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  1. Fulltext Malaysian construction industry: trends of occupational accidents from 2006 to 2015
    Nur Nadia Adila Abdul Halim, Mohd Hafiidz Jaafar, Kadir Arifin, Kadaruddin Aiyub, Muhammad Rizal Razman, Mohd Haizzan Yahaya
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2016;13(2):35-54.
    MyJurnal
    The construction industry is one of the largest sectors in Malaysia. This industry has become one of the main contributors
    for national economic development and consistently contributes 3% to 5% to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This
    sector has also opened up job opportunities for various levels of employment. High demands and rapid urbanization offer huge
    opportunities for registered contractors. Despite contributing in enhancing national economics, this sector has been regarded as one
    of the most dangerous and hazardous workplaces due to the type of nature and the job activities at construction sites. According to
    the International Labour Organization (ILO), 2.3 million fatalities related to occupational accidents and illnesses are estimated to
    occur each year. Furthermore, 4 percent of world GDP is estimated to be lost due to occupational accidents and illnesses. The number
    of fatality accidents in the construction industry was the highest with 652 cases of non-permanent disability (NPD) and permanent
    disability (PD) accidents in the period 2007 to 2015, equivalent to 72.44 cases per year and representing 48.77% of the construction
    industry. The huge gap between the number of accidents reported to SOCSO and DOSH becomes a major concern due to a rising
    number of underreported cases of fatalities and injury in the construction sector, especially those involving foreign labour. The margin
    between accidents reported to SOCSO and DOSH is 97.49%. Regards to rapid developments, safety measures to improve performance
    management of OSH should be emphasized to reduce losses of life, property and productivity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  2. Fulltext Work-related carpal tunnel syndrome among computer users – a review of the associated risk factors and intervention strategies
    Sethu, V.S.
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(2):15-22.
    MyJurnal
    Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb (WRMSDs-UL) account for one of the largest types of occupational disorders worldwide. This broad term includes several disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, tension neck syndrome and lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) which are generally caused by poor postures, repetitive strain and psychosocial factors. Various workplace interventions have been investigated and employed to prevent the different WRMSDs-UL, but a common consensus to address the problem has yet to be achieved. This paper reviews and discusses the efficacies of some interventions which have been tested for the most prevalent type of WRMSDs-UL, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The focus will be on computer users who developed CTS out of the prolonged and repetitive use of keyboards and pointing devices. The interventions studied include engineering design, management strategies, personal development, medical treatment and multi-dimensional approaches. Outcome of the study reveals that the most effective approach would be one that is multi-dimensional in nature, with the inclusion of at least two or more intervention strategies at the same time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  3. Fulltext Relationship between motivation and satisfaction in whitewater rafting activity
    Hajar Asmidar Samat, Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid, Thariq Khan Azizuddin Khan
    Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 2016;5(2):61-73.
    MyJurnal
    Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 5(2): 61-73, 2016 – Participation in
    adventure recreation is increasing in popularity in recent years. However, out of the 13
    million people who participated in outdoor recreation activities globally, 12 million are no
    longer participated in these activities due to low satisfaction of the acitivity, which includes
    the implementation of activities, environment and facilities provided (Outdoor Industry
    Foundation, 2013). This study aims to understand the patterns of participation, specifically in
    whitewater rafting activity by identifying the motivation factor and the satisfaction level of
    participants. It also examines the relationship between motivation and satisfaction in
    whitewater rafting activity. Recreation Experience Preferences Scale (REP) was used to
    identify the motivation factors, while Leisure Satisfaction Scale was employed to assess the
    level of satisfaction in whitewater rafting activity. The respondents consisted of 404 people
    who participated in whitewater rafting in Kampar River, Perak. Mean, standard deviation and
    Pearson Correlation were used to answer the research questions. Results showed that
    elements of nature, excitement and sociability as the main motivation in the activities of
    whitewater rafting. Higher satisfaction levels were recorded in the aesthetic, psychological
    and social. This study revealed that there is a positive relationship between participants‟
    motivation and satisfaction in whitewater rafting activity. In conclusion, the motivation
    factors that encourage participants to participate in whitewater rafting activity may not
    necessarily be the same factors that contribute to participants‟ satisfaction. Therefore, the
    operators of the activity and the related parties need to identify factors that contribute to
    satisfaction of aesthetic, psychological and social in whitewater rafting activity to ensure
    higher satisfaction in participation of this activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  4. Fulltext Culinary arts entrepreneurship: alternative student Diploma in Culinary Arts at Kolej Yayasan Pelajaran Johor in facing open market
    Abdul Wafi Abdul Rahman, Yusmady Md Junus, Melor Md Yunus
    Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2017;2(3):27-34.
    MyJurnal
    The Open Market scenario provides high levels of unreliability to culinary arts graduates where they
    are no longer promised a place in the hospitality and tourism sectors but rather to compete with
    graduates from other fields for employment. Hence, the field of entrepreneurship is seen as an
    alternative in building a career that can help in reducing the dumping of graduates in the job market in
    line with the government's call encouraging more entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Therefore, this study is
    aimed at identifying the tendency to entrepreneurship among students of the final year semester of the Diploma in Culinary Arts, Hospitality School and Tourism Kolej Yayasan Pelajaran Johor
    (SHPKYPJ). Measurements for this study were based on surveys using questionnaire and data
    collected by Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) Version 21.0. The results of the study
    found that overall respondents have a high inclination towards entrepreneurship. If they are more
    focused, encouragement and exposure are given to them, the probability that they become
    entrepreneurs after graduation will be higher.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  5. Fulltext Perkahwinan remaja: satu kajian di Kuching, Sarawak
    Nor Jana S, Suini L, Fatimah A, Noremy Md A
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2018;32:47-61.
    Commonly, teenage marriage affects schooling and being gainfully employed to support the family in later life. Most studies focused on the effects of marriage at the young age. However, less research is focusing on the experience of marriage from the perspective of the teenagers who get married at the teen age. This article aims to answer the following questions: (1) what are the experiences of teenage marriages, and (2) what are their views on teenage marriage. The article is based on semi-structured interviews with seven girls recruited by snowball technique, aged 15 to 23 years, married and living in Kuching, Sarawak. Data were analyzed by thematic analysis. Seven themes emerged on marriage experiences: being independent, nourishing patience, maintaining social boundaries, developing responsible behaviour, being inspired, staying positive and doubting their ability as a husband or wife. Moreover, four main themes described informants' views on teenage marriage: to avoid immorality, immaturity, making decisions wisely and accountability. It can be concluded that a person who gets married at the teen age is in need of help from various parties, especially parents and friends as well as community not to be stigmatized for being married at the teen age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  6. Fulltext Perkaitan antara jangkaan, tahap pendidikan dan status sosioekonomi ibu bapa terhadap kepuasan keibubapaan dalam kalangan ibu bapa bekerja di Sabah
    Abdul Adib A, Agnis S
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2017;31:43-55.
    Expectations and satisfactions are two different yet interrelated area. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of working parent expectation on parenting satisfaction among working parents in Sabah. In addition, this study also examines the differences of the background of respondents in terms of socio-economic status and the level of education towards parenting satisfaction in Sabah. The study employed purposive sampling survey method with questionnaire. It has been distributed to 210 working parents in various sectors around Kota Kinabalu and Beaufort, Sabah. The set of questionnaire used in this study comprising the Parent Comparison Level Index (PCLI) to measure parental expectation and the Parent Satisfaction Scale (PSS) used to measure parenting satisfaction. The data obtained were analyzed using the IBM SPSS version 23 software through simple regression test and one-way ANOVA test according to the objectives of the study. The results of the analysis showed that parental expectations were significantly and positively influencing parenting satisfaction with a contribution of 34.6 percent variance. Whilst, the difference in education level and socio-economic status of parents shows that there is no difference in parenting satisfaction. In conclusion, higher parenting expectation will lead to higher parenting satisfaction. However, parenting satisfaction is not related to the differences in educational background and socioeconomic status of the parents. The implication of this study is toward parents and the aspect involving parenting satisfaction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  7. Fulltext An investigation on longitudinal residual strains distribution of thin-walled press-braked cold formed steel sections using 3D FEM technique
    Mutafi A, Yidris N, Ishak MR, Zahari R
    Heliyon, 2018 Nov;4(11):e00937.
    PMID: 30839801 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00937
    Steel sections are normally shaped via cold work manufacturing processes. The extent of cold work to shape the steel sections might induce residual stresses in the region of bending. Previously, researchers had performed studies on the influences of local buckling on the failure behavior of steel compression members which shown that failure will happen when most of the yielding has extended to the middle surface in the bend region of the sections. Therefore, these cold work methods may have major effect on the behavior of the steel section and also its load-bearing capability. In addition, another factor may play significant role in formed section's load-bearing capacity which is the longitudinal residual strain. The longitudinal residual strain raised during forming procedure can be used to define the section imperfection of the formed section and its relation to the existence of defects. Therefore, the main motivation of this research paper is to perform three-dimensional finite element (3D-FE) to investigate peak longitudinal residual strains of a thin-walled steel plate with large bending angle along member length. A 3D finite element simulation in ABAQUS has been employed to simulate this forming process. The study concluded that the longitudinal residual strain at the section corner edge was higher than those at the rest of the corner region. These strains at the edge were higher than the yield strain


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    of the formed section which occurred due to the lack of transverse restraint. This made the plate edge tended to bend toward the normal direction when it was under a high transverse bending. This causes a significant difference in longitudinal strain at the plate edge.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  8. Fulltext Crowdfunding as financial option for small and medium enterprises (smes) in nigeria
    Kazaure, Mansur Ahmed, Abdul Rashid abdullah
    The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2018;4(3):89-96.
    MyJurnal
    Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) act as a promoter of economic development of the developed and under developed nations. Developing countries like Nigeria that, require sustainable economic growth and development must pay attention to the SMEs sectors in order to reduce unemployment, poverty and improve the standard leaving of its society. Unfortunately, in Nigeria, SMEs have underperformed despite that, 90% of the Nigerian businesses are small scales but their contribution to the Nigerian GDP is below 10%. The main reason for this low contribution of SMEs to Nigerian GDP could be attribute to poor funding, lack of management expertise and lack of access to modern technology among others, with proper finance the SMEs can acquire modern technology and employed qualified staff. Thus, this paper focuses on crowdfunding as financial option for Nigerian SMEs. However, the paper is a conceptual framework.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment; Unemployment
  9. Fulltext Gender-based market constraints to informal fish retailing: Evidence from analysis of variance and linear regression
    Murphy S, Arora D, Kruijssen F, McDougall C, Kantor P
    PLoS One, 2020;15(3):e0229286.
    PMID: 32231375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229286
    Over the last decade, Egypt's aquaculture sector has expanded rapidly, which has contributed substantially to per capita fish supply, and the growth of domestic fish markets and employment across the aquaculture value chain. Despite the growing importance of aquaculture sector in Egyptian labour force, only a few studies have explored the livelihoods of Egypt's women and men fish retailers. Even fewer studies have examined gender-based market constraints experienced by these informal fish retailers. This study uses sex-disaggregated data collected in 2013 in three governorates of Lower Egypt to examine the economic and social constraints to scale of enterprises between women (n = 162) and men informal fish retailers (n = 183). Specifically, we employ linear regression method to determine the correlates of enterprise performance. We found that both women and men retailers in the informal fish market earn low profits and face livelihood insecurities. However, women's enterprise performance is significantly lower than that of men even after controlling for individual socio-economic and retailing characteristics. Specifically, the burden of unpaid household work and lack of support therein impedes women's ability to generate higher revenues. These findings strengthen the argument for investing in understanding how gender norms and attitudes affect livelihood options and outcomes. This leads to recommendations on gender-responsive interventions that engage with both men and women and enhance the bargaining power and collective voice of fish retailers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  10. Fulltext Noise measurement and awareness at construction site – A case study
    Siti Nadia Mohd Bakhori, Mohamad Zaki Hassan, Feiruz Ab’lah, Aadil Nausherwan, Mohd Azlan Suhot, Mohd Yusof Daud, et al.
    Journal of Advanced Research Design, 2017;31(1):9-16.
    MyJurnal
    The construction industry is one of the major sectors in Malaysia. Apart from providing
    facilities, services and goods it also offers employment opportunities to local and
    foreign workers. In fact, the construction workers are exposed to high risk of noises
    being generated from various sources including excavators, bulldozers, concrete mixer
    and piling machines. Previous studies indicated that the piling and concrete work were
    recorded as the main source that contributed to the highest level of noise among
    others. Therefore, the aim of this study is to obtain the level of noise exposure during
    piling process and to determine the awareness of workers against noise pollution at
    the construction site. Initially, the reading of noise level was obtained at construction
    site by using a digital sound level meter (SLM) and noise exposure to the workers was
    mapped. Readings were taken from four different distances; 5, 10, 15 and 20 meters
    from the piling machine. Furthermore, a set of questionnaire was also distributed to
    assess the knowledge of regarding noise pollution at the construction site. The result
    showed that the mean noise level at 5 meters distance was more than 90 dB, which
    exceeded the recommended level. Although the level of awareness of regarding the
    effect of noise pollution is satisfactory but majority of workers (90%) still did not wear
    ear muffs during working periods. Therefore, the safety module guidelines related to
    noise pollution controls should be implemented to provide a safe working environment
    and prevent initial occupational hearing loss.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  11. Fulltext Hot Press as a Sustainable Direct Recycling Technique of Aluminium: Mechanical Properties and Surface Integrity
    Yusuf NK, Lajis MA, Ahmad A
    Materials (Basel), 2017 Aug 03;10(8).
    PMID: 28771207 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080902
    Meltless recycling technique has been utilized to overcome the lack of primary resources, focusing on reducing the usage of energy and materials. Hot press was proposed as a novel direct recycling technique which results in astoundingly low energy usage in contrast with conventional recycling. The aim of this study is to prove the technical feasibility of this approach by characterizing the recycled samples. For this purpose, AA6061 aluminium chips were recycled by utilizing hot press process under various operating temperature (Ts = 430, 480, and 530 °C) and holding times (ts = 60, 90, and 120 min). The maximum mechanical properties of recycled chip are Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) = 266.78 MPa, Elongation to failure (ETF) = 16.129%, while, for surface integrity of the chips, the calculated microhardness is 81.744 HV, exhibited at Ts = 530 °C and ts = 120 min. It is comparable to theoretical AA6061 T4-temper where maximum UTS and microhardness is increased up to 9.27% and 20.48%, respectively. As the desired mechanical properties of forgings can only be obtained by means of a final heat treatment, T5-temper, aging after forging process was employed. Heat treated recycled billet AA6061 (T5-temper) are considered comparable with as-received AA6061 T6, where the value of microhardness (98.649 HV) at 175 °C and 120 min of aging condition was revealed to be greater than 3.18%. Although it is quite early to put a base mainly on the observations in experimental settings, the potential for significant improvement offered by the direct recycling methods for production aluminium scrap can be clearly demonstrated. This overtures perspectives for industrial development of solid state recycling processes as environmentally benign alternatives of current melting based practices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  12. Fulltext Application of membrane-based technology for purification of bromelain
    Nor, M. Z. M., Ramchandran, L., Duke, M., Vasiljevic, T.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(4):1685-1696.
    MyJurnal
    About 60% of world’s commercial enzyme products are proteases, giving promising opportunity
    to derive such enzymes sustainably from waste sources. Bromelain is a crude protease occurring
    naturally in pineapple, and it possesses properties of benefit for pharmaceutical, medical and food products. The production of bromelain involves a purification stage, normally performed by small-scale conventional operations which lead to high operating cost and low product recovery, while being difficult to scale up and produce polluting by-products. Membrane-based technology offers an alternative to produce high quality purified bromelain in a more efficient and sustainable process. This review identified the current state and future needs for utilising membrane processes for sustainable bromelain production at larger scales. It was found that declining membrane flux due to fouling have been reported, but may be effectively overcome with more appropriate (and advanced) membrane types and/or processing conditions. For example, interactions between macromolecules present in the pineapple derived bromelain mixture (particularly polysaccharides) and the membrane may cause performance limiting fouling, but can be overcome by enzymatic pre-treatment. Membrane fouling can be further reduced by the employment of ceramic membrane filters operating at optimised trans-membrane pressure, cross-flow velocity, feed pH and temperature. Two-stage ultrafiltration together with diafiltration or gas sparging was suggested as a means to reduce fouling and improve enzyme purity. Despite these promising technical findings, the review identified the need for a valid economic assessment to properly guide further work towards purifying bromelain from pineapple waste for sustainable production of commercial proteases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  13. Fulltext The political economy of infant and young child feeding: confronting corporate power, overcoming structural barriers, and accelerating progress
    Baker P, Smith JP, Garde A, Grummer-Strawn LM, Wood B, Sen G, et al.
    Lancet, 2023 Feb 11;401(10375):503-524.
    PMID: 36764315 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01933-X
    Despite increasing evidence about the value and importance of breastfeeding, less than half of the world's infants and young children (aged 0-36 months) are breastfed as recommended. This Series paper examines the social, political, and economic reasons for this problem. First, this paper highlights the power of the commercial milk formula (CMF) industry to commodify the feeding of infants and young children; influence policy at both national and international levels in ways that grow and sustain CMF markets; and externalise the social, environmental, and economic costs of CMF. Second, this paper examines how breastfeeding is undermined by economic policies and systems that ignore the value of care work by women, including breastfeeding, and by the inadequacy of maternity rights protection across the world, especially for poorer women. Third, this paper presents three reasons why health systems often do not provide adequate breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support. These reasons are the gendered and biomedical power systems that deny women-centred and culturally appropriate care; the economic and ideological factors that accept, and even encourage, commercial influence and conflicts of interest; and the fiscal and economic policies that leave governments with insufficient funds to adequately protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. We outline six sets of wide-ranging social, political, and economic reforms required to overcome these deeply embedded commercial and structural barriers to breastfeeding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  14. Depression Among Immigrant Nigerians in Canada
    Aluh DO, Aigbogun O, Anyachebelu OC
    J Immigr Minor Health, 2023 Apr;25(2):315-323.
    PMID: 36271302 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01404-x
    Immigrant status, especially a few years post arrival, is a major risk factor for depression in populations that have been adequately studied. While information on depression among Asian migrants, including those from India, China and Philippines, in Canada have been reported in previous studies, there is inadequate information about depression among Nigerian immigrants who make up the largest percentage of African migrants and black population residing in Canada. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 187 Nigerian immigrants in Canada. Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out using IBM SPPS. About half (51.7%, n = 91) of the participants screened positive to the PHQ-9. Being female, unmarried, not being at all satisfied with the decision to migrate, and having stayed for more than 10 years in Canada significantly increased the risk of screening positive to depression. More than half of the participants screened positive for depression, suggesting an important mental health concern and the potential need for intervention. This population differed from other immigrant populations from previous studies because the absence of social support, satisfaction with employment status, and perceived discrimination did not significantly predict a positive screen for depression in this study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  15. Fulltext Mental distress and substance use among rural Black South African youth who are not in employment, education or training (NEET)
    Mngoma NF, Ayonrinde OA
    Int J Soc Psychiatry, 2023 May;69(3):532-542.
    PMID: 35903872 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221114252
    BACKGROUND: South Africa (SA) has one of the highest rates of youth unemployment and youth who are not in employment, education or training (NEET), even higher among Black South Africans. SA's NEET rates are 3 times those of UK; 5.4 times of Germany; 1.3 times of Brazil; and 2.5 times of Malaysia. Given that youths between 15 and 24 years of age make up 24% of the total population, these are significant challenges for the economy and further fuel the cyclical, pervasive and enduring nature of poverty. We hypothesised that rural youth who are NEET would have a greater prevalence of mental disorders and higher rates of substance use compared to their non-NEET counterparts. The objective of the study is to determine the differences in rates of psychological distress and substance use between NEET and non-NEET rural African 14- to 24-year-old young men.

    METHODS: The study took place in a remote and rural district municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We divided the district's five sub-municipalities into two clusters (large and small) and randomly selected one from each cluster for inclusion in the study. We further randomly selected wards from each sub-municipality and then rural settlements from each ward, for inclusion in the study. We recruited young men as part of a larger study to explore sociocultural factors important in gender-based violence in rural SA. We compared 15- to 19-year old and 20- to 24-year old youth NEET and non-NEET on rates of psychological distress symptoms (depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness and worthlessness) and substance misuse (including alcohol, cannabis, other recreational drugs) using a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) statistics at p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Employment; Unemployment
  16. Fulltext Dynamics of fractional order nonlinear system: A realistic perception with neutrosophic fuzzy number and Allee effect
    Alam Khan N, Abdul Razzaq O, Riaz F, Ahmadian A, Senu N
    J Adv Res, 2021 09;32:109-118.
    PMID: 34484830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.015
    Introduction: The fusion of fractional order differential equations and fuzzy numbers has been widely used in modelling different engineering and applied sciences problems. In addition to these, the Allee effect, which is of high importance in field of biology and ecology, has also shown great contribution among other fields of sciences to study the correlation between density and the mean fitness of the subject.

    Objectives: The present paper is intended to measure uncertain dynamics of an economy by restructuring the Cobb-Douglas paradigm of the renowned Solow-Swan model. The purpose of study is further boosted innovatively by subsuming the perception of logistic growth with Allee effect in the dynamics of physical capital and labor force.

    Methods: Fractional order derivative and neutrosophic fuzzy (NF) theory are applied on the parameters of the Cobb-Douglas equation. Distinctively, cogitating fractional order derivative to study the change at each fractional stage; single-valued triangular neutrosophic fuzzy numbers (SVTNFN) to cope the uncertain situations; logistic growth function with Allee effect to analyze the factors in natural way, are the significant and novel features of this endeavor.

    Results: The incorporation of the aforementioned theories and effects in the Cobb-Douglas equation, resulted in producing maximum sustainable capital investment and maximum capacity of labor force. The solutions in intervals located different possible solutions for different membership degrees, which accumulated the uncertain circumstances of a country.

    Conclusion: Explicitly, these notions add new facts and figures not only in the dynamical study of capital and labor, which has been overlooked in classical models, but also left the door open for discussion and implementation on classical models of different fields.

    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  17. Fulltext Private Health Insurance in Malaysia: Who Is Left Behind?
    Balqis-Ali NZ, Anis-Syakira J, Fun WH, Sararaks S
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2021 Nov;33(8):861-869.
    PMID: 33853361 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211000913
    Despite various efforts introduced, private health insurance coverage is still low in Malaysia. The objective of this article is to find the factors associated with not having a private health insurance in Malaysia. We analyze data involving 19 959 respondents from the 2015 National Health Morbidity Survey. In this article, we describe the prevalence of not having health insurance and conducted binary logistic regression to identify determinants of uninsured status. A total of 56.6% of the study population was uninsured. After adjusting for other variables, the likelihood of being uninsured was higher among those aged 50 years and above, females, Malay/other Bumiputra ethnicities, rural, government/semigovernment, self-employed, unpaid workers and retirees, unemployed, lower education level, without home ownership and single/widowed/divorced, daily smoker, underweight body mass index, and current drinker. The likelihood of being uninsured also increased with increasing household size while the inversed trend was seen for household income. A substantial proportion of population in Malaysia did not have private health insurance, and these subgroups have limited preferential choices for provider, facility, and care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment
  18. Fulltext The pre-employment medical--ethical dilemmas for GPs
    Thuraisingham C, Nalliah S
    Aust Fam Physician, 2013 Apr;42(4):249-51.
    PMID: 23550254
    In many workplaces, employment is conditional on a successful pre-employment medical examination. This examination is usually conducted by a general practitioner on the employers' panel of approved clinics or by an in-house company doctor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment*
  19. Return to work after spinal cord injury: factors related to time to first job
    Ramakrishnan K, Mazlan M, Julia PE, Abdul Latif L
    Spinal Cord, 2011 Aug;49(8):924-7.
    PMID: 21383761 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.16
    STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey.
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors related to length of time between spinal cord injury (SCI) onset and start of first post-injury employment.
    SETTING: Persons living with SCI in the community who are members of a disability support organization.
    METHODS: Participants were randomly selected from the membership list of a non-governmental voluntary organization. They met the following four criteria: traumatic SCI, minimum of 15 years of age at the time of survey, a minimum of 2 years after SCI and had been employed for some time since SCI. The main outcome measure was time (in years) from injury onset to beginning first post-injury job.
    RESULTS: Participants averaged 4.9 years (s.d. 5.1) from the time of SCI to their first post-injury job, with a range of 3 months to 20 years. Fifty percent of the participants who eventually returned to work had done so by 4 years. Return to pre-injury employer and employment were associated with early return, whereas having less years in education and being older at the time of injury were associated with longer time to return to work.
    CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation team need to consider return to employment as a realistic goal even many years after SCI. Perhaps a focus on returning more people to their pre-injury employer and employment with added focus and input from rehabilitation team for those with lower education status and older age at time of injury might expedite the process of reintegration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment/statistics & numerical data*
  20. Return to work after spinal cord injury in Malaysia
    Ramakrishnan K, Chung TY, Hasnan N, Abdullah SJ
    Spinal Cord, 2011 Jul;49(7):812-6.
    PMID: 21221119 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2010.186
    STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey.
    OBJECTIVES: To determine the employment outcomes of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to investigate the impact of various demographic, injury-related and work-related variables on these outcomes.
    SETTING: People living with SCI in Malaysia who are members of a disability support organization.
    METHODS: A total of 84 members of the Malaysian Spinal Injury Association, who have had traumatic SCI for at least 2 years and were between 15 and 64 years of age at the time of study, were interviewed through phone using a questionnaire to identify the association between demographic, injury-related and work-related variables and employment outcomes.
    RESULTS: The return to work rate in this study was 57.1% (employed at the time of study). The overall employment rate after SCI was 76.2% (worked at some point after injury). Those who were younger at time of injury (<20 years of age), able to drive a modified vehicle, independent in personal care and mobility were positively related to being employed. On the other hand, being hospitalized in the preceding 1 year and receiving financial incentives were negatively related to employment.
    CONCLUSION: Functional independence, especially ability to drive, was strongly associated with return to work and should be one of the priority goals of comprehensive rehabilitation of persons with SCI. The negative impact of recent hospitalization as well as financial compensation needs to be probed further.
    Matched MeSH terms: Employment*
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