Displaying publications 101 - 120 of 493 in total

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  1. Pembandingan kesan faktor pelekangan (fd) ke atas bahan komposit plastik bertetulang ekaarah dan bertenun semasa proses pemesinan kisar
    Azmi H, Che Haron C, Ghani J, Suhaily M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:829-838.
    Serabut kenaf merupakan salah satu serabut berasaskan tumbuhan di dalam kumpulan serabut asli yang semakin luas
    penggunaannya. Serabut kenaf dicampurkan dengan bahan plastik (epoksi) bagi menghasilkan suatu bahan baharu
    dengan sifat mekanikal yang baik dengan kos pembuatan yang rendah. Bahan kerja ini terbahagi kepada dua jenis iaitu
    serabut kenaf ekaarah dan serabut kenaf tenunan. Uji kaji ini akan menumpukan kepada pembandingan kesan faktor
    pelekangan Fd yang terhasil semasa proses pemesinan kisar ke atas bahan komposit tersebut dengan penentuan set
    parameter mesin yang paling optimum bagi mengurangkan kesan Fd. Uji kaji dijalankan berdasarkan analisis kaedah
    gerak balas permukaan (RSM) dengan pendekatan reka bentuk Box-Behnken bagi mendapatkan hasil faktor bersandar
    terhadap sambutan. Faktor yang terlibat adalah kelajuan pemotongan, kadar suapan dan kedalaman pemotongan. Proses
    pengisaran secara lelurus (lurah) dilakukan bagi melihat kesan Fd yang terhasil dengan menggunakan perkakasan mata
    alat jenis Keluli Berkelajuan Tinggi (HSS) tidak bersalut hujung rata berdiameter 10 mm. Imej daripada mikroskop
    menunjukkan bahan komposit serabut kenaf ekaarah menghasilkan faktor pelekangan yang tinggi berbanding kesan
    ke atas bahan komposit serabut kenaf bertenun. Bagi set parameter optimum pula, bahan kerja serabut kenaf ekaarah
    ialah kelajuan pemotongan, kadar suapan dan kedalaman pemotongan yang rendah. Manakala bagi bahan kerja serabut
    kenaf bertenun, set parameter optimum adalah kelajuan pemotongan yang rendah dengan kadar suapan dan kedalaman
    pemotongan yang tinggi.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  2. Improvement to the scanning electron microscope image adaptive Canny optimization colorization by pseudo-mapping
    Lo TY, Sim KS, Tso CP, Nia ME
    Scanning, 2014 Sep-Oct;36(5):530-9.
    PMID: 25139061 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21152
    An improvement to the previously proposed adaptive Canny optimization technique for scanning electron microscope image colorization is reported. The additional feature, called pseudo-mapping technique, is that the grayscale markings are temporarily mapped to a set of pre-defined pseudo-color map as a mean to instill color information for grayscale colors in chrominance channels. This allows the presence of grayscale markings to be identified; hence optimization colorization of grayscale colors is made possible. This additional feature enhances the flexibility of scanning electron microscope image colorization by providing wider range of possible color enhancement. Furthermore, the nature of this technique also allows users to adjust the luminance intensities of selected region from the original image within certain extent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  3. Optimization of the humic acid separation and coagulation with natural starch by RSM for the removal of COD and colour from stabilized leachate
    Ahmed Z, Yusoff MS, Kamal NHM, Aziz HA
    Waste Manag Res, 2021 Nov;39(11):1396-1405.
    PMID: 33928820 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X211012775
    The removal of concentrated colour (around 5039 Pt-Co) and chemical oxygen demand (COD; around 4142 mg L-1) from matured landfill leachate through a novel combination of humic acid extraction and coagulation with natural oil palm trunk starch (OPTS) was investigated in this study. Central composite design from response surface methodology of Design Expert-10 software executed the experimental design to correlate experimental factors with desired responses. Analysis of variance developed the quadratic model for four factors (e.g. coagulant dosage, slow mixing speed and time and centrifugation duration) and two responses (% removal of colour, COD). The model confirmed the highest colour (84.96%) and COD (48.84%) removal with a desirability function of 0.836 at the optimum condition of 1.68 g L-1 coagulant dose, 19.11 rpm slow mixing speed, 16.43 minutes for mixing time and 35.75 minutes for centrifugation duration. Better results of correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.98 and 0.96) and predicted R2 (0.94 and 0.84) indicates the model significance. Electron microscopic images display the amalgamation of flocs through bridging. Fourier transforms infrared spectra confirmed the existence of selected organic groups in OPTS, which eventually signifies the applied method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  4. Fulltext Determination of the difference on color changes of watermelons by laser light backscattering imaging
    Mohd Ali M, Hashim N, Bejo SK, Shamsudin R
    J Food Sci Technol, 2017 Oct;54(11):3650-3657.
    PMID: 29051660 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2826-y
    The potential of laser light backscattering imaging was investigated for monitoring color parameters of seeded and seedless watermelons during storage. Two watermelon cultivars were harvested and stored for 3 weeks with seven measuring storage days (0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18, and 21). The color parameters of watermelons were monitored using the conventional colorimetric methods (L*, a*, b*, C*, H*, and ∆E*) and laser light backscattering imaging system. A laser diode emitting at 658 nm and 30 mW power was used as a light source to obtain the backscattering image. The backscattering images were evaluated by the extraction of backscattering parameters based on the mean pixel values. The results showed that a good color prediction was achieved by the seedless watermelon with the R2 are all above 0.900. Thus, the application of the laser light backscattering imaging can be used for evaluating the color parameters of watermelons during the storage period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color; Colorimetry
  5. Efficient Semipolar (11-22) 550 nm Yellow/Green InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes on Low Defect Density (11-22) GaN/Sapphire Templates
    Li H, Khoury M, Bonef B, Alhassan AI, Mughal AJ, Azimah E, et al.
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017 Oct 18;9(41):36417-36422.
    PMID: 28960058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11718
    We demonstrate efficient semipolar (11-22) 550 nm yellow/green InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with In0.03Ga0.97N barriers on low defect density (11-22) GaN/patterned sapphire templates. The In0.03Ga0.97N barriers were clearly identified, and no InGaN clusters were observed by atom probe tomography measurements. The semipolar (11-22) 550 nm InGaN LEDs (0.1 mm2 size) show an output power of 2.4 mW at 100 mA and a peak external quantum efficiency of 1.3% with a low efficiency drop. In addition, the LEDs exhibit a small blue-shift of only 11 nm as injection current increases from 5 to 100 mA. These results suggest the potential to produce high efficiency semipolar InGaN LEDs with long emission wavelength on large-area sapphire substrates with economical feasibility.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  6. Fulltext Inferring microevolution from museum collections and resampling: lessons learned from Cepaea
    Ożgo M, Liew TS, Webster NB, Schilthuizen M
    PeerJ, 2017;5:e3938.
    PMID: 29093997 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3938
    Natural history collections are an important and largely untapped source of long-term data on evolutionary changes in wild populations. Here, we utilize three large geo-referenced sets of samples of the common European land-snail Cepaea nemoralis stored in the collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, the Netherlands. Resampling of these populations allowed us to gain insight into changes occurring over 95, 69, and 50 years. Cepaea nemoralis is polymorphic for the colour and banding of the shell; the mode of inheritance of these patterns is known, and the polymorphism is under both thermal and predatory selection. At two sites the general direction of changes was towards lighter shells (yellow and less heavily banded), which is consistent with predictions based on on-going climatic change. At one site no directional changes were detected. At all sites there were significant shifts in morph frequencies between years, and our study contributes to the recognition that short-term changes in the states of populations often exceed long-term trends. Our interpretation was limited by the few time points available in the studied collections. We therefore stress the need for natural history collections to routinely collect large samples of common species, to allow much more reliable hind-casting of evolutionary responses to environmental change.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  7. A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia
    Foon JK, Liew TS
    Zookeys, 2017.
    PMID: 29133987 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
    A total of 11 species and 1 subspecies of Alycaeus were recognised in Peninsular Malaysia prior to this study. However, these taxonomic descriptions of Alycaeus taxa were based on limited numbers of examined materials, where a whole spectrum of morphological variations were not accounted for and diagnoses were often provided without sufficient comparison between congeners from across the peninsula. We reviewed Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus through the examination of 5137 specimens in 522 collection lots from all major museum collections and literature sources. Based on these examined materials, we utilised a more comprehensive revised set of 39 shell and operculum characters, as well as living animal colour to describe all Alycaeus species in this paper. We also noted their habitat and ecology, as well as updated the distribution of each species. Of the 12 previously described taxa, 10 are reconfirmed as present on Peninsular Malaysia (Alycaeus balingensis, Alycaeus carinata, Alycaeus conformis, Alycaeus gibbosulus, Alycaeus kapayanensis, Alycaeus kelantanensis, Alycaeus liratulus, Alycaeus perakensis perakensis, Alycaeus perakensis altispirus and Alycaeus thieroti) and 2 are confirmed as absent from the peninsula (Alycaeus jagori and Alycaeus pyramidalis). A new record of Alycaeus robeleni is reported for Peninsular Malaysia. One species, Chamalycaeus jousseaumei is confirmed as present on the peninsula and is reassigned to Alycaeus. The subspecies Alycaeus perakensis altispirus Möllendorff, 1902, is elevated to species. Examined Peninsular Malaysian materials that do not fit previously recognised species are described as new species. A total of 11 new species are proposed (Alycaeus selangoriensissp. n., Alycaeus costacrassasp. n., Alycaeus ikanensissp. n., Alycaeus alticolasp. n., Alycaeus charasensissp. n., Alycaeus kurauensissp. n., Alycaeus regalissp. n., Alycaeus virgogravidasp. n., Alycaeus senyumensissp. n., Alycaeus expansussp. n., Alycaeus clementsisp. n.). Overall, 23 species of Alycaeus are now recognised in Peninsular Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  8. Fulltext Effect of roasting conditions on hardness, moisture content and colour of pistachio kernels
    Shakerardekani, A., Karim, R, Mohd Ghazali, H, Chin, N.L.
    International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(2):723-729.
    MyJurnal
    Roasting of whole-kernels is an important step in the production of pistachio paste. The effect of hot air roasting temperatures (90-190°C) and times (5-65 min) on the hardness, moisture content and colour attributes (‘L’, ‘a’ and ‘b’ values and yellowness index) of both whole-kernel and ground-state were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Increases in roasting temperature and time caused a decrease in all the responses except for ‘a’ value of ground-state. The interaction and quadratic models sufficiently described the changes in the hardness and colour values, respectively. The result of RSM analysis showed that hardness and colour attributes (‘L’ and ‘b’ values, yellowness index) of kernels and ‘a’ value of ground-state could be used to monitor the roasting quality of whole-kernels. This study showed that the recommended range of roasting temperature and time of whole-kernel for the production of pistachio paste were 130-140°C and 30-40 min, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  9. Fulltext Parametric tracking across multiple cameras
    Sebastian, Patrick, Yap, Vooi Voon, Comley, Richard
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(101):159-168.
    MyJurnal
    This paper presents a tracking method based on parameters between colour blobs. The colour blobs
    are obtained from segmenting the overall target into multiple colour regions. The colour regions are
    segmented using EM method that determines the normal colour distributions from the overall colour
    pixel distribution. After segmenting into different regions on the different colour layers, parameters
    can be generated between colour regions of interest. In this instance, the colour regions of interest are
    the top and bottom colour regions. The parameters that are generated from these colour regions are
    the vector magnitude, vector angle and the value difference between colour regions. These parameters
    are used as a means for tracking targets of interest. These parameters are used for tracking the target
    of interest across an array of cameras which in this instance are three cameras. Three cameras have
    been set up with different background and foreground conditions. The summarised results of tracking
    targets across three cameras have shown that the consistency of colour regions across different cameras
    and different background settings provided sufficient parameters for targets to be tracked consistently.
    Example of tracking performance across three cameras were 0.88, 0.67 and 0.55. The remaining tracking
    performances across three cameras are shown in Table 2. The tracking performance indicate that the
    parameters between colour regions were able to be used for tracking a target across different cameras
    with different background scenarios. Based on results obtained, parameters between segmented colour
    regions have indicated robustness in tracking target of interest across three cameras.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  10. Fulltext Preparation and properties of fish cracker from different freshwater fish species
    Zzaman, W., Yusoff, M.M., Yang, T.A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(5):1858-1862.
    MyJurnal
    Fish crackers made from freshwater fishes is a new dimension in fish cracker industry. In this study, three species were chosen based on their general preference and acceptability by Malaysian. Together with other ingredients, these crackers were prepared using standard formulation and tested in laboratory for their proximate analysis and physical characteristic analysis includes linear expansion, oil absorption, color measurement and texture. Sensory analysis for overall acceptability was carried out among trained panelist in the school. The results for proximate composition and physical analysis showed that there were significant differences (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  11. Comparison of LED and LASER Colonoscopy About Linked Color Imaging and Blue Laser/Light Imaging of Colorectal Tumors in a Multinational Study
    Yoshida N, Draganov PV, John S, Neumann H, Rani RA, Hsu WH, et al.
    Dig Dis Sci, 2023 Oct;68(10):3943-3952.
    PMID: 37558800 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08057-2
    INTRODUCTION: In light-emitting diode (LED) and LASER colonoscopy, linked color imaging (LCI) and blue light/laser imaging (BLI) are used for lesion detection and characterization worldwide. We analyzed the difference of LCI and BLI images of colorectal lesions between LED and LASER in a multinational study.

    METHODS: We prospectively observed lesions with white light imaging (WLI), LCI, and BLI using both LED and LASER colonoscopies from January 2020 to August 2021. Images were graded by 27 endoscopists from nine countries using the polyp visibility score: 4 (excellent), 3 (good), 2 (fair), and 1 (poor) and the comparison score (LED better/similar/LASER better) for WLI/LCI/BLI images of each lesion.

    RESULTS: Finally, 32 lesions (polyp size: 20.0 ± 15.2 mm) including 9 serrated lesions, 13 adenomas, and 10 T1 cancers were evaluated. The polyp visibility scores of LCI/WLI for international and Japan-expert endoscopists were 3.17 ± 0.73/3.17 ± 0.79 (p = 0.92) and 3.34 ± 0.78/2.84 ± 1.22 (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  12. Fulltext The influence of colour on memory performance: a review
    Dzulkifli MA, Mustafar MF
    Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Mar;20(2):3-9.
    PMID: 23983571 MyJurnal
    Human cognition involves many mental processes that are highly interrelated, such as perception, attention, memory, and thinking. An important and core cognitive process is memory, which is commonly associated with the storing and remembering of environmental information. An interesting issue in memory research is on ways to enhance memory performance, and thus, remembering of information. Can colour result in improved memory abilities? The present paper highlights the relationship between colours, attention, and memory performance. The significance of colour in different settings is presented first, followed by a description on the nature of human memory. The role of attention and emotional arousal on memory performance is discussed next. The review of several studies on colours and memory are meant to explain some empirical works done in the area and related issues that arise from such studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color
  13. Combined Spline and B-spline for an improved automatic skin lesion segmentation in dermoscopic images using optimal color channel
    Abbas AA, Guo X, Tan WH, Jalab HA
    J Med Syst, 2014 Aug;38(8):80.
    PMID: 24957396 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-014-0080-7
    In a computerized image analysis environment, the irregularity of a lesion border has been used to differentiate between malignant melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. The accuracy of the automated lesion border detection is a significant step towards accurate classification at a later stage. In this paper, we propose the use of a combined Spline and B-spline in order to enhance the quality of dermoscopic images before segmentation. In this paper, morphological operations and median filter were used first to remove noise from the original image during pre-processing. Then we proceeded to adjust image RGB values to the optimal color channel (green channel). The combined Spline and B-spline method was subsequently adopted to enhance the image before segmentation. The lesion segmentation was completed based on threshold value empirically obtained using the optimal color channel. Finally, morphological operations were utilized to merge the smaller regions with the main lesion region. Improvement on the average segmentation accuracy was observed in the experimental results conducted on 70 dermoscopic images. The average accuracy of segmentation achieved in this paper was 97.21 % (where, the average sensitivity and specificity were 94 % and 98.05 % respectively).
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  14. POME is treated for removal of color from biologically treated POME in fixed bed column: applying wavelet neural network (WNN)
    Bello MM, Nourouzi MM, Abdullah LC, Choong TS, Koay YS, Keshani S
    J Hazard Mater, 2013 Nov 15;262:106-13.
    PMID: 24021163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.053
    As Malaysia is one of the world's largest producer of palm oil, large amounts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated. It was found that negatively charged components are accountable for POME color. An attempt was made to remove residual contaminants after conventional treatment using anion base resin. Adsorption experiments were carried out in fixed bed column. Various models such as the Thomas, the Yoon-Nelson, the Wolborska and BDST model were used to fit the experimental data. It was found that only the BDST model was fitted well at the initial breakthrough time. A wavelet neural network model (WNN) was developed to model the breakthrough curves in fixed bed column for multicomponent system. The results showed that the WNN model described breakthrough curves better than the commonly used models. The effects of pH, flow rate and bed depth on column performance were investigated. It was found that the highest uptake capacity was obtained at pH 3. The exhaustion time appeared to increase with increase in bed length and decrease in flow rate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  15. Influence of Fenton reagent oxidation on mineralization and decolorization of municipal landfill leachate
    Mohajeri S, Aziz HA, Isa MH, Bashir MJ, Mohajeri L, Adlan MN
    J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 2010;45(6):692-8.
    PMID: 20390917 DOI: 10.1080/10934521003648883
    This study evaluated the effectiveness of Fenton's technique for the treatment of semi-aerobic landfill leachate collected from Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS), Penang, Malaysia. The Fe2+ or Fe3+ as catalyst and H2O2 as oxidizing agent are commonly used for the classical Fenton's reaction. In present study, the effect of operating conditions such as pH, reaction time, molar ratio, agitation rate, feeding mode and Fenton reagent concentrations which are important parameters that affect the removal efficiencies of Fenton method were investigated. Under the most favorable conditions, the highest removals of 58.1 and 78.3% were observed for COD and color, respectively. In general, the best operating conditions were pH = 3, Fe = 560 mg L(-1), H2O2 = 1020 mg L(-1), H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio = 3, agitation rate = 400 rpm and reaction time = 120 minutes. The results highlighted that stepwise addition of Fenton's reagent was more effective than adding the entire volume in a single step. Excessive hydrogen peroxide and iron have shown scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals and reduced degradation of refractory organics in the landfill leachate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  16. Diabetic retinopathy: a quadtree based blood vessel detection algorithm using RGB components in fundus images
    Reza AW, Eswaran C, Hati S
    J Med Syst, 2008 Apr;32(2):147-55.
    PMID: 18461818
    Blood vessel detection in retinal images is a fundamental step for feature extraction and interpretation of image content. This paper proposes a novel computational paradigm for detection of blood vessels in fundus images based on RGB components and quadtree decomposition. The proposed algorithm employs median filtering, quadtree decomposition, post filtration of detected edges, and morphological reconstruction on retinal images. The application of preprocessing algorithm helps in enhancing the image to make it better fit for the subsequent analysis and it is a vital phase before decomposing the image. Quadtree decomposition provides information on the different types of blocks and intensities of the pixels within the blocks. The post filtration and morphological reconstruction assist in filling the edges of the blood vessels and removing the false alarms and unwanted objects from the background, while restoring the original shape of the connected vessels. The proposed method which makes use of the three color components (RGB) is tested on various images of publicly available database. The results are compared with those obtained by other known methods as well as with the results obtained by using the proposed method with the green color component only. It is shown that the proposed method can yield true positive fraction values as high as 0.77, which are comparable to or somewhat higher than the results obtained by other known methods. It is also shown that the effect of noise can be reduced if the proposed method is implemented using only the green color component.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  17. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta in patients with previous cesarean scar
    Japaraj RP, Mimin TS, Mukudan K
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2007 Aug;33(4):431-7.
    PMID: 17688608
    To determine the accuracy of transabdominal and transvaginal gray-scale and color Doppler in diagnosing placenta previa accreta in patients with previous cesarean sections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/methods*
  18. Enhancement of seminal stains using background correction algorithm with colour filters
    Lee WC, Khoo BE, Abdullah AFL
    Forensic Sci Int, 2016 06;263:1-9.
    PMID: 27061146 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.046
    Evidence in crime scenes available in the form of biological stains which cannot be visualized during naked eye examination can be detected by imaging their fluorescence using a combination of excitation lights and suitable filters. These combinations selectively allow the passage of fluorescence light emitted from the targeted stains. However, interference from the fluorescence generated by many of the surface materials bearing the stains often renders it difficult to visualize the stains during forensic photography. This report describes the use of background correction algorithm (BCA) to enhance the visibility of seminal stain, a biological evidence that fluoresces. While earlier reports described the use of narrow band-pass filters for other fluorescing evidences, here, we utilize BCA to enhance images captured using commonly available colour filters, yellow, orange and red. Mean-based contrast adjustment was incorporated into BCA to adjust the background brightness for achieving similarity of images' background appearance, a crucial step for ensuring success while implementing BCA. Experiment results demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed colour filters' approach using the improved BCA in enhancing the visibility of seminal stains in varying dilutions on selected surfaces.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  19. Effect of maturity on chlorophyll, tannin, color, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of sugarcane juice (Saccharum officinarum Var. Yellow Cane)
    Qudsieh HY, Yusof S, Osman A, Rahman RA
    J Agric Food Chem, 2002 Mar 13;50(6):1615-8.
    PMID: 11879045
    A study was conducted to determine the effect of sugarcane maturation on the contents of chlorophyll, tannin, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and on color change of sugarcane juice. The maturation period of the cane studied was between 3 and 10 months after planting. Different parts of the cane, namely, the top, middle, and bottom portions, were analyzed. Results obtained indicated that there were significant (P < 0.01) decreases in total chlorophyll a and b and tannin contents during maturity followed by slower rates of decrease of both parameters at the end of maturity stages. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in chlorophyll and tannin contents between the middle and bottom portions. On the other hand, the top portion of the stem had a significantly (P < 0.01) lower concentration of chlorophyll and a significantly (P < 0.01) higher content of tannin. PPO activity of sugarcane juice was determined using chlorogenic acid as a substrate. There was a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in PPO activity of cane juice during maturity. PPO activity was high at the early development stage, decreased during maturation, and then remained relatively constant at the end of maturity. PPO activity was higher when chlorogenic acid was used as substrate. There were also significant differences (P < 0.01) in juice color (L*, a*, b* values) from different portions at different maturity stages. At the early stages, the color of extracted juice was dark, and then the juice turned to yellowish green during maturity. The decrease in green color or the increase in the yellow color could be associated with the decline in chlorophyll. The overall color change (DeltaE) at maturity indicated that the color of the middle and bottom portions was lower than that of the top portion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color*
  20. The incidence of colour-blindness among different dialect groups of Chinese, Malay and Indian schoolboys in Singapore
    Saha N, Tan PY, Tan BH
    Z Morphol Anthropol, 1980;71(1):107-9.
    PMID: 6969497
    1829 school-boys of Singapore comprised of 849 Chinese, 469 Malays and 511 Indians were investigated for the incidence of red-green colour-blindness with Ishihara's plates. The incidence of red-green colour-blindness was found to be 3.8%, 4.5% and 4.5%, respectively in Chinese, Malay and Indian boys. The incidence among the different dialect groups was variable with the highest incidence of red-green colour-blindness among Mandarin speaking group (14.3%), followed by Hainanese speaking (6.7%) and other dialect groups of Chinese (2.8% to 4.5%). The incidence of red-green colour-blindness was higher in the older boys compared with the younger boys when all the three ethnic groups are combined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Color Vision Defects/epidemiology*
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