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Fulltext The pharmacology and phytochemistry of Acalypha indica

Wan Ya, W. N., Mohsin, H. F., Abdul Wahab, I.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):55-55.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Acalypha indica is commonly referred to as “pokok kucing galak”. It is an herbaceous species that grow along the earth’s equator line, including the wet, temperate and tropical regions. Domestic cats experience the effect of this plant by reacting very favorably to the root. The first compilation of the ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of the Acalypha plants was published. This genus is the fourth largest genus of the Euphorbiaceae family, with about 500 species. However, the review only represents about one third of the species from the Acalypha genus. Methods: Hence, this study is performed to obtain updates on the biochemistry of this plant, via literature search. Results: From the articles, almost every part of the plant, including the leaves, stems and roots, are used as traditional remedies. Local people consume the plant for therapeutic purposes such as anthelminthic, anti-ulcer, anti-bacteria, anti-microbial and wound healing. In homeopathy practice, it is used for asthma and bronchitis. Nevertheless,
there is still a potential risk of using A. indica. It was reported that this traditional medicine could induce Intravascular haemolysis in patients with a glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Clinical evaluations of Acalypha extract could be utilized to justify the ethnomedicinal claims and for the safety of its therapeutic applications. Meanwhile, there is an increase in the phytochemical and chromatographic experiments of A. indica that could introduce the extract’s role in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, zoology and veterinary fields. It contains secondary metabolites, including dihydroactinidiolide; a terpenoid, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids, for example, brassicasterol. Conclusion: The finding of this review concludes that Acalypha is a natural source, worth to be further investigated. It is hoped that new biologically active constituents could be discovered, since only few Acalypha species were comprehensively studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Phytosterols and their extraction from various plant matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide: a review

Uddin MS, Sarker MZ, Ferdosh S, Akanda MJ, Easmin MS, Bt Shamsudin SH, et al.

J Sci Food Agric, 2015 May;95(7):1385-94.
PMID: 25048690 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6833

Phytosterols provide important health benefits: in particular, the lowering of cholesterol. From environmental and commercial points of view, the most appropriate technique has been searched for extracting phytosterols from plant matrices. As a green technology, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide (CO2) is widely used to extract bioactive compounds from different plant matrices. Several studies have been performed to extract phytosterols using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and this technology has clearly offered potential advantages over conventional extraction methods. However, the efficiency of SFE technology fully relies on the processing parameters, chemistry of interest compounds, nature of the plant matrices and expertise of handling. This review covers SFE technology with particular reference to phytosterol extraction using SC-CO2. Moreover, the chemistry of phytosterols, properties of supercritical fluids (SFs) and the applied experimental designs have been discussed for better understanding of phytosterol solubility in SC-CO2.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/isolation & purification*; Phytosterols/chemistry
Fulltext Impact of Quercetin Encapsulation with Added Phytosterols on Bilayer Membrane and Photothermal-Alteration of Novel Mixed Soy Lecithin-Based Liposome

Toopkanloo SP, Tan TB, Abas F, Alharthi FA, Nehdi IA, Tan CP

Nanomaterials (Basel), 2020 Dec 05;10(12).
PMID: 33291386 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122432

This study used highly lipophilic agents with an aim to increase the oxidant inhibitory activity and enhance photothermal stability of a novel mixed soy lecithin (ML)-based liposome by changing the composition of formulation within the membrane. Specifically, the development and optimization of the liposome intended for improving Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value and %TEAC loss was carried out by incorporating a natural antioxidant, quercetin (QU). In this context, a focus was set on QU encapsulation in ML-based liposomes and the concentration-dependent solubility of QU was investigated and calculated as encapsulation efficiency (EE). To explore the combined effects of the incorporation of plant sterols on the integrity and entrapment capacity of mixed phospholipid vesicles, conjugation of two types of phytosterols (PSs), namely β-sitosterol (βS) and stigmasterol (ST), to mixed membranes at different ratios was also performed. The EE measurement revealed that QU could be efficiently encapsulated in the stable ML-based liposome using 0.15 and 0.1 g/100 mL of βS and ST, respectively. The aforementioned liposome complex exhibited a considerable TEAC (197.23%) and enhanced TEAC loss (30.81%) when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light (280-320 nm) over a 6 h duration. It appeared that the presence and type of PSs affect the membrane-integration characteristics as well as photodamage transformation of the ML-based liposome. The association of QU with either βS or ST in the formulation was justified by their synergistic effects on the enhancement of the EE of liposomes. Parallel to this, it was demonstrated that synergistic PS effects could be in effect in the maintenance of membrane order of the ML-based liposome. The findings presented in this study provided useful information for the development and production of stable QU-loaded ML-based liposomes for food and nutraceutical applications and could serve as a potential mixed lipids-based delivery system in the disease management using antioxidant therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Isolation and structure elucidation of triterpenes from inflorescence of banana (Musa balbisiana cv. Saba)

Tin, H.S., Padam, B.S., Abdullah, M.I., Chye, F.Y.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(2):866-872.
MyJurnal

The study aimed to isolate and elucidate the chemical compounds that are found in banana
(Musa balbisiana cv. Saba) inflorescences. Banana inflorescence buds were extracted using
methanol and the resulted methanolic extract was partitioned using chloroform, ethyl acetate
and butanol against deionized water. The chloroform partition was further separated into
fractions using column chromatography assisted by thin layer chromatography. The structure
elucidation was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR). Three
triterpenes were isolated namely 31-norcyclolaudenone (1), cycloartenol (2) and (24R)-4a,24-
trimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,25(27)-dien-3b-ol (3). This is the first report on the isolation of these
triterpenes from Musa balbisiana inflorescence. The discovery of new triterpenes from banana
inflorescence should be further explored to open a new perspective that banana by-products
might serve as new source of natural products for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
The Significance of Tinospora crispa in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Thomas A, Rajesh EK, Kumar DS

Phytother Res, 2016 Mar;30(3):357-66.
PMID: 26749336 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5559

Tinospora crispa is a medicinal plant belonging to the botanical family Menispermiaceae. The plant is widely distributed in Southeast Asia and the northeastern region of India. A related species Tinospora cordifolia is used in Ayurveda for treating a large spectrum of diseases. Traditional healers of Thailand, Malaysia, Guyana, Bangladesh and the southern Indian province of Kerala use this plant in the treatment of diabetes. Many diterpenes, triterpenes, phytosteroids, alkaloids and their glycosides have been isolated from T. crispa. Cell culture and animal studies suggest that the herb stimulates secretion of insulin from β-cells. It also causes dose-dependent and time-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake in muscles. However, in view of the reported hepatotoxicity, this herb may be used with caution. This article reviews the animal studies and human clinical trials carried out using this herb. Areas of future research are also identified.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/pharmacology; Phytosterols/therapeutic use
Quality assessment of refined red palm-pressed mesocarp olein

Teh SS, Lau HLN

Food Chem, 2021 Mar 15;340:127912.
PMID: 32916404 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127912

Palm-pressed mesocarp oil has been found to contain plenty of naturally occurring valuable phytonutrients. The application and study of the oil are limited, therefore, quality assessment of refined red palm-pressed mesocarp olein (PPMO) is deemed necessary to provide data in widening the applications as a niche products or raw material for the nutraceutical industry. Results showed that refined PPMO has comparable physicochemical properties and oxidative stability with commercial cooking oil, palm olein (PO). The food safety parameters and contaminants (PAH, 3-MCPD ester, 2-MCPD ester, glycidyl ester and trace metals) analyses proven that refined PPMO is safe to be consumed. Besides, refined PPMO contains remarkably greater concentrations of phytonutrients including carotenoids, phytosterols, squalene and vitamin E than PO, postulating its protective health benefits. The overall quality assessment of refined PPMO showed that it is suitable for human consumption and it is a good source for food applications and dietary nutritional supplements.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/analysis
7α-Hydroxy-β-Sitosterol from Chisocheton tomentosus Induces Apoptosis via Dysregulation of Cellular Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio and Cell Cycle Arrest by Downregulating ERK1/2 Activation

Tasyriq M, Najmuldeen IA, In LL, Mohamad K, Awang K, Hasima N

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:765316.
PMID: 22997533

In continuation of our interest towards the elucidation of apoptotic pathways of cytotoxic phytocompounds, we have embarked upon a study on the anticancer effects of 7α-hydroxy-β-sitosterol (CT1), a rare natural phytosterol oxide isolated from Chisocheton tomentosus. CT1 was found to be cytotoxic on three different human tumor cell lines with minimal effects on normal cell controls, where cell viability levels were maintained ≥80% upon treatment. Our results showed that cell death in MCF-7 breast tumor cells was achieved through the induction of apoptosis via downregulation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. CT1 was also found to increase proapoptotic Bax protein levels, while decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels, suggesting the involvement of the intrinsic pathway. Reduced levels of initiator procaspase-9 and executioner procaspase-3 were also observed following CT1 exposure, confirming the involvement of cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. These results demonstrated the cytotoxic and apoptotic ability of 7α-hydroxy-β-sitosterol and suggest its potential anti-cancer use particularly on breast adenocarcinoma cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Antibacterial and anticancer potential of Brassica oleracea var acephala using biosynthesised copper nanoparticles

Sundaram CS, Kumar JS, Kumar SS, Ramesh PLN, Zin T, Rao USM

Med J Malaysia, 2020 11;75(6):677-684.
PMID: 33219177

INTRODUCTION: Brassica oleracea var acephala was studied for preliminary phytochemical screening. The results showed that the ethanolic crude extract of the leaf contain high phytochemical activity hence B.oleracea var acephala is rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and phytosterols.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ethanolic extract was used to synthesise copper nanoparticles. The copper nanoparticles were successfully synthesised from copper sulphate solution which was identified by the colour change from dark green colour of the extract. Thus the B.oleracea var acephala is a good source to synthesis copper nanoparticles. The synthesised copper nanoparticles were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The SEM image displayed the high-density nanoparticles synthesised by leaf extracts and that the nanoparticles were crystals in shape.
RESULTS: The copper nanoparticles (CNP) bind to the leaf extract. B.oleracea var acephala also has shown the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. A comparative study was done between ethanolic its crude extract and nanoparticles. Both extracts exhibited zone of inhibition and better antioxidant potential but the CuNPs shows major zone of inhibition and showed more antioxidant activity. Anticancer activity of B.oleracea var acephala against Cervical HeLa cell line was confirmed using ethanolic crude extract and CNP. The results showed that HeLa cells proliferation was inhibited with increasing concentration of ethanolic crude extract and copper nanoparticles. From the results, it was seen that percentage viability of the cancer cells decreased with increased concentration of the samples whereas cytotoxicity against HeLa cell lines increased with the increased concentration of the samples.
CONCLUSION: Thus B.oleracea var acephala possesses anticancer activity against HeLa cell lines.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Fulltext Randomized control trial study on the effect of wet cupping on lipid profile

Suhaily, M.H., Ismail, A.A., Najib, M.Y.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(2):11-17.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Dyslipidaemia is one of the risk factors contributing to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of wet cupping on lipid profile.

Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2012 at the School of Medical Sciences,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Sixty-two healthy volunteers ranging from 30 to 60 years old were
randomized into control and intervention groups. Subjects in the intervention group were assigned to two
sessions of wet cupping at the beginning of the study and at the third month; individuals in the control group
did not undergo any cupping procedure. Venous blood sample was collected for serum lipid profile: Total
Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C),
and triglycerides; measured at baseline, first, third and fourth month.

Results: Subjects in the cupping
group had significant improvements from baseline to third and fourth month for TC (MD=-0.56, P=0.004),
HDL-C (MD=-0.22, P

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent: Current status and future perspective

Shahzad N, Khan W, Md S, Ali A, Saluja SS, Sharma S, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2017 Apr;88:786-794.
PMID: 28157655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.068

Phytosterols are naturally occurring compounds in plants, structurally similar to cholesterol. The human diet is quite abundant in sitosterol and campesterol. Phytosterols are known to have various bioactive properties including reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption which alleviates blood LDL-cholesterol and cardiovascular problems. It is indicated that phytosterol rich diets may reduce cancer risk by 20%. Phytosterols may also affect host systems, enabling antitumor responses by improving immune response recognition of cancer, affecting the hormone dependent endocrine tumor growth, and by sterol biosynthesis modulation. Moreover, phytosterols have also exhibited properties that directly inhibit tumor growth, including reduced cell cycle progression, apoptosis induction, and tumor metastasis inhibition. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on occurrences, chemistry, pharmacokinetics and potential anticancer properties of phytosterols in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, anticancer effects of phytosterols have strongly been suggested and support their dietary inclusion to prevent and treat cancers.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/pharmacokinetics; Phytosterols/pharmacology*; Phytosterols/chemistry
Analysis of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids, Carotenoids, Phytosterols, and NMR-Based Metabolomics for Catharanthus roseus Cell Suspension Cultures

Saiman MZ, Mustafa NR, Verpoorte R

Methods Mol Biol, 2018;1815:437-455.
PMID: 29981141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_31

The plant Catharanthus roseus is a rich source of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIA). Some of the TIA are important as antihypertensive (ajmalicine) and anticancer (vinblastine and vincristine) drugs. However, production of the latter is very low in the plant. Therefore, in vitro plant cell cultures have been considered as a potential supply of these chemicals or their precursors. Some monomeric alkaloids can be produced by plant cell cultures, but not on a level feasible for commercialization, despite extensive studies on this plant that deepened the understanding of the TIA biosynthesis and its regulation. In order to analyze the metabolites in C. roseus cell cultures, this chapter presents the method of TIA, carotenoids, and phytosterols analyses. Furthermore, an NMR-based metabolomics approach to study C. roseus cell culture is described.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/analysis*
Fulltext Composition and Functionality of Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Examining Evidence in Clinical Applications

Sadu Singh BK, Narayanan SS, Khor BH, Sahathevan S, Abdul Gafor AH, Fiaccadori E, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2020;11:506.
PMID: 32410990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00506

Lipid emulsions (LEs), an integral component in parenteral nutrition (PN) feeding, have shifted from the primary aim of delivering non-protein calories and essential fatty acids to defined therapeutic outcomes such as reducing inflammation, and improving metabolic and clinical outcomes. Use of LEs in PN for surgical and critically ill patients is particularly well established, and there is enough literature assigning therapeutic and adverse effects to specific LEs. This narrative review contrarily puts into perspective the fatty acid compositional (FAC) nature of LE formulations, and discusses clinical applications and outcomes according to the biological function and structural functionality of fatty acids and co-factors such as phytosterols, α-tocopherol, emulsifiers and vitamin K. In addition to soybean oil-based LEs, this review covers clinical studies using the alternate LEs that incorporates physical mixtures combining medium- and long-chain triglycerides or structured triglycerides or the unusual olive oil or fish oil. The Jaded score was applied to assess the quality of these studies, and we report outcomes categorized as per immuno-inflammatory, nutritional, clinical, and cellular level FAC changes. It appears that the FAC nature of LEs is the primary determinant of desired clinical outcomes, and we conclude that one type of LE alone cannot be uniformly applied to patient care.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Fulltext Effect of extraction methods on yield, oxidative value, phytosterols and antioxidant content of cocoa butter

Roiaini, M., Norhayati, H., Seyed, H.M., Jinap, S.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(5):47-54.
MyJurnal

Cocoa beans are rich in numbers of beneficial bioactive compounds such as phenolics and
phytosterols, which benefits to human being. The suitable extraction method is needed to
produce high quality and quantity of cocoa butter and other bioactive compounds. There are
many extraction method to extract these compounds such as Soxhlet extraction, supercritical
fluid extraction, ultrasound extraction method and others. The objective of this study is to
determine the effectiveness of the different extraction methods producing high yields of cocoa
butter, lower oxidative value, stable phytosterols and antioxidant content. The cocoa beans were
subjected to different extraction methods such as Soxhlet extraction (SE), Ultrasonic extraction
method (USE), Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2
) and Supercritical carbon dioxide with cosolvent
(SCO2
-Ethanol). Cocoa butter extracted using SCO2
-Ethanol has significantly (p

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Fulltext Chemical and Physical Characterization of the Hackberry (Celtis australis) Seed Oil: Analysis of Tocopherols, Sterols, ECN and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Nodeh HR, Rashidi L, Gabris MA, Gholami Z, Shahabuddin S, Sridewi N

J Oleo Sci, 2020 Nov 01;69(11):1359-1366.
PMID: 33055442 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20128

For the very first time, the nutritional and physicochemical properties of the oil extracted from hackberry Celtis australis fruit were investigated with the aim of possible applications of such wild fruit oil. The physicochemical properties such as peroxide value, acidity, saponification, iodine value and total fat content of the extracted oil were examined extensively. The obtained results showed that peroxide value, acidity, saponification, iodine value and total fat content of the extracted oil were found to be 4.9 meq O2/kg fat, 0.9 mg KOH/g fat, 193.6 mg KOH/g fat, 141.52 mg I2/g fat and ~5%, respectively. The predominant fatty acid found in this wild fruit is linoleic acid which was calculated to be 73.38%±1.24. In addition, gamma-tocopherol (87%) and β-sitosterol (81.2%±1.08) were the major tocopherol and sterol compositions found in Celtis australis seed oil. Moreover, equivalent carbon number (ECN) analysis has indicated that the three linoleic acids are the main composition of the triacylglycerols extracted from Celtis australis. Also, the high value of omega 6 and β-sitosterol make this oil applicable in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/analysis*
Fulltext Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipid peroxidation induced by carbon tetrachloride in a rat model

Nazrun, A.S., Nur Azlina, M.F., Norazlina, M., Kamisah, Y., Qodriyah, M.S., Azma, A.Y., et al.

Medicine & Health, 2011;6(1):25-32.
MyJurnal

Phytosterols are plant sterols with a chemical structure similar to cholesterol. It has anti-cholesterol, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties which are probably mediated by suppression of lipid peroxidation. However, there are limited studies on the effects of phytosterols on lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of phytosterols on plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) of rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride. The rats were divided into four groups of normal control (NC), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), phytosterol (P) and phytosterol+carbon tetrachloride (P+CCl4).
The P and P+CCl4 groups were pretreated with subcutaneous phytosterol at 140 mg/kg once weekly for 5 weeks while the NC and CCl4 groups only received olive oil (vehicle). A single oral dose of carbon tetrachloride was then given to rats in the CCl4and P+CCl4 groups to induce lipid peroxidation. After 24 hours, all the rats were sacrificed and the plasma and tissue MDA were measured. Our results showed carbon tetrachloride had caused significant elevations of the plasma and hepatic MDA of the CCl4 group compared to the NC group. Phytosterol pretreatment (P+CCl4 group) were able to prevent the MDA elevations. Phytosterols treatments in normal rats (P group) were found to reduce the hepatic MDA level. The conclusion of this study was that phytosterols are effective suppressor of plasma and hepatic lipid peroxidation. They have potential as supplements to further reduce lipid peroxidation in healthy individuals.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Fulltext Proximate composition, lipid and elemental profiling of eight varieties of avocado (Persea americana)

Nasri C, Halabi Y, Hajib A, Choukri H, Harhar H, Lee LH, et al.

Sci Rep, 2023 Dec 20;13(1):22767.
PMID: 38123687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50119-y

Eight Moroccan avocado varieties were analyzed for their nutritional composition and physicochemical properties. The nutritional contents of the sample were determined through the evaluation of the moisture, oil, ash, protein, and carbohydrate contents, and energy value calculation. Additionally, macroelements (Ca, Mg, and Na) and microelements (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) were determined in the mineral profile. Oils were examined also for their fatty acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol profiles. As a result of the study, the avocado presents significant differences between the eight studied varieties (p

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols*
Chemopreventive properties of phytosterols and maslinic acid extracted from Coleus tuberosus in inhibiting the expression of EBV early-antigen in Raji cells

Mooi LY, Wahab NA, Lajis NH, Ali AM

Chem Biodivers, 2010 May;7(5):1267-75.
PMID: 20491082 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900193

Bioassay-guided fractionation of a MeOH extract of tubers of Coleus tuberosus afforded the active anti-tumor-promoting compounds identified as the triterpenoid 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (maslinic acid; CT2) and a phytosterol mixture (CT1). CT1 consists of stigmasterol (32%), beta-sitosterol (40.3%), and campesterol (27.7%) as determined by capillary gas chromatography. CT1 and CT2 showed very strong anti-tumor-promoting activities at IC(50) 0.7 microg/ml and 0.1 microg/ml, respectively, in a convenient, short-term in vitro assay, i.e., the inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and sodium butyrate. We report for the first time the anti-tumor-promoting activity of 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid and show that a mixture of stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and campesterol is more potent than the individual components in inhibiting tumor-promoting activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/isolation & purification; Phytosterols/pharmacology; Phytosterols/chemistry*
Composition and sources of sterols in Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia

Masni Mohd Ali, Norfariza Humrawali, Mohd Talib Latif, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria

Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40.

This study explores the role of sterols as lipid biomarkers to indicate their input which originates from various sources in the marine environment. Sterols and their ratios were investigated in sediments taken from sixteen sampling stations at Pulau Tinggi, Johor in order to assess the sources of organic matter. The compounds extracted from the sediments were quantified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distributions of sterols indicated that organic matter at all sampling stations originated from a mixture of marine source and terrestrial origins at different proportions. A total of eleven sterols were quantified, with the major compounds being phytosterols (44% of total sterols), cholesterol (11%), brassicasterol (11%) and fecal sterols (12%).

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols
Fulltext Cytotoxic components of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae) leaves

Malek SN, Shin SK, Wahab NA, Yaacob H

Molecules, 2009;14(5):1713-24.
PMID: 19471192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14051713

Dihydroactinidiolide (1) and a mixture of sterols [campesterol (2), stigmasterol (3) and beta-sitosterol (4)], together with the previously isolated individual compounds beta-sitosterol (4), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (5), alpha-tocopherol (6), phytol (7) were isolated from the active ethyl acetate fraction of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae) leaves. Cytotoxic activities of the above mentioned compounds against five human carcinoma cell lines, namely the human nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma cell line (KB), human cervical carcinoma cell line (CasKi), human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT 116), human hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cell line (MCF7) and human lung carcinoma cell line (A549); and non-cancer human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) were investigated. Compound 5 possessed very remarkable cytotoxic activity against KB cells, with an IC(50 )value of 0.81microg/mL. This is the first report on the cytotoxic activities of the compounds isolated from Pereskia bleo.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols/pharmacology
Fulltext PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF THE ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED Mangifera spp. LEAVES (ANACARDIACEAE)

MISA HARSRINURI RAIHANI SAIRUN, NORHAYATI YUSUF, NORHAYATI YUSUF, NURUL HUDA ABDUL WAHAB, NURUL HUDA ABDUL WAHAB

UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2020;2(4):1-8.
MyJurnal

A study was conducted on the chemical and biological properties of three different species of Mangifera i.e. Mangifera pajang, M. indica L., and M. kemanga leaves obtained from Pitas, Sabah. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of secondary metabolites as well as the antioxidative activities especially the catalase (CAT) and guiacol peroxidase specific activities (gPOD) in the leaves part of these three species. The extraction of these samples was carried out using three different polarities of solvents: hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The total percentage of the crude extract of is 7.30% for M. pajang, 12.87% for M. indica and 7.98% for M. kemanga. Phytochemical screening was performed with various tests for each of the crude extracts. The results showed that these three species gave positive results for alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, phytosterols, and tannins metabolites. Based on the tests, CAT specific activities were significantly higher in the leaves of M. pajang with 4.35 ± 1.18 units/mg protein compared to M. indica L. and M. kemanga. The guaiacol peroxidase (gPOD) specific activities showed that M. indica L. has the highest activity with the value of 0.0047 ± 0.0004 units/mg protein.

Matched MeSH terms: Phytosterols

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