF, et al.

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2013;13:326.
PMID: 24267313 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-326

Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomaceae) is a small shrub with various medicinal uses. The present study was carried out to determine the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of M. malabathricum leaves (MEMM) against the paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats model.
A lignan with glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes from the stem bark of Knema patentinervia

Taher M, Amiroudine MZAM, Jaffri JM, Amri MS, Susanti D, Abd Hamid S, et al.

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2017 Jul;30(4):1335-1339.
PMID: 29039334

A new naturally occurring dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan named isocubebinic ether has been isolated from Knema patentinervia. The structure was established by spectroscopic methods, which include Ultraviolet, Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry. The compound showed activity in the stimulation of glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Fulltext Emergence of mRNA vaccines in the management of cancer

Mohamad Razif MI, Nizar N, Zainal Abidin NH, Muhammad Ali SN, Wan Zarimi WNN, Khotib J, et al.

Expert Rev Vaccines, 2023;22(1):629-642.
PMID: 37401128 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2232450

INTRODUCTION: mRNA vaccines have been developed as a promising cancer management. It is noted that specification of the antigen sequence of the target antigen is necessary for the design and manufacture of an mRNA vaccine.
AREAS COVERED: The steps involved in preparing the mRNA-based cancer vaccines are isolation of the mRNA cancer from the target protein using the nucleic acid RNA-based vaccine, sequence construction to prepare the DNA template, in vitro transcription for protein translation from DNA into mRNA strand, 5' cap addition and poly(A) tailing to stabilize and protect the mRNA from degradation and purification process to remove contaminants produced during preparation.
EXPERT OPINION: Lipid nanoparticles, lipid/protamine/mRNA nanoparticles, and cell-penetrating peptides have been used to formulate mRNA vaccine and to ensure vaccine stability and delivery to the target site. Delivery of the vaccine to the target site will trigger adaptive and innate immune responses. Two predominant factors of the development of mRNA-based cancer vaccines are intrinsic influence and external influence. In addition, research relating to the dosage, route of administration, and cancer antigen types have been observed to positively impact the development of mRNA vaccine.
Fulltext Profiling the Antidiabetic Potential of Compounds Identified from Fractionated Extracts of Entada africana toward Glucokinase Stimulation: Computational Insight

Onikanni SA, Lawal B, Munyembaraga V, Bakare OS, Taher M, Khotib J, et al.

Molecules, 2023 Jul 30;28(15).
PMID: 37570723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155752

Glucokinase plays an important role in regulating the blood glucose level and serves as an essential therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes management. Entada africana is a medicinal plant and highly rich source of bioactive ligands with the potency to develop new target drugs for glucokinase such as diabetes and obesity. Therefore, the study explored a computational approach to predict identified compounds from Entada africana following its intermolecular interactions with the allosteric binding site of the enzymes. We retrieved the three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure of glucokinase (PDB ID: 4L3Q) from the online protein data bank and prepared it using the Maestro 13.5, Schrödinger Suite 2022-3. The compounds identified were subjected to ADME, docking analysis, pharmacophore modeling, and molecular simulation. The results show the binding potential of the identified ligands to the amino acid residues, thereby suggesting an interaction of the amino acids with the ligand at the binding site of the glucokinase activator through conventional chemical bonds such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The compatibility of the molecules was highly observed when compared with the standard ligand, thereby leading to structural and functional changes. Therefore, the bioactive components from Entada africana could be a good driver of glucokinase, thereby paving the way for the discovery of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications.
Fulltext Study on flaxseed crude extract on stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)

Nur Sazwi Nordin, Lokman Mohammad Isa, Syed Zahir Idid, Widya Lestari, Basma Ezzat Mustafa, Solachuddin Jauhari Arief Ikhwan, et al.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(21):48-48.
MyJurnal

Flaxseeds offer a wide range of pharmacological properties including antioxidant,
antibacterial and anticancer. However its effect on mesenchymal stem cells has not been
elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of flaxseed crude extract on stem cell
from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in terms of cell viability, morphology and
proliferation activity. (Copied from article).
Fulltext Dalbergiella welwitschia (Baker) Baker f. alkaloid-rich extracts attenuate liver damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Ajiboye BO, Dada S, Fatoba HO, Lawal OE, Oyeniran OH, Adetuyi OY, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2023 Dec;168:115681.
PMID: 37837880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115681

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the Dalbergiella welwitschia alkaloid-rich extracts on liver damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hence, to induce diabetes, 45 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin was intraperitoneally injected into the Wistar rats. Subsequently, 5 % (w/v) of glucose water was given to the induced animals for 24 h. Thus, the animals (48) were grouped into five groups (n = 8), containing normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic rats placed on low (50 mg/kg body weight) and high (100 mg/kg body weight) doses of D. welwitschi alkaloid-rich leaf extracts (i.e. DWL and DWH respectively), and diabetic rats administered 200 mg/kg body weight of metformin (MET). The animals were sacrificed on the 21st day of the experiment, blood and liver were harvested, and different liver damage biomarkers were evaluated. The results obtained demonstrated that diabetic rats administered DWL, DWH and MET significantly (p 0.05) different when compared with NC. Also, diabetic rats administered DWL, DWH and MET revealed a significant (p 0.05) different when compared with NC. In addition, histological examination revealed that diabetic rats placed on DWL, DWH and MET normalized the hepatocytes. Consequently, it can be inferred that alkaloid-rich extracts from D. welwitschi leaf could be helpful in improving liver damage associated with diabetes mellitus rats.

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