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  1. A report on beriberi as discovered in the rural maternity and child welfare centres, Singapore and steps taken to combat it
    Faris DWG
    Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1938;2:124-31.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  2. In vitro antimetastatic activity of koetjapic acid against breast cancer cells
    Nassar ZD, Aisha AF, Al Suede FS, Abdul Majid AS, Abdul Majid AM
    Biol Pharm Bull, 2012;35(4):503-8.
    PMID: 22466553
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and it can metastasize very rapidly. Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of cancer deaths. In the present study, we investigated the capability of koetjapic acid, a natural triterpene, in the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of metastasis in the breast cancer cell line (MCF 7). The effects of koetjapic acid against 4 steps of metastasis have been assessed, including cell survival, clonogenicity, migration and invasion. Koetjapic acid exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF 7 cells with an IC(50) of 68.88±6.075 μg/mL. The mechanism of cell death was confirmed due to the induction of apoptosis machineries; early and late apoptosis-related changes were detected, including the stimulation of caspase 3/7 activities, apoptosis-related morphological changes such as membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. A mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was found to be involved in koetjapic acid-induced cell death induction. Moreover, at a sub-toxic dose (15 μg/mL), Koetjapic acid inhibited cell migration and invasion significantly. Finally, koetjapic acid inhibited the colony formation properties of MCF 7 significantly. These results indicate that koetjapic acid possesses significant antitumor and antimetastatic effects, and warrants further investigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Breast Neoplasms/metabolism; Breast Neoplasms/pathology
  3. Fulltext Antitumor and Anti-Metastatic Effects of Citral-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier in 4T1-Induced Breast Cancer Mouse Model
    Nordin N, Yeap SK, Rahman HS, Zamberi NR, Mohamad NE, Abu N, et al.
    Molecules, 2020 Jun 09;25(11).
    PMID: 32526880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112670
    Cancer nano-therapy has been progressing rapidly with the introduction of many novel drug delivery systems. The previous study has reported on the in vitro cytotoxicity of citral-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC-Citral) on MDA-MB-231 cells and some preliminary in vivo antitumor effects on 4T1 breast cancer cells challenged mice. However, the in vivo apoptosis induction and anti-metastatic effects of NLC-Citral have yet to be reported. In this study, the in vitro cytotoxic, anti-migration, and anti-invasion effects of NLC-Citral were tested on 4T1 breast cancer cells. In addition, the in vivo antitumor effects of oral delivery of NLC-Citral was also evaluated on BALB/c mice induced with 4T1 cells. In vitro cytotoxicity results showed that NLC-Citral and citral gave similar IC50 values on 4T1 cells. However, wound healing, migration, and invasion assays reflected better in vitro anti-metastasis potential for NLC-Citral than citral alone. Results from the in vivo study indicated that both NLC-Citral and citral have anti-tumor and anti-metastasis effects, whereby the NLC-Citral showed better efficacy than citral in all experiments. Also, the delay of tumor progression was through the suppression of the c-myc gene expression and induction of apoptosis in the tumor. In addition, the inhibition of metastasis of 4T1 cells to lung and bone marrow by the NLC-Citral and citral treatments was correlated with the downregulation of metastasis-related genes expression including MMP-9, ICAM, iNOS, and NF-kB and the angiogenesis-related proteins including G-CSF alpha, Eotaxin, bFGF, VEGF, IL-1alpha, and M-CSF in the tumor. Moreover, NLC-Citral showed greater downregulation of MMP-9, iNOS, ICAM, Eotaxin, bFGF, VEGF, and M-CSF than citral treatment in the 4T1-challenged mice, which may contribute to the better anti-metastatic effect of the encapsulated citral. This study suggests that NLC is a potential and effective delivery system for citral to target triple-negative breast cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Breast Neoplasms/metabolism; Breast Neoplasms/pathology
  4. Palbociclib and beyond for the treatment of HR + HER2- metastatic breast cancer: an Asian-Pacific perspective and practical management guide on the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors
    Dawood S, Chiu JW, Huang CS, Nag S, Sookprasert A, Yap YS, et al.
    Curr Med Res Opin, 2020 08;36(8):1363-1373.
    PMID: 32544344 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1783646
    Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer amongst women worldwide including in Asia where the incidence rate is rapidly increasing. Even with treatment, around 30% of patients with early breast cancer progress to metastatic disease, with hormone receptor positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer the most common phenotype. First-line endocrine therapy targeting the estrogen receptor signaling pathway provides a median progression-free survival or time to progression of 6-15 months in HR + HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Recently, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors, combined with endocrine therapy, have achieved more than two years median progression-free survival in HR + HER2- metastatic breast cancer. However, the characteristics of the Asian breast cancer population differ from those of Western populations and need to be considered when selecting a suitable treatment. Breast cancer is diagnosed at a younger age in Asian populations and late stage at presentation is generally more common in low-/middle-income countries than high-income countries. Consequently, the proportion of premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer is higher in Asian compared with Western populations. While CDK4/6 inhibitors have been approved in the USA (FDA) since 2015, experience with them in Asia is more limited. We review the experience with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in Asian patients with HR + HER2- metastatic breast cancer and provide guidance on the use of palbociclib in these patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Breast Neoplasms/mortality; Breast Neoplasms/pathology
  5. Fulltext Dietary Changes and Its Impact on Quality of Life among Malay Breast and Gynaecological Cancer Survivors in Malaysia
    Zainordin NH, Abd Talib R, Shahril MR, Sulaiman S, A Karim N
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Dec 01;21(12):3689-3696.
    PMID: 33369469 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.12.3689
    OBJECTIVE: Fear of cancer recurrent, side effects of treatment and belief in food taboos encourage cancer survivors to make changes in their dietary practices after diagnosis of cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of dietary changes on quality of life (QoL) among Malay breast and gynaecological cancer survivors.

    METHODS: Questionnaire of dietary changes was modified from WHEL study and adapted to typical Malay's food intake in Malaysia. A total of 23 items were listed and categorized by types of food and cooking methods.  Four categories of changes "increased", "decreased", "no changes" or "stopped" were used to determine the changes in dietary practices. Score one (+1) is given to positive changes by reference to WCRF/AICR and Malaysia Dietary Guideline healthy eating recommendations. Malay EORTC QLQ-C30 were used to determine the QoL. Sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and anthropometric measurement were also collected.

    RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects (n=77) was 50.7±7.8 years old with duration of survivorship 4.0±3.1 years. Subjects mean BMI was 27.8±4.9 kg/m2 which indicate subjects were 31.2% overweight and 32.5% obese. The percentage score of positive dietary changes was 34.7±16.4%. Positive dietary changes were increased intake of green leafy vegetable (49.4%), cruciferous vegetable (46.8%) and boiling cooking methods (45.5%). Subjects reduced their intake of red meat (42.9%), sugar (53.2%) and fried cooking method (44.2%). Subjects stopped consuming milk (41.6%), c 2008-5862 heese (33.8%) and sweetened condensed milk (33.8%). With increasing positive dietary changes, there was a significant improvement on emotional function (rs=0.27; p=0.016) and reduced fatigue symptoms (rs=-0.24; p=0.033).

    CONCLUSION: Positive changes in dietary intake improved emotional function and reduced fatigue symptoms after cancer treatment. By knowing the trend of food changes after cancer treatment, enables the formation of healthy food intervention implemented more effective.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/diet therapy*; Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology; Breast Neoplasms/psychology
  6. Fulltext Dietary and lifestyle changes of Malaysian breast cancer survivors: a qualitative study
    Redhwan, A.A., Md Idris, M.N., Robert, C.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2008;14(1):24-31.
    MyJurnal
    Objective :This study was performed to determine changes in diet and lifestyle among breast cancer survivors in Malaysia.
    Methods :This was a qualitative study done on fifteen survivors (8 Malays and 7 non-Malays) obtained from the Oncology and Surgery Department, National University of Malaysia Hospital. The study was conducted using a semi-structured interview format. The data obtained were sorted into various categories via content analysis.
    Results :Majority of breast cancer survivors increased their fruit and vegetable intake following diagnosis. Some non-Malays changed to vegetarian whereas all the Malays remained on the same dietary pattern. As far as exercise was concerned, all Malays did not exercise before diagnosis, but did so after diagnosis, whereas most of non- Malays did not exercise either before or after diagnosis.
    Conclusion : Some changes were noticed in dietary and lifestyle behaviors after diagnosis among some survivors. The differences were due to their different cultural and religious backgrounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  7. Fulltext Radiation induced sarcoma: a risk that is almost forgotten
    Ruhi Fadzlyana, J., Nani Harlina, M.L., Saladina Jaszle, J., Rohaizak, M.
    Journal of Surgical Academia, 2014;4(1):67-69.
    MyJurnal
    Radiotherapy has been widely use as an adjuvant therapy in the breast cancer management. The usage has increased the incidence of radiation induce sarcoma. We here present a case of radiation induce sarcoma of the axilla following mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  8. Breast cancer screening: How knowledgeable are female staff of a public university?
    Nor Afiah, M.Z., Hejar, A.R., Looi, Y.K., Lim, S.J., Ng, C.Y., Tong, C.Y.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2011;10(1):23-29.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and in Malaysia. It has better cure rate if detected early. However, the practice of breast cancer screening in Malaysia is still low. The objective of this study is to determine the knowledge and its associated factors as well as sources of information on breast cancer and breast cancer screening among female staff in a public university in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in 2005 involving 394 female staff including academic and non-academic staff, which was selected by cluster sampling. A self-administered questionnaire on socioeconomic characteristics and family history of breast cancer was used for data collection. Chi-square Test and Fisher’s Exact Test was used for testing an association using SPSS 12.0. Results: The response rate was 84.3%. Only 50.9% had high knowledge on breast cancer and breast cancer screening and this was significantly associated with occupational status, monthly family income and educational level (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  9. Fulltext A survey on physical factors and compressed breast thickness in voluntary mammography screening using ffdm system in malaysia: preliminary results
    Noriah Jamal, Humairah Samad Cheung, Siti Kamariah Che Mohamad, Ellyda Muhamad Nordin
    Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2013;25(1):29-34.
    MyJurnal
    This paper aims at presenting preliminary results of a survey on physical factors, namely tube
    potential (kV), tube current exposure time product (mAs) and compressed breast thickness (CBT)
    during voluntary mammography screening using Full-Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) System
    in Malaysia. Retrospective data were collected from 1128 FFDM images of 282 women from three
    major ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian) who underwent voluntary screening
    mammography at Breast Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia from January to March
    2008. Results from the present study were then compared with results from the previous study on
    Screen-Film Mammography System (SFM) according to the ethnic group for both Cranio-caudal
    (CC) and Mediol-Lateral (MLO) views. We found that the mean kV for CC view for the three ethnic
    groups are Malay (28), Chinese (28) and Indian (28), and for MLO view are Malay (29), Chinese
    (28) and Indian (29). These values are higher than the kV for SFM which were Malay (26), Chinese
    (27) and Indian (26) for CC and Malay (26), Chinese (27) and Indian (26) for CC and MLO views
    respectively. The mean mAs for CC and MLO views for FFDM were lower compared to SFM
    systems. These values were Malay (104), Chinese (108) and Indian (91) for CC views and Malay
    (106), Chinese (105), and Indian (94) for MLO views for the FFDM system. The values for SFM
    system are for CC and MLO views were Malay (120), Chinese (106) and Indian (126), and Malay
    (166), Chinese (132), Indian (183) respectively. The median CBT for CC and MLO views increased
    by 27% and 7% respectively on the FFDM compared to the SFM system. In conclusion, the FFDM
    operates with higher kV, lower mAs, and higher CBT when compared with SFM system. Median
    CBT on CC and MLO view with FFDM system are 27% and 7% higher respectively compared to
    the SFM. We are currently collecting data on mean glandular dose with FFDM systems to assess
    how the change in local mammography practice influences this value. This will allow comparison
    with related data from other parts of the world.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast
  10. Fulltext Do elderly women in Malaysia go for mammogram screening?
    Rahmah, M.A., Aniza, I., Che Engku Nor Bahiyah, C.E.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2013;13(2):20-26.
    MyJurnal
    Despite the debates of the benefits of continuing mammography screening among elderly women, studies in Malaysia have shown that the prevalence of breast examination declines after age 45 years and for mammogram per se, the prevalence of examination increases until age of 64. This study aims to determine the prevalence of mammogram screening among elderly women in Hulu Langat, Selangor and its relationship with factors such as demographic factors, family history of breast cancer, perceived health status, perceived general psychological factor and lifestyle factors. Data used were from a cross sectional study of health status among community in Hulu Langat area by the Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia carried out from the year 1998 till 2002. However this paper focused on the database involving elderly women age 60 and above. The sample population was 652. The mean (standard deviation) age was 67.17 (5.995). Only 8.3% of the elderly women claimed to ever had mammogram screening done. Hence, the prevalence of mammogram screening is still low among elderly women in Hulu Langat. Having family history of breast cancer (p < 0.001) and perceived positive psychological status (p=0.003) had shown significant associations with mammogram screening among them. It is therefore important for researcher to further look into the reasons behind this and qualitative exploration is highly recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  11. Fulltext State level variation of breast cancer cases in 2007 among Malaysian women
    Kuan, Gary Low Kim, Papapreponis, Panayiotis, Hin, Yong Mun
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2015;15(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women worldwide. This study examined the use of spatial analysis and mapping to visualise the disease distribution. The geographic units used were the states of Malaysia. Breast cancer data was obtained from the National Cancer Registry Report 2007 and the female population data was obtained from the Malaysian Census 2010. A spatial analysis was used to analyse the data by indirect standardisation of the underlying female population of each state. Sarawak has a high standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of 16.81 compared to all other states of the country where the highest SIR was only up to 2.15. However, the age-standardised rate (ASR) does not reflect so. SIR could provide a comprehensive evaluation of the disease for further research and public health intervention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  12. Positron emission mammography is a useful adjunct in assessment of dense breasts
    Kumar SK, Trujillo PB, Ucros GR
    Med J Malaysia, 2017 04;72(2):138-140.
    PMID: 28473683
    Worldwide breast cancer remains as the most common malignancy in women and the numbers who form a subgroup with dense breast parenchyma are substantial. In addition to mammography, the adjuncts used for further evaluation of dense breasts have been anatomically based modalities such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The practice of functionally based imaging of breasts is relatively new but has undergone rapid progress over the past few years with promising results. The value of positron emission mammography is demonstrated in patients with dense breasts and mammographically occult disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Density
  13. Fulltext Baseline adjustment for statistical efficiency on clinical controlled trial
    Loh, S.Y.
    JUMMEC, 2009;12(1):31-34.
    MyJurnal
    In a clinical controlled trial involving repeated measures of continuous outcomes such as quality of life, distress, pain, activity level at baseline and after treatment, the possibilities of analyzing these outcomes can be numerous with quite varied findings. This paper examined four methods of statistical analysis using data from an outcome study of a clinical controlled trial to contrast the statistical power on those with baseline adjustment. In this study, data from a CCT with women with breast cancer were utilized. The experiment (n=67) and control (n=74) were about equal ratio. Four method of analysis were utilized, two using ANOVA for repeated measures and two using ANCOVA. The multivariate between subjects of the combined dependents variables and the univariate between subjects test were examined to make a judgement of the statistical power of each method. The results showed that ANCOVA has the highest statistical power. ANOVA using raw data is the least power and is the worst method with no evidence of an intervention effect even when the treatment by time interaction is statistically significant. In conclusion, ANOVA using raw data is the worst method with the least power whilst ANCOVA using baseline as covariate has the highest statistical power to detect a treatment effect other than method. The second best method as shown in this study was in using change scores of the repeated measures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  14. Fulltext Counselling changes in sexual functioning for women with breast cancer
    Loh, S.Y.
    JUMMEC, 2010;13(1):33-37.
    MyJurnal
    As women with breast cancer are living longer, issues beyond survivorship like the much neglected sexual functioning and issue of quality of life have become increasingly important. Experiences of significant alterations in sexual functioning need to be addressed. However, these sexual issues are often not acknowledged in our traditional medical model of health care delivery. This paper briefly reviews the changes in sexual functioning after a diagnosis of breast cancer, with implication for clinical practice and medical curicula.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  15. Fulltext Relationship Between Breast-feeding & Bottle-feeding To Craniofacial & Dental Development
    Radzi, Z., Yahya, N.A.
    Ann Dent, 2005;12(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Breast-feeding offers many benefits to the baby and the mother. For instance, breast milk provides the right balance of nutrients to help an infant grow into a strong and healthy toddler. Even though breastfeeding is a natural process, it is not always easy. In certain situations, some mothers are unable to breastfeed their babies or the babies are unable to adapt to breastfeeding. This will lead to the use of bottle-feeding. The effect of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding on physical growth has been well established but less has been concentrated on the craniofacial growth and dental development. This review reveals the effects of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding on craniofacial growth and dentoalveolar development based on the available literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  16. Comparative evaluation of cytotoxic effects of milk from various species on leukemia cell lines
    Asmah Rahmat, Rozita Rosli, Tan, Mui Hoon, Nasir Umar-Tsafe, Abdul Manaf Ali, Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2006;2(1):1-10.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Previous studies have shown milk to contain cancer inhibitors. In this context, this study was conducted to screen the potential cytotoxic properties of four different types of milk, namely cow's milk, goat's milk, mare's milk and human milk.
    Methods: In evaluating the cytotoxic properties of milk, two different human leukemia cell lines namely, Raji and CEM-SS were used. The treated and untreated cells of milk were cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 5 days according to standard guidelines. The CellTiter 96® Aqueous (MTS) assay was carried out on the first, third and fifth days to measure cell viability. The percentage of cell viability was determined by comparing the optical density of the treated cells against the untreated controls. One-way ANOYA at p
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast
  17. Fulltext Solitary adrenal metastasis from invasive infiltrating ductal carcinoma: A case report and review of literature
    Sangeetha Poovaneswaran, Justin Zon Ern Lee, Whei Ying Lim, Navarasi S Raja Gopal, Fauziah Mohd Dali, Ibtisam Mohamad
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2013;7(1):33-36.
    MyJurnal
    Solitary adrenal metastasis is a rare presentation in breast cancer and it presents the clinician with a difficult therapeutic dilemma as there are no existing guidelines for optimal management. On literature review, we only found one published case report of solitary adrenal metastasis from infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. Here we present a case of a 75 year-old lady who presented with a right breast lump which was subsequently confirmed to be infiltrating ductal carcinoma. She underwent a right mastectomy and axillary clearance. Computerised tomography (CT) staging revealed a solitary adrenal metastasis. She was treated with aromatase inhibitors and her tumour markers which were initially raised has now normalised.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  18. Fulltext Psychometric properties of the Malay version of the inventory of socially supportive behaviour (ISSB)
    Nasir Yusoff, Low, Wah Yun, Yip, Cheng Ha
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;15(1):23-29.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: This study validates The Malay Version of The Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviour. Methods: The psychometric properties of the ISSB- Malay Version were examined on sixty-eight women who were Malay native speakers and diagnosed with breast cancer. Respondents answered the questionnaire at three weeks and ten weeks following surgery for breast cancer. Results: The Malay Version of ISSB showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.96). Test-retest Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was 0.03. Small mean differences were observed at test-retest measurement with Effect Size Index 0.18. Conclusion: The Malay Version of the ISSB could be an appropriate tool to measure the supportive behavior of the Malaysian population. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (1): January – June 2014: 23-29.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  19. Fulltext Attenuation coefficients of Rhizophora spp. in the 11.22 to 28.43 keV photon energy range
    Sabar Bauk, Abd. Aziz Tajuddin
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2008;2008(1):11-19.
    MyJurnal
    The linear and the mass attenuation coefficients of Rhizophora spp. wood in the photon energy range of 11.22 - 28.43 keV were determined. This was done by studying the attenuation of x-ray fluorescent (XRF) photons from selenium, molybdenum, silver and tin targets. Both the Kα and Kβ peaks were utilised. The results were compared with theoretical values for average breast tissues for youngage, middle-age and old-age groups calculated by using a XCOM computer programme. The mass attenuation coefficient of Rhizophora spp. was found to be close to that of the calculated young-age breast in this photon energy range.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast
  20. Fulltext Extraction and purification of Cytotoxic compounds from Premna Serratifolia L. (Bebuas) for human breast cancer treatment
    Salih, G.A., Ahmad-Raus, R., Shaban, M.N., Abdullah, N.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(101):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Breast cancer is considered as one of the most common cancers all over the world. A huge effort has been made to create a safe and cost effective breast cancer treatment. All of these features exist in the plants sources. In this study, the effect of local vegetable salad, Premna serratifolia (Bebuas) against MCF-7 cells (human breast adenocarcinoma) was determined. The optimum condition to extract breast cancer cytotoxic compound from the plant was investigated and the exact cytotoxic compound was identified as well. To determine the plant cytotoxicity effect against MCF-7 cells, MTT assay was used. Two important parameters in the sonication extraction method which are duration of time and temperature were optimized by carrying out a series of experiments which were designed by Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD). The extraction efficiency of each experiment was determined by measuring the yield of extract and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extract against MCF-7 cells. The results obtained from the experiments were fitted to the second order polynomial model to generate equation that was used to determine best extraction processing condition. Based on the generated equation, the best sonication processing condition to extract the cytotoxic compound is at 30oC for 67 min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the duration of extraction time has great influence (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
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