Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 21 in total

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  1. Spinach leaf and chloroplast lipid: A natural rheology modifier for chocolate?
    Mohamad NJ, Gray D, Wolf B
    Food Res Int, 2020 07;133:109193.
    PMID: 32466904 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109193
    In this study the possibility of replacing current surfactants in chocolate formulations with natural lipids extracted from spinach leaf (SPLIP) or spinach chloroplast (CH.SPLIP) was evaluated. SPLIP and CH.SPLIP were extracted with chloroform/methanol following enzyme deactivation with hot isopropanol. Results showed a higher extraction yield for SPLIP while glycolipids were more concentrated in CH.SPLIP. Sugar/oil suspensions with dispersed volume fractions of 0.28, 0.33 and 0.37 containing 0.1% to 0.7% (w/w) surfactant (SPLIP, CH.SPLIP, lecithin and PGPR as commercial references) based on oil phase were prepared and analyzed in shear rheology. Apparent viscosity at 40 s-1 was significantly lower for the natural surfactants compared to lecithin at 0.5-0.7% (w/w) addition. With regard to yield stress, taken as the shear stress at 5 s-1, both natural surfactants showed comparable performance to PGPR at 0.3% to 0.7% addition. As SPLIP and CH.SPLIP behaved similar (p > 0.05), SPLIP, due to higher extraction yield, would be the preferred choice for application in chocolate matrices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea*
  2. Fulltext The effects of applying sewage sludge into Jiangxi red soil on the growth of vegetables and the migration and enrichment of Cu and Zn
    Rrong W, Aiping T, Ashraf MA
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2016 Sep;23(5):660-6.
    PMID: 27579018 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.10.028
    Jiangxi red soil was used as the tested soil and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) and Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) were used as the tested vegetables in this study to investigate the effects of different amounts of sewage-sludge application on the growth of vegetables and the migration and enrichment patterns of Cu and Zn in vegetables using the potted method. The results indicated that the application of sewage sludge could improve the properties of red soil and promote vegetable growth. The dry weight of water spinach and Chinese chive reached the maximal levels when treated with the amount of sewage sludge at 4% and 10%, which was 4.38 ± 0.82 g and 1.56 ± 0.31 g, respectively. The dry weights after the application of sewage sludge were all larger than control treatment (CK) without sludge application. With increases in the applied amount of sewage sludge, the concentrations of Cu and Zu in red soil continued to increase, and the peak value was not reached. After the two vegetables were planted, the concentrations of Cu and Zn in red soil decreased by different degrees. The degrees of decrease of Zn were generally higher than those of Cu. The enrichment coefficient of water spinach on Cu showed a trend of increase followed by a decrease and reached the peak value of 1.04 ± 0.38 when the applied amount was 4%. The enrichment coefficient of Chinese chive on Cu overall showed a decreasing trend and did not reach the peak value under the treatment levels used in this experiment. The enrichment pattern of Chinese chive on Zn was not obvious, and the differences among all treatment levels were not significant (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  3. Growth characteristics, water and Nitrogen use efficiencies of spinach in different water and Nitrogen levels
    Jinxiu Zhang, Zhigang Bei, Yi Zhang, Linkui Cao
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1665-1671.
    Water deficit and environmental pollution owing to excessive nitrogen use have caused considerable attention. In a field experiment, a combination of three water levels (20, 40 and 60 cm) and nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 85 and 170 kg ha-1) was applied. The main objectives of this study were to optimize water and nitrogen application and exploit their interactive effects on the growth characteristics, yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of spinach. The results showed that water and nitrogen significantly influenced average plant height and leaf area. Total aboveground biomass (TB) was affected by nitrogen fertilizer and TB decreased in water deficit. Adding nitrogen fertilizer amount resulted in higher leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll content obtained the maximum value in N2 treatment, but chlorophyll content was not affected by water deficit. Spinach yield was higher at N1 compared with N0 and N2 at all water levels. Abundant water supply resulted in the highest spinach yield, but yield reduced at lower water level (W3). The correlation analysis between spinach yield and leaf number was relatively weak (R2=0.58). On the contrast, the correlation analysis between spinach yield and leaf weight showed a correlationship (R2=0.91), indicating that leaf weight was the primary reason for yield increase in all treatments. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased NUE in all the treatments. WUE of spinach increased with adding nitrogen application in most conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  4. Effect of temperature, oxygen and light on the degradation of β-carotene, lutein and α-tocopherol in spray-dried spinach juice powder during storage
    Syamila M, Gedi MA, Briars R, Ayed C, Gray DA
    Food Chem, 2019 Jun 30;284:188-197.
    PMID: 30744845 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.055
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between packaging parameters (transmission of light and oxygen) and storage temperatures (4, 20, 40 °C) on nutrient retention of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) juice, spray-dried in the absence of an added encapsulant. β-Carotene was more susceptible to degradation compared with lutein and α-tocopherol. Under our experimental conditions, it was observed that excluding low fluorescent light intensity and air by vacuum packaging at 20 °C did not seem to improve nutrient retention loss over time (p > 0.05). The rate of β-carotene, lutein and α-tocopherol loss displayed first order reaction kinetic with low activation energy of 0.665, 2.650 and 13.893 kJ/mol for vacuum, and 1.089, 4.923 and 14.142 kJ/mol for non-vacuum, respectively. The reaction kinetics and half-life for β-carotene, lutein and α-tocopherol at 4 °C and non-vacuumed were 2.2 × 10-2, 1.2 × 10-2, and 0.8 × 10-2 day-1, and 32.08, 58.25 and 85.37 day, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea/chemistry
  5. Fulltext Growth and metal uptake of spinach with application of co-compost of cat manure and spent coffee ground
    Mohd Noor Keeflee SNK, Wan Mohd Zain WNA, Mohd Nor MN, Jamion NA, Yong SK
    Heliyon, 2020 Sep;6(9):e05086.
    PMID: 33015401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05086
    Cat manure (CM) possesses high level of nutrients for growing food crop. However, animal manure may contain toxic elements that may contaminate food crop. Spent coffee ground (SCG) may be used to reduce mobility of heavy metals and reduce crop uptake. In this study, SCG was composted with CM for 31 days to produce a co-compost (SCG-CM) for growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The growth rate of spinach was assessed until its maturity, and the metal uptake of spinach shoot was determined thereafter using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The effect of soil treatment with SCG-CM on the height and elemental composition of spinach were compared with that of chicken manure compost (CMC). The prepared composts were primarily organic matter (72.9-81.4 % w/w) with the rest are ash (13.3-23.4 % w/w) and moisture (1.2-2.6 % w/w). Zinc content in SCG-CM (1261 ± 0.1 mg/kg) is significantly higher than that of soil and CMC (p < 0.05) and has exceeded the maximum permissible limit set by European Union Standard (2002) and the Malaysian Compost Quality Standard and Guidelines (2000). Matured spinach reached maximum plant height after 33 days. The amendment of SCG-CM significantly increased the height of spinach (32 ± 6 cm) compared to that of CMC (13 ± 1 cm) (p < 0.05). However, contents of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were not increased for spinach grown in the SCG-CM-amended soil, and the level of those elements are below permissible limit set by the Malaysian Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985. This study shows that SCG-CM is effective in improving yield without causing accumulation of toxic trace elements in spinach.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  6. Fulltext Ipomea aquatica crude extract inhibits lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase activities
    Muhammad Helmi Nadri, Kian, Kai Cheng, Pei, Ying Ong, Hong, Yeng L., Nor Zalina Othman, Nur Fashya Musa, et al.
    Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2020;8(2):9-14.
    MyJurnal
    Ipomea aquatica, locally known as water spinach, is one of the most common vegetable consumed by
    Malaysian. Based on previous studies, crude extract and phenolic compounds of I. aquatica exhibited
    several biological activities including antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-proliferative. The presence
    of phenolic compounds in I. aquatica may contributed to their ability to inhibit enzymes, chelate
    metals and scavenge free radicals. Currently, no study reported on anti-inflammatory activity of I.
    aquatica with respect to lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes. The present
    study aims to enhance current knowledge on biological properties of I. aquatica crude extract
    particularly on anti-inflammatory activity. Three enzymes that involve in inflammatory pathway were
    selected in this study including lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase. I. aquatica was
    extracted in methanol and tested for lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase at different
    concentrations using direct enzyme inhibition assay. Lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and xanthine
    oxidase inhibitory activities of the methanol crude extract increased with increasing
    concentration. Highest inhibition activity against lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase
    were observed at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml with inhibition of 87.18%, 95.36% and 78.38%,
    respectively. Our finding in this study indicates potential anti-inflammatory activity of I. aquatica
    crude extract through inhibition of lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  7. Recycling of aquaculture wastewater and sediment for sustainable corn and water spinach production
    Van Tung T, Tran QB, Phuong Thao NT, Vi LQ, Hieu TT, Le S, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2020 Dec 15;268:129329.
    PMID: 33360937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129329
    This study develops a method to reuse aquaculture wastewater and sediment from a catfish pond in order to increase agricultural productivity and protect the environment. Material flow analysis (MFA) is a central concept of this study that involves collecting catfish pond wastewater (CPW) and reusing it to irrigate five water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) ponds before discharging it into a river. Typically, catfish pond sediment (CPS) was collected and composted to produce organic fertilizer for cornfields. The results revealed that pollutant removal efficiency of wastewater from CPW (by using water spinach) were total organic carbon (TOC) = 38.78%, nitrogen (N) = 27.07%, phosphorous (P) = 58.42%, and potassium (K) = 28.64%. By adding 20 tons of CPS compost per hectare of the cornfield, the corn yield boosted 15% compared to the control field. In addition, the water spinach grew and developed well in the medium of wastewater from the fish pond. Altogether, the results illustrate that catfish pond wastewater and sediment can act as organic fertilizers for crops meanwhile reduce environmental pollution from its reuse.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  8. Fulltext Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Lymnaea acuminata at Different Wavelengths of Visible Light
    Chaturvedi D, Singh VK
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):25-36.
    PMID: 27688849 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.3
    Fasciolosis is a water and food-borne disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. This disease is widespread in different parts of the world. Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae snails are the intermediate hosts of these flukes. Snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematodes. Chlorophyll can be extracted from any green plant. Chlorophyllin was prepared from spinach in 100% ethanol by using different types of chemicals. The chlorophyll obtained from spinach was transformed into water-soluble chlorophyllin. In the present paper, toxicity of chlorophyllin against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was time and concentration dependent. The toxicity of extracted and pure chlorophyllin at continuous 4 h exposure of sunlight was highest with lethal concentration (LC50) of 331.01 mg/L and 2.60 mg/L, respectively, than discontinuous exposure of sunlight up to 8 h with LC50 of 357.04 mg/L and 4.94 mg/L, respectively. Toxicity of extracted chlorophyllin was noted in the presence of different monochromatic visible lights. The highest toxicity was noted in yellow light (96 h, LC50 392.77 mg/L) and the lowest in green light (96 h, LC50 833.02 mg/L). Chlorophyllin in combination with solar radiation or different wavelength of monochromatic visible lights may become a latent remedy against the snail L. acuminata. It was demonstrated that chlorophyllin was more toxic in sunlight. Chlorophyllin is ecologically safe and more economical than synthetic molluscicides which have the potential to control the incidence of fasciolosis in developing countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  9. Fulltext Carotenoids retention in leafy vegetables based on cooking methods
    Chang, S.K., Nagendra Prasad, K., Amin, I.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):457-465.
    MyJurnal
    Green leafy vegetables are good sources of carotenoids. Generally, food composition databases related to raw foods are available, but data on cooked foods in Malaysia are still lacking. Since carotenoids are prone to degradation during cooking processes, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the extent of nutrient loss in vegetables subjected to two conventional cooking methods, which were boiling and stir-frying with cooking durations of 4 and 8 minutes. The vegetables selected were Chinese cabbage (Brassica Pekinensis var. cephalata), swamp cabbage (Ipomoea aquatica), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Ceylon spinach (Basella rubra), red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus), white spinach (Amaranthus viridis) and tapioca shoots (Manihot utilissima). Percentage losses of nutrients after cooking treatment were calculated based on retention factors. Results obtained showed that stir-frying had reduced lutein content for all vegetables ranging from 8-89% while the effect of boiling for lutein varied (0-428%) with different vegetables at both cooking durations of 4 and 8 min. Boiling for 8 min increased retention of β carotene in all vegetables ranging from 18-380% except for Chinese cabbage and spinach compared with 4 min, while stir-frying generally increased the retention of β-carotene for all vegetables 2-3 times except for spinach. Cooked vegetables have variations in carotenoids composition brought by varying cooking conditions (time and temperature), type of vegetables and the interaction between cooking methods and type of vegetables.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  10. Fulltext A simple design for microwave assisted digestion vessel with low reagent consumption suitable for food and environmental samples
    Gholami M, Behkami S, Zain SM, Bakirdere S
    Sci Rep, 2016 11 17;6:37186.
    PMID: 27853264 DOI: 10.1038/srep37186
    The objective of this work is to prepare a cost-effective, low reagent consumption and high performance polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vessel that is capable to work in domestic microwave for digesting food and environmental samples. The designed vessel has a relatively thicker wall compared to that of commercial vessels. In this design, eight vessels are placed in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) holder to keep them safe and stable. This vessel needs only 2.0 mL of HNO3 and 1.0 mL H2O2 to digest 100 mg of biological sample. The performance of this design is then evaluated with an ICP-MS instrument in the analysis of the several NIST standard reference material of milk 1849a, rice flour 1568b, spinach leave 1570a and Peach Leaves 1547 in a domestic microwave oven with inverter technology. Outstanding agreement to (SRM) values are observed by using the suggested power to time microwave program, which simulates the reflux action occurring in this closed vessel. Taking into account the high cost of commercial microwave vessels and the volume of chemicals needed for various experiments (8-10 mL), this simple vessel is cost effective and suitable for digesting food and environmental samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  11. Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals and protein expression by different vegetables collected from various parts of Khyber Pukhtunkhawa Province, Pakistan
    Jehan Bakht, Laleena Khan, Mohammad Shafi
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:167-176.
    The present study investigates heavy metal uptake and protein expression by different vegetables collected from various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province of Pakistan. Statistical analysis of the data showed that maximum concentration of Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn were found in radish and spinach, respectively, collected from Peshawar. Maximum Pb and Mg accumulation were found in cauliflower and pea at Swat followed by coriander at Haripur and minimum Pb uptake was noticed in radish taken from Nowshehra. Highest Cu uptake was detected in spinach at Nowshehra. Data regarding Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg and Zn concentration in water samples gathered from different sites of KPK indicated that maximum concentration of Cd was observed in Swat. Maximum Cr and Cu concentration were measured in water samples from Peshawar while maximum concentration of Pb and Ni were detected in water samples from Haripur. In case of soil samples, maximum Cd, Cr, Mg and Zn uptake was observed in soil sample at Nowshehra. Maximum Pb and Ni concentration was found in soil samples collected from Peshawar. Cu concentration was observed to be the highest in soil at Swat. Protein profile of different vegetables i.e. cauliflower, radish, carrot, turnip, pea, spinach, coriander and garlic sampled across five different sites showed that uptake of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg and Zn by these vegetables caused the expression of numerous polypeptides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  12. Fulltext Aquaponics recirculation system: a sustainable food source for the future water conserves and resources
    Azizah Endut, Fathurrahman Lananan, Ahmad Jusoh, Wan Norsani Wan Nik, Nora'aini Ali
    Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018;1(1):1-12.
    MyJurnal
    The current and escalating extent of soil degradation, water scarcity and environmental concern
    plaguing agricultural productivity, demands re-assessing the direction of food production. Aquaponics
    is a concept relatively new to modern food production methods and can contribute to food security.
    This study was conducted to establish sustainable aquaculture systems that maximize benefits and
    minimize the accumulation of detrimental compounds and other types of negative impacts on both
    natural and social environments. This study carried out at an average inflow rate of 1.28 m/day to
    evaluate the operation of the aquaponics recirculation system (ARS) on nutrients removal and growth
    and yield of African catfish as well as water spinach. A special design of ARS was used to provide
    nitrification of fishery wastewater, where the combination of sands and gravels in hydroponics trough,
    providing both surfaces for biofuel development and cultivation area for plants. Removal efficiencies
    of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), total ammonia nitrogen
    (TAN), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and orthophosphate (PO4
    3-
    ) were 82%, 89%,
    93%, 94%, 81%, and 80%, respectively. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate
    (SGR) of African catfish were 1.08 and 3.34% day-1
    , respectively. The average water spinach
    production was 3.56 kg per m2
    . This study showed that ARS is a method of producing crop along with
    a healthy protein source and among the best alternatives for achieving economic and environmental
    sustainability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  13. First Report of Damping-Off on Basella rubra Caused by Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Group 4 in Florida
    Liao X, Fu Y, Zhang S, Duan YP
    Plant Dis, 2012 Feb;96(2):288.
    PMID: 30731824 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-08-11-0639
    Indian spinach (Basella rubra L.) is a red stem species of Basella that is cultivated worldwide as an ornamental and the aerial parts are also consumed as a vegetable. In May of 2011, symptoms of damping-off were observed on approximately 10% of the plants at the stem base around the soil line of seedlings in a greenhouse in Homestead, FL. Lesions were initially water soaked, grayish to dark brown, irregular in shape, and sunken in appearance on large plants, causing the infected seedlings to collapse and eventually die. Symptomatic stem tissue was surface sterilized with 0.6% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile distilled water, air dried, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 25°C in darkness for 3 to 5 days. A fungus was isolated in all six isolations from symptomatic tissues on PDA. Fungal colonies on PDA were light gray to brown with abundant growth of mycelia, and the hyphae tended to branch at right angles when examined under a microscope. A septum was always present in the branch of hyphae near the originating point and a slight constriction at the branch was observed. Neither conidia nor conidiophores were found from the cultures on PDA. The characteristics of hyphae, especially the right angle branching of mycelia, indicate close similarity to those of Rhizoctonia solani (2,3). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JN545836). Subsequent database searches by the BLASTN program indicated that the resulting sequence had a 100% identity over 472 bp with the corresponding gene sequence of R. solani anastomosis group (AG) 4 (GenBank Accession No. JF701752.1), a fungal pathogen reported to cause damping-off on many crops. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation of healthy India spinach plants with the hyphae of isolates. Four 4-week-old plants were inoculated with the isolates by placing a 5-mm PDA plug of mycelia at the stem base and covering with a thin layer of the soil. Another four plants treated with sterile PDA served as a control. After inoculation, the plants were covered with plastic bags for 24 h and maintained in a greenhouse with ambient conditions. Four days after inoculation, water-soaked, brown lesions, identical to the symptoms described above, were observed on the stem base of all inoculated plants, whereas no symptoms developed on the control plants. The fungus was isolated from affected stem samples, and the identity was confirmed by microscopic appearance of the hyphae and sequencing the ITS1/ITS4 intergenic spacer region, fulfilling Koch's postulates. This pathogenicity test was conducted twice. R. solani has been reported to cause damping-off of B. rubra in Ghana (1) and Malaysia (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of damping-off caused by R. solani AG-4 on Indian spinach in Florida and the United States. With the increased interest in producing Asian vegetables for food and ornamental purposes, the occurrence of damping-off on Indian spinach needs to be taken into account when designing programs for disease management in Florida. References: (1) H. A. Dade. XXIX. Bull. Misc. Inform. 6:205, 1940. (2) J. R. Parmeter et al. Phytopathology 57:218, 1967. (3) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1991. (4) T. H. Williams and P. S. W. Liu. Phytopathol. Pap. 19:1, 1976.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  14. Evaluating heavy metals contamination in soil and vegetables in the region of North India: Levels, transfer and potential human health risk analysis
    Gupta N, Yadav KK, Kumar V, Krishnan S, Kumar S, Nejad ZD, et al.
    Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2021 Feb;82:103563.
    PMID: 33310081 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103563
    This study determined the heavy metals (HMs) accumulation in different vegetables in different seasons and attributed a serious health hazard to human adults due to the consumption of such vegetables in Jhansi. The total amounts of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and cadmium (Cd) were analysed in 28 composite samples of soil and vegetables (Fenugreek, spinach, eggplant, and chilli) collected from seven agricultural fields. The transfer factor (TF) of HMs from soil to analysed vegetables was calculated, and significant non-carcinogenic health risks due to exposure to analysed heavy metals via consumption of these vegetables were computed. The statistical analysis involving Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation matrix suggested that anthropogenic activities were a major source of HMs in the study areas. The target hazard quotient of Cd, Mn, and Pb for fenugreek (2.156, 2.143, and 2.228, respectively) and spinach (3.697, 3.509, 5.539, respectively) exceeded the unity, indicating the high possibilities of non-carcinogenic health risks if regularly consumed by human beings. This study strongly suggests the continuous monitoring of soil, irrigation water, and vegetables to prohibit excessive accumulation in the food chain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  15. Fulltext Determination of Vitamin C, β-carotene and Riboflavin Contents in Five Green Vegetables Organically and Conventionally Grown
    Malays J Nutr, 2003;9(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    As consumer interest in organically grown vegetables is increasing in Malaysia, there is a need to answer whether the vegetables are more nutritious than those conventionally grown. This study investigates commercially available vegetables grown organically and conventionally, purchased from retailers to analyse â-carotene, vitamin C and riboflavin contents. Five types of green vegetables were selected, namely Chinese mustard (sawi) (Brassica juncea), Chinese kale (kailan) (Brassica alboglabra), lettuce (daun salad) (Lactuca sativa), spinach (bayam putih) (Amaranthus viridis) and swamp cabbage (kangkung) (Ipomoea aquatica). For vitamin analysis, a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify β-carotene, vitamin C and riboflavin. The findings showed that not all of the organically grown vegetables were higher in vitamins than that conventionally grown. This study found that only swamp cabbage grown organically was highest in β-carotene , vitamin C and riboflavin contents among the entire samples studied. The various nutrients in organically grown vegetables need to be analysed for the generation of a database on nutritional value which is important for future research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  16. Warfarin and food, herbal or dietary supplement interactions: A systematic review
    Tan CSS, Lee SWH
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2021 02;87(2):352-374.
    PMID: 32478963 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14404
    AIMS: To present an updated overview on the safety of concurrent use of food, herbal or dietary supplement and warfarin.

    METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed on 5 databases from inception up to 31 December 2019. These interactions were classified depending on the likelihood of interaction and supporting evidences.

    RESULTS: A total of 149 articles describing 78 herbs, food or dietary supplements were reported to interact with warfarin. These reports described potentiation with 45 (57.7%) herbs, food or dietary supplements while 23 (29.5%) reported inhibition and 10 (12.8%) reported limited impact on warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Twenty unique herb and dietary supplements also reported to result in minor bleeding events, such as purpura and gum bleeding as well as major events such as intracranial bleeding that led to death.

    CONCLUSION: While most food, herbs and supplements can be safely taken in moderation, healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased risk of bleeding when taking several food and herbs. These include Chinese wolfberry, chamomile tea, cannabis, cranberry, chitosan, green tea, Ginkgo biloba, ginger, spinach, St. John's Wort, sushi and smoking tobacco. Patients should be counselled to continue to seek advice from their healthcare professionals when starting any new herbs, food or supplement.

    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  17. Fulltext Effect of lipase hydrolysis on the antibacterial activity of coconut oil, palm mesocarp oil and selected seed oils against several pathogenic bacteria
    Lee, S.T., Ariffin, A., Son R., Ghazali, H.M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(1):46-54.
    MyJurnal
    The antibacterial activity of solvent-extracted oil of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Linn.), and mustard (Brassica nigra L.) seed oils, and coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) oil, palm (Elaeis guineensis L.) mesocarp in hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed form were determined in order to explore their potential usage as antibacterial agent. The hydrolysis process that was catalyzed by immobilized lipase of Rhizomucor miehei (RMIM) showed highest hydrolytic activity with 1.0 ml of added water volume except bitter gourd seed oil and palm mesocarp oil which has maximum hydrolytic activity with added water volume of 5 ml and 2.5 ml respectively. Before hydrolysis, all oil samples did not show inhibition ring zones (IRZ) on any of the tested bacteria strains (Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7). Hydrolyzed lady’s finger and bitter gourd seed oil showed IRZ on all tested bacteria strains; hydrolyzed mustard seed oil on S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes; hydrolyzed spinach seed oil and coconut oil on L. monocytogenes; hydrolyzed noni seed oil and palm mesocarp oil did not exhibit IRZ on any of the tested bacteria strains. Most of the hydrolyzed oil exhibit an inhibition activity that was different from their respective dominant fatty acids except noni seed oil and palm mesocarp oil.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  18. Fulltext Component analysis of nutritionally rich chloroplasts: recovery from conventional and unconventional green plant species
    Gedi MA, Briars R, Yuseli F, Zainol N, Darwish R, Salter AM, et al.
    J Food Sci Technol, 2017 Aug;54(9):2746-2757.
    PMID: 28928514 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2711-8
    A study of the literature indicates that chloroplasts synthesise a range of molecules, many of which have nutritional value for humans, but the nutritional credentials of chloroplasts recovered from plant cells are not established. Chloroplast-rich-fractions (CRFs) were prepared from green plant species and the macro- and micro-nutrient composition compared with the whole leaf materials (WLMs). The results indicated that, on a dry weight basis, CRF material from a range of green biomass was enriched in lipids and proteins, and in a range of micronutrients compared with the WLM. Vitamins E, pro-vitamin A, and lutein were all greater in CRF preparations. Of the minerals, iron was most notably concentrated in CRF. Spinach CRFs possessed the highest α-tocopherol [62 mg 100 g-1, dry weight (DW)], β-carotene (336 mg 100 g-1 DW) and lutein (341 mg 100 g-1 DW) contents, whilst grass CRFs had the highest concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (69.5 mg g-1). The higher concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, ALA and trace minerals (Fe and Mn) in CRFs suggested their potential use as concentrated ingredients in food formulations deficient in these nutrients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  19. Fate, distribution, and bioconcentration of pesticides impact on the organic farms of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia
    Farina Y, Munawar N, Abdullah MP, Yaqoob M, Nabi A
    Environ Monit Assess, 2018 Jun 09;190(7):386.
    PMID: 29884954 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6762-8
    Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs) residues in the leafy vegetables were analyzed together with the soil samples using gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Edible tissues of vegetables showed detectable residues of these compounds indicating the influence of the conventional farms and nearby organic farms. In the vegetables, the OCPs concentrations were recorded as nd-133.3 ng/g, OPPs as nd-200 ng/g, and PYRs as nd-33.3 ng/g. In the soil, the OCPs concentrations were recorded as nd-30.6 ng/g, OPPs as nd-26.6 ng/g, and for PYRs as nd-6.7 ng/g. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) was higher for the OPPs (0.3) than the OCPs and PYRs (1.1). The OCPs concentration in the vegetables decreased in the following order: spinach > celery > broccoli > cauliflower > cabbage > lettuce > mustard. For OPPs, the concentration decreased in the following order: cauliflower > spinach > celery > cabbage > broccoli > lettuce > mustard and for PYRs as spinach > celery > lettuce > cabbage > broccoli. Principal component analysis indicates that the sources of these pesticides are not the same, and the pesticide application on the vegetables depends on the type of crop. There is a significant positive correlation between OPPs and the soil (r = 0.65) as compared to OCPs and PYRs (r = 0.1) as the vegetables accumulated OPPs more efficiently than OCPs and PYRs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
  20. Fulltext Patterns of fruits and vegetable consumption among adults of different ethnics in Selangor, Malaysia
    Nurul Izzah, A., Wan Rozita, W.M., Siti Fatimah, D., Aminah, A., Md Pauzi, A., Lee, Y.H.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):1095-1107.
    MyJurnal
    A survey was conducted to investigate patterns of fruits and vegetables consumption among Malaysian adults residing in Selangor, Malaysia. Two hundred forty two subjects comprises of male (28%) and female (72%) of major ethnics (Malays-52.3%; Chinese-30.5%; Indians-16.9%) with the mean age of 43.5±18 years were studied from July to November 2002. Consumption data for vegetables were collected using 24 hours duplicate samples method while for fruits 24-hour diet record was used. The results showed that most frequently consumed leafy, leguminous, root, brassica and fruits vegetables were celery (Apium graveolens), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic), long beans (Vigna sesquipedolis), French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), carrot (Daucas carota), potato (Solanum tuberosum), Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea), round cabbage (Brassica reptans), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var cauliflora), chilies (red, green, small or dried) (Capsicum sp.), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), long eggplant (Solanum melongena) and okra (Hibiscus esculentus). While most consumed ulam and traditional vegetables were petai (Parkia speciosa), sweet leaves (Sauropus andragynus) and Indian pennywor (Hydrocotyle asiatica). Other vegetables inclusive spices and flavorings that were preferred by subjects were shallot (Allium fistulosum), garlic(Allium sativum), onion (Alium cepa), green bean sprout (Phaseolus aureus) and curry leaves (Murraya koenigii). The most preferred fruits were banana (Musa spp.) and apples (.Malus domestica). A total consumption of fruits and vegetables among adults in Selangor was 173 g/day and the consumption among Malays (202 g/day) was significantly higher (P
    Matched MeSH terms: Spinacia oleracea
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