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A new chalcone structure of (E)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(napthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one: Synthesis, structural characterizations, quantum chemical investigations and biological evaluations

Thanigaimani K, Arshad S, Khalib NC, Razak IA, Arunagiri C, Subashini A, et al.

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2015 Oct 5;149:90-102.
PMID: 25942090 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.028

The structure of (E)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(napthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (C19H13BrO) crystallized in the triclinic system of P-1 space group. The unit cell dimensions are: a=5.8944 (9)Å, b=7.8190 (12)Å, c=16.320 (2)Å, α=102.4364 (19)°, β=95.943 (2)°, γ=96.274 (2)° and Z=2. The physical properties of this compound was determined by the spectroscopic methods (FTIR and (1)H and (13)C NMR). Quantum chemical investigations have been employed to investigate the structural and spectral properties. The molecular structure, vibrational assignments, (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shift values, non-linear optical (NLO) effect, HOMO-LUMO analysis and natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis were calculated using HF and DFT/B3LYP methods with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set in the ground state. The results show that the theoretical calculation of the geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies and chemical shifts are comparable with the experimental data. The crystal structure is influenced and stabilized by weak C-H⋯π interactions connecting the molecules into infinite supramolecular one dimensional ladder-like arrangement. Additionally, this compound is evaluated for their antibacterial activities against gram positive and gram negative strains using a micro dilution procedure and shows activities against a panel of microorganisms.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
A new coumarin from stem bark of Calophyllum wallichianum

Tee KH, Ee GCL, Ismail IS, Karunakaran T, Teh SS, Jong VYM, et al.

Nat Prod Res, 2018 Nov;32(21):2565-2570.
PMID: 29355031 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1428588

A phytochemical study carried out on the plant, Calophyllum wallichianum has led to the isolation of a new coumarin, wallimarin T (1) and a known coumarin, calanolide E (2) along with two common triterpenes, friedelin (3) and stigmasterol (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated with the aid of spectroscopic analyses such as FT-IR, GC-MS, and NMR. MIC assay against the Bacillus bacteria were conducted on the extracts and this gave MIC values ranging from 0.313 to 1.25 mg/mL. Compound 2 was weakly inhibitory towards the Bacilli strains with MIC values ranging from 0.25-0.50 mg/mL. Wallimarin T (1) was not active towards all four bacteria. Overall, the extracts exhibited weak bactericidal properties whereas compound 2 was not bactericidal on the tested bacteria. The hexane and chloroform extracts of the plant were found to be inhibitors to the growth of Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
A new sesquiterpenoid from the rhizomes of Homalomena sagittifolia

Wong KC, Hamid A, Eldeen IM, Asmawi MZ, Baharuddin S, Abdillahi HS, et al.

Nat Prod Res, 2012;26(9):850-8.
PMID: 21999629 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.551770

A new sesquiterpenoid, 1α,4β,7β-eudesmanetriol (1), was isolated together with the known compounds 1β,4β,7β-eudesmanetriol (2) and oplopanone (3) from the rhizomes of Homalomena sagittifolia. The structures of these compounds were determined by extensive spectral analyses. The compounds 1 and 2 inhibited growth of Pseudomonas stutzeri with a MIC value of 117 µM when evaluated for antibacterial activity using the minimum concentration assay. Both these compounds showed remarkable activities against acetylcholinesterase enzyme with IC(50) values ranging between 25 and 26 µM. The isolation of these sesquiterpenoids and their biological activities observed in this study support the reported traditional uses of H. sagittifolia for the treatment of microbial related diseases and central nervous system disorders.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Fulltext A new strategy for taste masking of azithromycin antibiotic: development, characterization, and evaluation of azithromycin titanium nanohybrid for masking of bitter taste using physisorption and panel testing studies

Amin F, Khan S, Shah SMH, Rahim H, Hussain Z, Sohail M, et al.

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2018;12:3855-3866.
PMID: 30510401 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S183534

Background: The obnoxious bitter taste of orally taken antibiotics is one of the biggest problems in the treatment of children. The pediatric population cannot tolerate the bitter taste of drugs and vomit out which ultimately leads to suboptimal therapeutic value, grimace and mental stress so it is the challenging task for the formulation scientists to formulate a palatable formulation particularly to overcome address the issue.
Purpose of study: The study aimed to mask and evaluate the unpleasant bitter taste of azithro-mycin (AZ) in the dry suspension dosage form by physisorption technique.
Materials and methods: AZ was selected as an adsorbent and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as adsorbate. The AZ nanohybrids (AZN) were prepared by treating fixed amount of adsorbent with a varied amount of adsorbate, prepared separately by dispersing it in an aqueous medium. The mixture was sonicated, stirred followed by filtration and drying. The AZN produced were characterized by various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), HPLC and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR). The optimized nanohybrid was blended with other excipients to get stable and taste masked dry suspension dosage form.
Results: The results confirmed the adsorption of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the surface of AZ. The fabricated optimized formulation was subjected for taste masking by panel testing and accelerated stability studies. The results showed a remarkable improvement in bitter taste masking, inhibiting throat bite without affecting the dissolution rate. The product showed an excellent stability both in dry and reconstituted suspension. The optimized formulation of AZN and was found stable when subjected to physical and chemical stability studies, this is because of short and single step process which interns limits the exposure of the product to various environmental factors that could potentially affect the stability of the product. The dissolution rate of the optimized formulation of AZN was compared with its marketed counterpart, showing the same dissolution rate compared to its marketed formulation.
Conclusion: The current study concludes that, by fabricating AZ-titanium nanohybrids using physisorption can effectively mask the bitter taste of the drug. The palatability and stability of azithromycin formulation was potentially enhanced without affecting its dissolution rate.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
A new symmetrical tetramer oligostilbenoid containing tetrahydrofuran ring from the stem bark of Dryobalanops lanceolata

Ahmat N, Wibowo A, Mohamad SA, Low AL, Sufian AS, Yusof MI, et al.

J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2014;16(11):1099-107.
PMID: 25034352 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.938059

A new tetramer oligostilbenoid possessing tetrahydrofuran ring, malaysianol C (1), was isolated from the acetone extract of the stem bark of Dryobalanops lanceolata, together with four known oligostilbenoids nepalensinol E (2), ϵ-viniferin (3), laevifonol (4), and ampelopsin F (5). The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence. The antibacterial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated using resazurin microtitre-plate assay, whereas the cytotoxic activity was tested using MTT assay. The plausible biogenetic routes of the isolated compounds are also discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification*; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
A newly isolated probiotic Enterococcus faecalis strain from vagina microbiota enhances apoptosis of human cancer cells

Nami Y, Abdullah N, Haghshenas B, Radiah D, Rosli R, Yari Khosroushahi A

J Appl Microbiol, 2014 Aug;117(2):498-508.
PMID: 24775273 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12531

This study aimed to describe probiotic properties and bio-therapeutic effects of newly isolated Enterococcus faecalis from the human vaginal tract.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
A polyisoprenylated ketone from Calophyllum enervosum

Taher M, Idris MS, Ahmad F, Arbain D

Phytochemistry, 2005 Mar;66(6):723-6.
PMID: 15771897

A polyisoprenylated ketone named enervosanone has been isolated from the stem bark of Calophyllum enervosum together with three known compounds, cambogin, osajaxanthone and epicatechin. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. The antimicrobial evaluations of the isolated compounds were also reported.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
Fulltext A potential of Telang tree (Clitoria ternatea) in human health

Muhammad Ezzudin, R., Rabeta, M.S.

Food Research, 2018;2(5):415-420.
MyJurnal

Clitoria ternatea (CT) or commonly known as telang tree originates from the Fabaceae
family. The flower of this tree has vivid, deep-blue and white colouration and it is usually
used as a natural colourant in food preparation especially in the local culinary scene such
as for the preparation of nasi kerabu and kuih tekan. Moreover, this plant could act as a
food source for the livestock due to the taste and nutritious value it has. Besides that, parts
of the plant such as its leaves, flowers, and roots are believed to possess sought-after
medicinal values such as analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The
plant also possesses a number of advantages such as antioxidant, antidiabetic,
antimicrobial, antihelminthic, hepaprotective and antiasthmatic properties that are
beneficial and useful in reducing health disorders. For the purpose of this study, the
chemical composition such as proximate analysis of flowers, leaves and also active
compound were also included in the review.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
Fulltext A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of probiotics in post-surgical colorectal cancer

Zaharuddin L, Mokhtar NM, Muhammad Nawawi KN, Raja Ali RA

BMC Gastroenterol, 2019 Jul 24;19(1):131.
PMID: 31340751 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1047-4

BACKGROUND: Our study aimed to determine the effect of probiotic consumption containing six viable microorganisms of 30 × 1010 cfu Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains for six months on clinical outcomes and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17C and IL-22) in patients with colorectal cancer.
METHODS: Fifty-two patients with colorectal cancer were randomized at four weeks after surgery to receive either a placebo (n = 25) or 30 billion colony-forming unit (CFU) of a mixture of six viable strains including 107 mg of Lactobacillus acidophilus BCMC® 12,130, Lactobacillus lactis BCMC® 12,451, Lactobacillus casei subsp BCMC® 12,313, Bifidobacterium longum BCMC® 02120, Bifidobacterium bifidum BCMC® 02290 and Bifidobacterium infantis BCMC® 02129 (n = 27). Patients were instructed to take the product orally twice daily for six months. Infection status, diarrhea or hospital admission were recorded throughout the study. Blood was taken pre- and post-intervention to measure TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17C and IL-22 using ELISA multiplex kit.
RESULTS: The majority of cases (~ 70%) were in Duke's C colorectal cancer for both groups. No surgical infection occurred and no antibiotics were required. Chemotherapy induced diarrhea was observed in both groups. Significant reduction in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17C and IL-22 were observed in CRC patients who received probiotics as compared to pre-treatment level (P

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
Fulltext A rare case of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infection in an end stage renal patient on maintenance dialysis during municipal water contamination

Lim CTS, Lee SE

Pak J Med Sci, 2017 10 27;33(4):1047-1049.
PMID: 29067090 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.334.13112

Ralstonia mannitolilytica is a gram negative soil bacterium. Ralstonia infection though rare, has become the emerging nosocomial pathogens in hospital settings. Various clinical manifestations had been described as well as the mode of transmission. Despite its low virulence factor, it is able to survive under harsh condition and this may potentially cause significant morbidity and mortality especially in immunocompromised patients. Outbreak of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infections in the hospital are typically associated with contaminated medical supplies or instruments. We described here a case of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infection in a dialysis patient that occurred during the municipal reservoir water contamination crisis. In this report, we will also describe the behaviour of Ralstonia genus and its 4 main species, namely R. pickettii, R. solanacearum, R. insidiosa, and R. mannitolilytica and the choices of antibiotic therapy based on literature review.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
A rare case of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cerebral abscess secondary to conjunctivitis

Gan YK, Azmi AZ, Ghani SA, Samsudin A

Med J Malaysia, 2017 06;72(3):197-198.
PMID: 28733571 MyJurnal

This case report discusses the rare association of cerebral abscess related to conjunctivitis in an otherwise healthy child. A 6 year old boy presented with conjunctivitis was treated with topical antibiotics and resolved after a week. Conjunctival swab cultures grew MRSA. A month later he developed status epileptics and CT scans revealed a large cerebral abscess. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics which covered for MRSA, along with an incision and drainage for the cerebral abscess. Pus cultures grew MRSA. The patient recovered well with no disturbance in visual acuity or visual field. On post-operative follow ups, he had no other neurological deficit apart from a slight limp.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Fulltext A rare complication of MRSA lid abscess and orbital abscess following strabismus surgery in a child

Kenneth Teow, K. L., Nor Akmal, B., Jamalia, R., Safinaz, M. K.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2018;8(1):32-35.
MyJurnal

Strabismus is one of the most common ocular problems affecting the preschool population and the aim of strabismus surgery is to correct abnormal alignment of the eyes. A 5-year-old girl with strabismus underwent an uneventful surgery and was discharged on the same day with topical medications. Two days later, she returned with a painful right lower eyelid swelling, eye discharge and fever which started 1 day post-surgery. She was admitted for intravenous (IV) antibiotic. Symptoms initially improved after 24 hours of treatment, but later she had worsening eyelid swelling. An urgent CT scan of the orbit showed a right lower lid abscess with orbital cellulitis. Subsequently an examination under anaesthesia (EUA) and incision and drainage (I&D) of the lower lid abscess were performed. Culture from the pus grew Community Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), sensitive to Vancomycin. At day 2 post I&D she subsequently developed another episode of localised right lower lid swelling. Another EUA was done but showed the lower lid and wound was free of pus. She was later found to have a toxic reaction to topical Gentamicin and hence this medication was stopped. She responded well to treatment and was discharged after completing her IV antibiotics. At 14 months outpatient follow up, she was well and orthophoric in primary gaze. While treating a disease, we should be opened to all possibilities and not to treat with multiple antibiotics once susceptibility is known

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
A retrospective study of antibiotic de-escalation in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in Malaysia

Khan RA, Aziz Z

Int J Clin Pharm, 2017 Aug;39(4):906-912.
PMID: 28643112 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0499-2

Background Antibiotic de-escalation is an important strategy to conserve the effectiveness of broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, the outcome of this strategy for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has not been widely studied in developing countries. Objectives To evaluate the outcome on intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, 28 days mortality, and length of ICU stay among VAP patients who receive de-escalation therapy. Setting This study was conducted in an ICU of a Malaysian public hospital. Method The electronic medical records of patients who developed VAP in the ICU were retrieved and relevant data was collected. Records of antibiotic prescriptions were also reviewed to collect the details of changes to antibiotic therapy (de-escalation). Main outcome measure Impact of antibiotic de-escalation on mortality. Results The mean age of the 108 patients was 46.2 ± 18.2 years; the majority being males (80%). The antibiotic de-escalation rate was about 30%. Out of this, 84% involved a change from broad to narrow-spectrum antibiotics and the remaining, withdrawal of one or more antibiotics. ICU mortality was 23% while 28 days mortality was 37%. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality rate, survival probability and the mean length of ICU stay between the de-escalation and the non-de-escalation group. However, patients with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II of ≥50 were significantly associated with ICU mortality and 28 days mortality. Conclusions In VAP patients, antibiotic de-escalation provides an opportunity to promote the judicious use of antibiotics without affecting the clinical outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage*
A review of antibiotic removal from domestic wastewater using the activated sludge process: removal routes, kinetics and operational parameters

Chen CX, Aris A, Yong EL, Noor ZZ

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Jan;29(4):4787-4802.
PMID: 34775565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17365-x

Many advanced technologies have shown encouraging results in removing antibiotics from domestic wastewater. However, as activated sludge treatment is the most common sewage treatment system employed worldwide, improving its effect on antibiotic removal would be more desirable. Understanding the removal mechanisms, kinetics and factors that affect antibiotic removal in the activated sludge process is important as it would allow us to improve the treatment performance. Although these have been discussed in various literature covering different types of antibiotics and wastewater, a specific review on antibiotics and domestic wastewater is clearly missing. This review paper collates, discusses and analyses the removal of antibiotics from sewage in the activated sludge process along with the removal mechanisms and kinetics. The antibiotics are categorised into six classes: β-lactam, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, sulfonamides and tetracycline. Furthermore, the factors affecting the system performance with regard to antibiotic removal are examined.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
Fulltext A review of haematogenous osteomyelitis in children in Kuala Lumpur Hospital

Razak M, Ismail MM, Omar A

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:83-5.
PMID: 10968187

We review 81 cases of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis from 1983 to 1990 to establish current pattern of clinical presentation, modes of treatment and success of therapy. Majority of the patient (70%) presented within a week of symptom and significant number of them came with fever and swelling of the affected limb. Sedimentation rate was found to be raised in all of them. Fifty-four (55%) of them were treated surgically. The average antibiotic time was one week by intravenous administration followed by additional oral therapy for period up to four weeks. Average follow-up was 9 months. Six of them (7.5%) end up with various complication which was believed to be due to delay in getting medical treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Fulltext A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin

Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:186864.
PMID: 24877064 DOI: 10.1155/2014/186864

Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae family) and its polyphenolic compound curcumin have been subjected to a variety of antimicrobial investigations due to extensive traditional uses and low side effects. Antimicrobial activities for curcumin and rhizome extract of C. longa against different bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been reported. The promising results for antimicrobial activity of curcumin made it a good candidate to enhance the inhibitory effect of existing antimicrobial agents through synergism. Indeed, different investigations have been done to increase the antimicrobial activity of curcumin, including synthesis of different chemical derivatives to increase its water solubility as well ass cell up take of curcumin. This review aims to summarize previous antimicrobial studies of curcumin towards its application in the future studies as a natural antimicrobial agent.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*
A review on chitosan and chitosan-based bionanocomposites: Promising material for combatting global issues and its applications

Azmana M, Mahmood S, Hilles AR, Rahman A, Arifin MAB, Ahmed S

Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Aug 31;185:832-848.
PMID: 34237361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.023

Over the last few years, several attempts have been made to replace petrochemical products with renewable and biodegradable components. The most challenging part of this approach is to obtain bio-based materials with properties and functions equivalent to those of synthetic products. Various naturally occurring polymers such as starch, collagen, alginate, cellulose, and chitin represent attractive candidates as they could reduce dependence on synthetic products and consequently positively impact the environment. Chitosan is also a unique bio-based polymer with excellent intrinsic properties. It is known for its anti-bacterial and film-forming properties, has high mechanical strength and good thermal stability. Nanotechnology has also applied chitosan-based materials in its most recent achievements. Therefore, numerous chitosan-based bionanocomposites with improved physical and chemical characteristics have been developed in an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach. This review discusses various sources of chitosan, its properties and methods of modification. Also, this work focuses on diverse preparation techniques of chitosan-based bionanocomposites and their emerging application in various sectors. Additionally, this review sheds light on future research scope with some drawbacks and challenges to motivate the researchers for future outstanding research works.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry*
Fulltext A review on rhodococcus equi: horse, cat and human

Aslam, M.W.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2019;31(2):1-12.
MyJurnal

In recent years, Rhodococcus equi has emerged as pathogen of importance in respiratory and non-respiratory infectious diseases of animals and humans. Its distribution is worldwide and incidence of disease is increasing in nonequine species like cats and humans. Sporadic infection in human and cat is hypothesized to infect immunocompromised cases largely. While predominantly in foals, infection is quite endemic/epidemic in nature depending on virulence of strain, and incidence is 10 – 20% since birth till weaning. Mode of acquisition is quite variable in humans, cats and foals and depends on the route of exposure. Pathogenesis is well understood in natural host but in cats and humans it is still in its infancy because of the manifestation of unusual cases with low to no exposure to contaminated elements. Clinical signs depend on the site of infection but respiratory manifestations are quite common in foals and human cases. In cats extra-pulmonary disorders are hypothesized as more common presentation. Definitive diagnosis is based on the microbiological culture and cytology from tracheobronchial aspirate for respiratory cases and site of sample for non-respiratory lesions. White blood cells and fibrinogen have some correlation in degree of diagnosis in foals but not in cats and humans. Macrolides especially clarithromycin along with rifampin are considered best combination at the moment and recently resistance is being reported against erythromycin and rifampin. In foals, consensus statements by ACVIM published detailed control and preventions but in humans and cats so far hygiene and isolation of infected patients are for the time being the methods to control nosocomial spread.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
Fulltext A review on the effects of probiotics and antibiotics towards Clostridium difficile infections

Hazirah, A., Loong, Y.Y., Rushdan, A.A., Rukman, A.H., Yazid, M.M.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(2):293-302.
MyJurnal

Clostridium difficile can cause severe diseases with significant morbidity and mortality in infected patients.
The rate of Clostridium difficile infection is high in North America and European countries. Metronidazole
and vancomycin have been recommended as the treatments of choice since 1990s. Recurrent infection
due to Clostridium difficile is common after several days of antibiotic administration. Probiotics have
been used in these patients as an adjunct treatment with some successful findings. However, a detailed
investigation on the use of probiotic for infected patients is still needed, particularly for its real efficacy.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents
A review on the origin of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and perspective of tailored phoP gene towards avirulence

Gangathraprabhu B, Kannan S, Santhanam G, Suryadevara N, Maruthamuthu M

Microb Pathog, 2020 Oct;147:104352.
PMID: 32592823 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104352

Salmonellosis continues to remain a health problem as the causative organism Salmonella spp. developed resistance to many of the antibiotics. As per World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that enteric fever, accounts for almost 16 million cases annually and over 600,000 deaths worldwide. Recent data revealed that the multi-drug resistance (MDR) rate of enteric fever was as high as 70% in Asian countries, as compared with the overall reported incidence of 50%. Emergence of MDR typhoid fever demands the use of newer antibiotics which also not offer promising effect in recent days. Effective antimicrobial therapy is required to control morbidity and prevent death from typhoid fever. The studies on PhoP/Q regulation revealed it as a best-characterized transcriptional regulation; a two-component system required for Salmonella pathogenesis which controls the expression of more than 40 genes. The PhoP DNA binding proteins possess positively charged amino acids such as arginine, lysine and histidine which present in the DNA binding site. Prevention of PhoP binding in phoP box may ultimately prevent the expression of many regulatory mechanism which plays vital role in Salmonella virulence. Deepness study of PhoP protein and various mutation swots may offer effectual controlling of MDR Salmonella.

Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents

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