Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 167 in total

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  1. 'Genipin' - the natural water soluble cross-linking agent and its importance in the modified drug delivery systems: an overview
    Manickam B, Sreedharan R, Elumalai M
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2014;11(1):139-45.
    PMID: 24041312
    One of the popular approaches in controlling drug delivery from the polymeric carriers is suitably achieved by the inclusion of crosslinking agents into the formulations at different concentrations. Nevertheless, addition of the chemical crosslinkers such as glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde etc, used in the drug delivery systems causes very serious cytotoxic reactions. These chemical crosslinking agents did not offer any significant advantageous effects when compared to the natural crosslinking agents for instance genipin, which is quite less toxic, biocompatible and offers very stable crosslinked products. Based on the earlier reports the safety of this particular natural crosslinker is very well established, since it has been widely used as a Chinese traditional medicine for long-time, isolated from fruits of the plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. This concise article largely portrayed the value of this unique natural crosslinker, utilized in controlling the drug delivery from the various formulations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  2. Fulltext A Statistical Study on the Development of Metronidazole-Chitosan-Alginate Nanocomposite Formulation Using the Full Factorial Design
    Sabbagh HAK, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Hussein MZ, Abudayeh Z, Ayoub R, Abudoleh SM
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Apr 01;12(4).
    PMID: 32244671 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040772
    The goal of this study was to develop and statistically optimize the metronidazole (MET), chitosan (CS) and alginate (Alg) nanoparticles (NP) nanocomposites (MET-CS-AlgNPs) using a (21 × 31 × 21) × 3 = 36 full factorial design (FFD) to investigate the effect of chitosan and alginate polymer concentrations and calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration ondrug loading efficiency(LE), particle size and zeta potential. The concentration of CS, Alg and CaCl2 were taken as independent variables, while drug loading, particle size and zeta potential were taken as dependent variables. The study showed that the loading efficiency and particle size depend on the CS, Alg and CaCl2 concentrations, whereas zeta potential depends only on the Alg and CaCl2 concentrations. The MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro drug release studies. XRD datashowed that the crystalline properties of MET changed to an amorphous-like pattern when the nanocomposites were formed.The XRD pattern of MET-CS-AlgNPs showed reflections at 2θ = 14.2° and 22.1°, indicating that the formation of the nanocompositesprepared at the optimum conditions havea mean diameter of (165±20) nm, with a MET loading of (46.0 ± 2.1)% and a zeta potential of (-9.2 ± 0.5) mV.The FTIR data of MET-CS-AlgNPs showed some bands of MET, such as 3283, 1585 and 1413 cm-1, confirming the presence of the drug in the MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites. The TGA for the optimized sample of MET-CS-AlgNPs showed a 70.2% weight loss compared to 55.3% for CS-AlgNPs, and the difference is due to the incorporation of MET in the CS-AlgNPs for the formation of MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites. The release of MET from the nanocomposite showed sustained-release properties, indicating the presence of an interaction between MET and the polymer. The nanocomposite shows a smooth surface and spherical shape. The release profile of MET from its MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites was found to be governed by the second kinetic model (R2 between 0.956-0.990) with more than 90% release during the first 50 h, which suggests that the release of the MET drug can be extended or prolonged via the nanocomposite formulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  3. A field study of Depo-Provera: its use as a contraceptive method by women in a rural town in West Malaysia from February 1968 to December 1969
    Hew Wai Sin, Peng JY, Dato Ariffin Marzuki
    Med J Malaysia, 1973 Jun;27(4):299-305.
    PMID: 4270790
    PIP: To determine the acceptability, practicability, and popularity of Depo-Provera as an additional contraceptive method to be offered by the National Family Planning Board NFPB of Malaysia, 550 patients of Sungai Besar, Malaysia, who accepted the Depo-Provera injection method from the start of the injection program, February 23, 1968, until the cutoff date of December 31, 1969, were studied. At the cutoff date, 318 (58%) were still receiving regular injections at 3-month intervals. The remaining 232 women discontinued use of the injection. Of those who discontinued use, 176 (32%) were interviewed, while the other 56 women were lost to follow-up, due mainly to migration. Assuming that 1 injection would protect a woman from getting pregnant for a 3-month period, the retention rates at the end of 12 and 24 months were 63% and 41%. These continuation rates were fairly high and were as good as those for the oral pill, which is the main contraceptive method provided since the beginning of the operational service program of the NFPB in May 1967. Except for a small number of Indian women with a high rate of discontinuation there was not much difference in continuing the method between the Malays (60%) and the Chinese (56%). The younger age group of women seemed to have a higher proportion of discontinuation. The findings showed that amenorrhea (35%)most bothered the women who discontinued the injection method. Irregular bleeding (20%) and other medical side effects (11%) were the other main complaints that caused women to discontinue using the injection as a contraceptive method. It was concluded that Depo-Provera (150 mg) injected once every 3 months appears to be simple, acceptable, popular, and effective as a contraceptive method among women in a rural town in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  4. Fulltext A qualitative assessment of attitudes about and preferences for extended-release naltrexone, a new pharmacotherapy to treat opioid use disorders in Ukraine
    Marcus R, Bojko MJ, Mazhnaya A, Makarenko I, Filippovych S, Dvoriak S, et al.
    J Subst Abuse Treat, 2018 03;86:86-93.
    PMID: 29415856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.01.003
    Numerous individual barriers, including negative attitudes toward opioid agonist therapies (OAT), have undermined HIV prevention efforts in Ukraine where the epidemic is concentrated in people who inject drugs (PWID). The recent availability of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX), an opioid antagonist, provides new opportunities for treatment and prevention, but little is known about patient preferences. We conducted qualitative analysis using focus groups (FG) of PWID recruited based on OAT experience: currently, previously, and never on OAT in five Ukrainian cities. FG included 199 PWID in 25 focus groups. Focus group transcripts were coded and analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach to identify common themes and domains related to attitudes about and preferences for XR-NTX, relative to other treatments. Interest in XR-NTX was supported if supervised opioid withdrawal and psychological support were assured. Other factors supporting XR-NTX included a focus on younger PWID early in their injection career and motivated for recovery. Perceptions of recovery included not receiving psychoactive medications like methadone or buprenorphine. With more information, XR-NTX could be a viable option for PWID in Ukraine, especially if concerns regarding withdrawal and psychological support are adequately addressed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage; Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use*
  5. A review of mathematical modeling and simulation of controlled-release fertilizers
    Irfan SA, Razali R, KuShaari K, Mansor N, Azeem B, Ford Versypt AN
    J Control Release, 2018 02 10;271:45-54.
    PMID: 29274697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.017
    Nutrients released into soils from uncoated fertilizer granules are lost continuously due to volatilization, leaching, denitrification, and surface run-off. These issues have caused economic loss due to low nutrient absorption efficiency and environmental pollution due to hazardous emissions and water eutrophication. Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) can change the release kinetics of the fertilizer nutrients through an abatement strategy to offset these issues by providing the fertilizer content in synchrony with the metabolic needs of the plants. Parametric analysis of release characteristics of CRFs is of paramount importance for the design and development of new CRFs. However, the experimental approaches are not only time consuming, but they are also cumbersome and expensive. Scientists have introduced mathematical modeling techniques to predict the release of nutrients from the CRFs to elucidate fundamental understanding of the dynamics of the release processes and to design new CRFs in a shorter time and with relatively lower cost. This paper reviews and critically analyzes the latest developments in the mathematical modeling and simulation techniques that have been reported for the characteristics and mechanisms of nutrient release from CRFs. The scope of this review includes the modeling and simulations techniques used for coated, controlled-release fertilizers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry
  6. Fulltext Acrylated palm oil nanoparticle synthesized by radiation-induced process as a controlled drug delivery system
    Rida Tajau, Siti Farhana Fathy, Mek Zah Salleh, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Maznah Ismail, Kamaruddin Hashim
    Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2013;25(2):20-29.
    MyJurnal
    The acrylated palm oil (APO) nanoparticle is a potential product that can be used as carriers in
    medical field. The main focus of the present study was to study the potential of the APO
    nanoparticles for used in a controlled drug delivery system. The microemulsion system is used as a
    medium to incorporate an active substance such as Thymoquinone (TQ) into the APO polymeric
    micelle and then the radiation technique is used as a tool for the synthesis of TQ-loaded APO
    nanoparticle. The nano-size TQ-loaded APO particles resulted the particle size of less than 150 nm
    with spherical in shape. The TQ release profile was carried out in potassium buffer saline (PBS)
    solutions (pH 7.4) at 37
    oC. And, the zero-order model has been used to determine the mechanism
    of the drug release from the corresponding nanoparticles, respectively. The TQ release was found
    to be sustained and controlled in pH 7.4. At pH 7.4, the release of TQ followed the zero-order
    model. The in-vitro drug release study showed a good prospect of the APO nanoparticle on being a
    potential drug carrier as there are toxic against colon cancer cells and not toxic towards normal
    cells. This suggested that the APO product produce using this radiation technique can be
    developed into different type of carrier systems for controlled drug release applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  7. Aging and microwave effects on alginate/chitosan matrices
    Wong TW, Chan LW, Kho SB, Heng PW
    J Control Release, 2005 Jun 2;104(3):461-75.
    PMID: 15911046
    The influence of microwave irradiation on the drug release properties of freshly prepared and aged alginate, alginate-chitosan and chitosan beads was investigated. The beads were prepared by extrusion method with sulphathiazole as a model drug. The dried beads were subjected to microwave irradiation at 80 W for 10 min, 20 min or three consecutive cycles of 10 and 20 min, respectively. The profiles of drug dissolution, drug content, drug stability, drug polymorphism, drug-polymer interaction, polymer crosslinkage and complexation were determined by dissolution testing, drug content assay, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The chemical stability of drug embedded in beads was unaffected by microwave conditions and length of storage time. The release property of drug was mainly governed by the extent of polymer interaction in beads. The aged alginate beads required intermittent cycles of microwave irradiation to induce drug release retarding effect in contrast to their freshly prepared samples. Unlike the alginate beads, the level of polymer interaction was higher in aged alginate-chitosan beads than the corresponding fresh beads. The drug release retarding property of aged alginate-chitosan beads could be significantly enhanced through subjecting the beads to microwave irradiation for 10 min. No further change in drug release from these beads was observed beyond 30 min of microwave irradiation. Unlike beads containing alginate, the rate and extent of drug released from the aged chitosan beads were higher upon treatment by microwave in spite of the higher degree of polymer interaction shown by the latter on prolonged storage. The observation suggested that the response of polymer matrix to microwave irradiation in induction of drug release retarding property was largely affected by the molecular arrangement of the polymer chains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  8. Alginate based bilayer hydrocolloid films as potential slow-release modern wound dressing
    Thu HE, Zulfakar MH, Ng SF
    Int J Pharm, 2012 Sep 15;434(1-2):375-83.
    PMID: 22643226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.044
    The aims of this research were to develop a novel bilayer hydrocolloid film based on alginate and to investigate its potential as slow-release wound healing vehicle. The bilayer is composed of an upper layer impregnated with model drug (ibuprofen) and a drug-free lower layer, which acted as a rate-controlling membrane. The thickness uniformity, solvent loss, moisture vapour transmission rate (MVTR), hydration rate, morphology, rheology, mechanical properties, in vitro drug release and in vivo wound healing profiles were investigated. A smooth bilayer film with two homogenous distinct layers was produced. The characterisation results showed that bilayer has superior mechanical and rheological properties than the single layer films. The bilayers also showed low MVTR, slower hydration rate and lower drug flux in vitro compared to single layer inferring that bilayer may be useful for treating low suppurating wounds and suitable for slow release application on wound surfaces. The bilayers also provided a significant higher healing rate in vivo, with well-formed epidermis with faster granulation tissue formation when compared to the controls. In conclusions, a novel alginate-based bilayer hydrocolloid film was developed and results suggested that they can be exploited as slow-release wound dressings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  9. Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release
    Hasnain MS, Nayak AK, Singh M, Tabish M, Ansari MT, Ara TJ
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2016 Feb;83:71-7.
    PMID: 26608007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.044
    Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release were developed through incorporation of nano-hydroxyapatite [nHAp] powders within ionotropically-gelled calcium ion-induced alginate-poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends polymeric systems. nHAp powders were synthesized by precipitation technique using calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and orthophosphoric acid [H3PO4] as raw materials. The average particle size of these was synthesized. nHAp powders was found as 19.04 nm and used to prepare nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS. These beads exhibited drug entrapment efficiency (%) of 65.82±1.88 to 94.45±3.72% and average bead sizes of 0.98±0.07 to 1.23±0.15 mm. These beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform-infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. Various nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS exhibited prolonged sustained drug release and followed the Koresmeyer-Peppas model of drug release (R2=0.9908-0.9978) with non-Fickian release (anomalous transport) mechanism (n=0.73-0.84) for drug release over 8 h.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry*
  10. Alginate-based matrix tablets for drug delivery
    Veronica N, Heng PWS, Liew CV
    Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2023 Jan;20(1):115-130.
    PMID: 36503355 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2158183
    INTRODUCTION: As a nature-derived polymer with swelling and gelling properties, alginate has found wide biopharma-relevant applications. However, there is comparatively limited attention on alginate in tablet formulations. Therefore, this review aimed to provide an overview of the applications of alginate in solid dosage form formulations.

    AREAS COVERED: This review outlines the role of alginate for oral sustained release formulations. For better insights into its application in drug delivery, the mechanisms of drug release from alginate matrices are discussed alongside the alginate inherent properties and drug properties. Specifically, the influence of alginate properties and formulation components on the resultant alginate gel and subsequent drug release is reviewed. Modifications of the alginate to improve its properties in modulating drug release are also discussed.

    EXPERT OPINION: Alginate-based matrix tablets is useful for sustaining drug release. As a nature-derived polymer, batch consistency and stability raise some concerns about employing alginate in formulations. Furthermore, the alginate gel properties can be affected by formulation components, pH of the dissolution environment and the tablet matrix micro-environment pH. Conscientious efforts are pivotal to addressing these formulation challenges to increase the utilization of alginate in oral solid dosage forms.

    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  11. Fulltext Anti-EGFR anchored paclitaxel loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer. In-vitro and in-vivo anticancer activities
    Venugopal V, Krishnan S, Palanimuthu VR, Sankarankutty S, Kalaimani JK, Karupiah S, et al.
    PLoS One, 2018;13(11):e0206109.
    PMID: 30408068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206109
    The aim of the present study is to analyze the viability of anti-EGFR anchored immunonanoparticle (INP) bearing Paclitaxel (PTX) to specifically bind the EGFR protein on the TNBC cells. The NP was prepared by nanoprecipitation and characterized the particle size, charge, entrapment of drug and release of it. The anti-EGFR anchored and the integrity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Cytotoxicity and NPs cellular uptake was analyzed with MDA-MB-468 type cancer cells and the EGFR expression was confirmed by PCR, qualitatively and quantitatively. The in-vivo antitumor activity of INP was determined by using athymic mice model and targeting efficiency was measured by calculating the PTX accumulation in the tumor plasma. The prepared INP with the size of 336.3 nm and the charge of -3.48 mV showed sustained drug release upto 48 h. The INP showed significant reduction of cancer cell viability of 10.6% for 48 h with 93 fold higher PTX accumulation in the tumor plasma compared with NPs. Based on these reports, we recommend that anti-EGFR anchored PTX loaded NP may have the ability to target the TNBC cells and improve the therapeutic action and subsidize the side effects of PTX for the treatment of TNBC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  12. Anti-cancerous efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine loaded chitosan nanoparticles
    Kumar GP, Sanganal JS, Phani AR, Manohara C, Tripathi SM, Raghavendra HL, et al.
    Pharmacol Res, 2015 Oct;100:47-57.
    PMID: 26232590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.025
    6-Mercaptopurine is a cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drug. The use of this drug is limited due to its poor bioavailability and short plasma half-life. In order to nullify these drawbacks, 6-mercaptopurine-chitosan nanoparticles (6-MP-CNPs) were prepared and evaluated to study the influence of preparation conditions on the physicochemical properties by using DLS, SEM, XRD and FTIR. The in vitro drug release profile at pH 4.8 and 7.4 revealed sustained release patterns for a period of 2 days. The nanoformulations showed enhanced in vitro anti-cancer activities (MTT assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle arrest and ROS indices) on HT-1080 and MCF-7 cells. In vivo pharmacokinetics profiles of 6-MP-CNPs showed improved bioavailability. Thus, the results of the present study revealed that, the prepared 6-MP-CNPs have a significant role in increasing anti-cancer efficacy, bioavailability and in vivo pharmacokinetics profiles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  13. Fulltext Anticancer nanodelivery system with controlled release property based on protocatechuate-zinc layered hydroxide nanohybrid
    Barahuie F, Hussein MZ, Abd Gani S, Fakurazi S, Zainal Z
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2014;9:3137-49.
    PMID: 25061291 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S59541
    BACKGROUND: We characterize a novel nanocomposite that acts as an efficient anticancer agent.

    METHODS: This nanocomposite consists of zinc layered hydroxide intercalated with protocatechuate (an anionic form of protocatechuic acid), that has been synthesized using a direct method with zinc oxide and protocatechuic acid as precursors.

    RESULTS: The resulting protocatechuic acid nanocomposite (PAN) showed a basal spacing of 12.7 Å, indicating that protocatechuate was intercalated in a monolayer arrangement, with an angle of 54° from the Z-axis between the interlayers of the zinc layered hydroxide, and an estimated drug loading of about 35.7%. PAN exhibited the properties of a mesoporous type material, with greatly enhanced thermal stability of protocatechuate as compared to its free counterpart. The presence of protocatechuate in the interlayers of the zinc layered hydroxide was further supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Protocatechuate was released from PAN in a slow and sustained manner. This mechanism of release was well represented by a pseudo-second order kinetics model. PAN has shown increased cytotoxicity compared to the free form of protocatechuic acid in all cancer cell lines tested. Tumor growth suppression was extensive, particularly in HepG2 and HT29 cell lines.

    CONCLUSION: PAN is suitable for use as a controlled release formulation, and our in vitro evidence indicates that PAN is an effective anticancer agent. PAN may have potential as a chemotherapeutic drug for human cancer.

    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacokinetics*; Delayed-Action Preparations/toxicity; Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry
  14. Fulltext Antimicrobial and controlled release studies of a novel nystatin conjugated iron oxide nanocomposite
    Hussein-Al-Ali SH, El Zowalaty ME, Kura AU, Geilich B, Fakurazi S, Webster TJ, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:651831.
    PMID: 24900976 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651831
    Nystatin is a tetraene diene polyene antibiotic showing a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. In the present study, we prepared a nystatin nanocomposite (Nyst-CS-MNP) by loading nystatin (Nyst) on chitosan (CS) coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The magnetic nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results showed that the MNPs and nanocomposite are pure magnetite. The FTIR analysis confirmed the binding of CS on the surface of the MNPs and also the loading of Nyst in the nanocomposite. The Nyst drug loading was estimated using UV-Vis instrumentation and showing a 14.9% loading in the nanocomposite. The TEM size image of the MNPs, CS-MNP, and Nyst-CS-MNP was 13, 11, and 8 nm, respectively. The release profile of the Nyst drug from the nanocomposite followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The antimicrobial activity of the as-synthesized Nyst and Nyst-CS-MNP nanocomposite was evaluated using an agar diffusion method and showed enhanced antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In this manner, this study introduces a novel nanocomposite that can decrease fungus activity on-demand for numerous medical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacology; Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry*
  15. Fulltext Antituberculosis nanodelivery system with controlled-release properties based on para-amino salicylate-zinc aluminum-layered double-hydroxide nanocomposites
    Saifullah B, Hussein MZ, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Arulselvan P, Fakurazi S
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2013;7:1365-75.
    PMID: 24255593 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S50665
    We report the intercalation and characterization of para-amino salicylic acid (PASA) into zinc/aluminum-layered double hydroxides (ZLDHs) by two methods, direct and indirect, to form nanocomposites: PASA nanocomposite prepared by a direct method (PASA-D) and PASA nanocomposite prepared by an indirect method (PASA-I). Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the PASA drugs were accommodated within the ZLDH interlayers. The anions of the drug were accommodated as an alternate monolayer (along the long-axis orientation) between ZLDH interlayers. Drug loading was estimated to be 22.8% and 16.6% for PASA-D and PASA-I, respectively. The in vitro release properties of the drug were investigated in physiological simulated phosphate-buffered saline solution of pH 7.4 and 4.8. The release followed the pseudo-second-order model for both nanocomposites. Cell viability (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] assays) was assessed against normal human lung fibroblast MRC-5 and 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The results showed that the nanocomposite formulations did not possess any cytotoxicity, at least up to 72 hours.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  16. Application of similarity factor in development of controlled-release diltiazem tablet
    Peh KK, Wong CF
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2000 Jul;26(7):723-30.
    PMID: 10872090
    Controlled-release grade hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or xanthan gum (XG) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were employed to prepare controlled-release diltiazem hydrochloride tablets. The similarity factor f2 was used for dissolution profile comparison using Herbesser 90 SR as a reference product. Drug release could be sustained in a predictable manner by modifying the content of HPMC or XG. Moreover, the drug release profiles of tablets prepared using these matrix materials were not affected by pH and agitation rate. The f2 values showed that only one batch of tablets (of diltiazem HCl, HPMC or XG, and MCC in proportions of 3.0:3.0:4.0) was considered similar to that of the reference product, with values above 50. The unbiased similarity factor f2* values were not much different from the f2 values, ascribing to a small dissolution variance of the test and reference products. The amount of HPMC or XG incorporated to produce tablets with the desired dissolution profile could be determined from the curves of f2 versus polymer content. Hence, the f2 values can be applied as screening and optimization tools during development of controlled-release preparations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  17. Fulltext Applications of calixarenes in cancer chemotherapy: facts and perspectives
    Yousaf A, Hamid SA, Bunnori NM, Ishola AA
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015;9:2831-8.
    PMID: 26082613 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S83213
    Research on the therapeutic applications of calixarene derivatives is an emerging area of interest. The anticancer activity of various functionalized calixarenes has been reported by several research groups. Due to their superior geometric shape, calixarenes can accommodate drug molecules by forming inclusion complexes. Controlled release of anticancer drugs by calixarenes might help in targeted chemotherapy. This review summarizes the anticancer potential of the calixarenes and their drug loading properties. The potential use of calixarenes in chemoradiotherapy is also highlighted in brief.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  18. Biochar and activated carbon derived from oil palm kernel shell as a framework for the preparation of sustainable controlled release urea fertiliser
    Vejan P, Abdullah R, Ahmad N, Khadiran T
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Mar;30(13):38738-38750.
    PMID: 36585594 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24970-x
    The oil palm kernel shell biochar (OPKS-B) and oil palm kernel shell activated carbon (OPKS-AC) were used as a framework to entrap urea using adsorption method. Batch adsorption studies were performed to gauge the influence of contact time on the adsorption of urea onto both OPKS-B and OPKS-AC. To evaluate the physicochemical traits of the studied materials, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), N2-sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), elemental analysis, differential thermal gravity (TG/DTG) and thermal gravity were applied. Result shows OPKS-AC has a better sorption capacity for urea compared to OPKS-B. The Langmuir isotherm model better justified the sorption isotherms of urea. For the adsorption process for both OPKS-B and OPKS-AC, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was picked as it best fitted the experimental sorption outcome with the superior R2 values of > 65.1% and > 74.5%, respectively. The outcome of the experiments showcased that the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the OPKS-AC towards urea was 239.68 mg/g. OPKS-AC has showed promising attributes to be picked as an organic framework in the production of controlled release urea fertiliser for a greener and environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  19. Fulltext Budesonide-Loaded Pectin/Polyacrylamide Hydrogel for Sustained Delivery: Fabrication, Characterization and In Vitro Release Kinetics
    Pandey M, Choudhury H, D/O Segar Singh SK, Chetty Annan N, Bhattamisra SK, Gorain B, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 May 05;26(9).
    PMID: 34062995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092704
    A single ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the colonic mucosa at the distal colon and rectum. The mainstay therapy involves anti-inflammatory immunosuppression based on the disease location and severity. The disadvantages of using systemic corticosteroids for UC treatment is the amplified risk of malignancies and infections. Therefore, topical treatments are safer as they have fewer systemic side effects due to less systemic exposure. In this context, pH sensitive and enzymatically triggered hydrogel of pectin (PC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) has been developed to facilitate colon-targeted delivery of budesonide (BUD) for the treatment of UC. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling ratio, and drug release. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the grafting as well loading of BUD in hydrogel. XRD showed the amorphous nature of hydrogel and increment in crystallinity after drug loading. On the other hand, SEM showed that the hydrogels exhibited a highly porous morphology, which is suitable for drug loading and also demonstrated a pH-responsive swelling behaviour, with decreased swelling in acidic media. The in-vitro release of BUD from the hydrogel exhibited a sustained release behaviour with non-ficken diffusion mechanism. The model that fitted best for BUD released was the Higuchi kinetic model. It was concluded that enzyme/pH dual-sensitive hydrogels are an effective colon-targeted delivery system for UC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
  20. Fulltext Carbamazepine Gel Formulation as a Sustained Release Epilepsy Medication for Pediatric Use
    Mawazi SM, Al-Mahmood SMA, Chatterjee B, Hadi HA, Doolaanea AA
    Pharmaceutics, 2019 Sep 20;11(10).
    PMID: 31547112 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100488
    This study aimed to develop a carbamazepine (CBZ) sustained release formulation suitable for pediatric use with a lower risk of precipitation. The CBZ was first prepared as sustained release microparticles, and then the microparticles were embedded in alginate beads, and finally, the beads were suspended in a gel vehicle. The microparticles were prepared by a solvent evaporation method utilizing ethyl cellulose as a sustained release polymer and were evaluated for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and release profile. The beads were fabricated by the dropwise addition of sodium alginate in calcium chloride solution and characterized for size, shape, and release properties. The gel was prepared using iota carrageenan as the gelling agent and evaluated for appearance, syneresis, drug content uniformity, rheology, release profile, and stability. The microparticles exhibited a particle size of 135.01 ± 0.61 µm with a monodisperse distribution and an encapsulation efficiency of 83.89 ± 3.98%. The beads were monodispersed with an average size of 1.4 ± 0.05 mm and a sphericity factor of less than 0.05. The gel was prepared using a 1:1 ratio (gel vehicle to beads) and exhibited no syneresis, good homogeneity, and good shear-thinning properties. The release profile from the beads and from the gel was not significantly affected, maintaining similarity to the tablet form. The gel properties were maintained for one month real time stability, but the accelerated stability showed reduced viscosity and pH with time. In conclusion, CBZ in a gel sustained release dosage form combines the advantages of the suspension form in terms of dosing flexibility, and the advantages of the tablet form in regards to the sustained release profile. This dosage form should be further investigated in vivo in animal models before being considered in clinical trials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Delayed-Action Preparations
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