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Stability indicating HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of sildenafil citrate and dapoxetine hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical products

Liew KB, Peh KK

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2018 Nov;31(6):2515-2522.
PMID: 30473526

A stability-indicating HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of sildenafil citrate and dapoxetine hydrochloride in solution and tablet was developed. The mobile phase was comprised of acetonitrile and 0.2M ammonium acetate buffer. The analyte was eluted at 3.392min and 7.255min for sildenafil citrate and dapoxetine HCl respectively using gradient system at a flow rate of 1.5mL/min. The theoretical plates count was>2000, tailing factor

Matched MeSH terms: Pharmaceutical Solutions
Fulltext Conjunctiva Necrosis Following Subconjunctival Amphotericin B Injection in Fungal Keratitis

Han Shu T, Hussein A, Kursiah MR

Cureus, 2019 Sep 05;11(9):e5580.
PMID: 31695999 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5580

A 30-year-old Bangladeshi gentleman presented with history of sand entering his left eye and was diagnosed as having fungal keratitis by private ophthalmologist. He was treated with three doses of conventional subconjunctival amphotericin B injections (1.5 mg of amphotericin B and 1.2 mg of deoxycholate) over the inferior bulbar conjunctiva and topical antibiotics. Subsequently, he developed conjunctival necrosis over the site of injections and there was no clinical improvement of the keratitis. He was then treated with intensive antifungal and antibiotics eye drops. Debridement of epithelial plug was done and he was given intracameral amphotericin B injection. There was gradual improvement observed then with conjunctival epithelialization. The conjunctival tissue was completely healed after three months along with the corneal ulcer. Subconjunctival injection of Amphotericin B (AMB) may be considered as an adjunct therapy in severe fungal keratitis to address the issue of compliance. Close monitoring is needed due to its known complication of scleritis, scleral thinning and conjunctival necrosis. Liposomal AMB which is known to cause less toxicity given via subconjunctival injection in human subjects needs to be further studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Ophthalmic Solutions
Fulltext A Colorimetric pH Sensor Based on Clitoria sp and Brassica sp for Monitoring of Food Spoilage Using Chromametry

Ahmad NA, Yook Heng L, Salam F, Mat Zaid MH, Abu Hanifah S

Sensors (Basel), 2019 Nov 05;19(21).
PMID: 31694284 DOI: 10.3390/s19214813

A developed colorimetric pH sensor film based on edible materials for real-time monitoring of food freshness is described. The mixed natural dyes from edible plants Clitoria sp and Brassica sp were extracted and incorporated into ι-carrageenan film as a colorimetric pH sensor film for monitoring food spoilage and its freshness. The color changes of the developed colorimetric sensor film were measured with chromametry and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. Experimental results show that colorimetric pH sensor film demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between CIE-L*a*b* coordinates color system indicated that the developed colorimetric sensor film was able to give a gradual change in color over a wide pH range. The color of the colorimetric sensor film also changes discretely and linearly with factors that contribute to food spoilage using shrimp and durian samples. Moreover, the developed colorimetric pH sensor film has the potential to be used as a safe, non-destructive testing and also a flexibly visual method for direct assessment of food freshness indicator during storage.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Effective removal of lead (II) ions by dead calcareous skeletons: sorption performance and influencing factors

Lim AP, Zulkeflee Z, Aris AZ

Water Sci Technol, 2016 Oct;74(7):1577-1584.
PMID: 27763337

Dead calcareous skeletons (CSs) as low-cost adsorbents were studied to remove lead ions (Pb (II)) in an aqueous solution. Factors influencing the efficiency of CSs were evaluated by adsorbent size, contact time, initial concentration, dosage concentration and pH. The optimum CS size for removal of Pb (II) was 710 μm at an equilibrium time of 720 min. The best dosage of CS was 10 g/L for a 99% removal efficiency without pH adjustment. Pb (II) ions were effectively removed in the initial pH of the metal solution. CS was able to remove a high concentration (100 mg/L) of Pb (II) at a removal efficiency of 99.92% and at an adsorption capacity of 13.06 mg/g. Our results demonstrated the potential of CS as a metal adsorbent in the aqueous phase with a high-removal efficiency and distinct physical characteristics.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext Inhibition effects of a synthesized novel 4-aminoantipyrine derivative on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution together with quantum chemical studies

Junaedi S, Al-Amiery AA, Kadihum A, Kadhum AA, Mohamad AB

Int J Mol Sci, 2013 Jun 04;14(6):11915-28.
PMID: 23736696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611915

1,5-Dimethyl-4-((2-methylbenzylidene)amino)-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one (DMPO) was synthesized to be evaluated as a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitory effects of DMPO on mild steel in 1.0 M HCl were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM). The results showed that DMPO inhibited mild steel corrosion in acid solution and indicated that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration. Changes in the impedance parameters suggested an adsorption of DMPO onto the mild steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films. The novel synthesized corrosion inhibitor was characterized using UV-Vis, FT-IR and NMR spectral analyses. Electronic properties such as highest occupied molecular orbital energy, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO and ELUMO, respectively) and dipole moment (μ) were calculated and discussed. The results showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in the EHOMO values but with a decrease in the ELUMO value.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Pharmacological studies on aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens from southwest Algeria

Seddiki LS, Belboukhari N, Ould El Hadj-Khelil A, Sulaiman MR, Sekkoum K, Cheriti A

J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Jul 15;275:114137.
PMID: 33915133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114137

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Launaea arborescens, its vernacular name is Mol-albina belonging to asteracaea family origin of the southwest of Algeria. This plant is used in folk medicines to treat gastroenteritis, diabetes, child aliment and other diseases; it is taken macerated or boiled.
AIM: This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammation an analgesic activity of the aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens (AqELA) and its pathway of action.
METHODS: the investigation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects were done using formalin test, acetic acid test. For mechanism investigation, it was used hot plate test to induce opioid receptors, a histamine and serotonin test to induce edema paw, finally, for the TRPV1 receptor, it was used the capsaicin test.
RESULTS: The aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens showed a significant inhibition of abdominal writhing test 95% and 100% inhibition of licking paw using acid acetic test and formalin test respectively (EC: 47 mg/kg and 104 mg/kg). The analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens showed inhibition of sensation of pain after 120 min compared to morphine effect. The aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens reduced paw volume after 180 min and 120 min for histamine and serotonin respectively with dose-dependent. Concerning of TRPV1 receptors, the inhibition was showed at doses 100 mg and 300 mg.
CONCLUSION: Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Launaea arborescens for inflammation ailment.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions/chemistry
Selective removal and recovery of Black B reactive dye from simulated textile wastewater using the supported liquid membrane process

Harruddin N, Othman N, Ee Sin AL, Raja Sulaiman RN

Environ Technol, 2015 Jan-Feb;36(1-4):271-80.
PMID: 25514128 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.943301

Effluent containing colour/dyes, especially reactive dyes, becomes a great concern of wastewater treatment because it is toxic to human life and aquatic life. In this study, reactive dye of Black B was separated using the supported liquid membrane process. Commercial polypropylene membrane was used as a support of the kerosene-tridodecylamine liquid membrane. Several parameters were tested and the result showed that almost 100% of 70 ppm Black B was removed and 99% of 70 ppm Black B was recovered at pH 2 of the feed phase containing 0.00001 M Na2SiO3, flow rate of 150 ml/min and 0.2 M NaOH. The membrane support also remained stable for up to 36 hours under an optimum condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext The effect of different parameters on the development of compressive strength of oil palm shell geopolymer concrete

Kupaei RH, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:898536.
PMID: 25531006 DOI: 10.1155/2014/898536

This paper presents the experimental results of an on-going research project on geopolymer lightweight concrete using two locally available waste materials--low calcium fly ash (FA) and oil palm shell (OPS)--as the binder and lightweight coarse aggregate, respectively. OPS was pretreated with three different alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide, and sodium silicate as well as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for 30 days; afterwards, oil palm shell geopolymer lightweight concrete (OPSGPC) was cast by using both pretreated and untreated OPSs. The effect of these solutions on the water absorption of OPS, and the development of compressive strength in different curing conditions of OPSGPC produced by pretreated OPS were investigated; subsequently the influence of NaOH concentration, alkaline solution to FA ratio (A/FA), and different curing regimes on the compressive strength and density of OPSGPC produced by untreated OPS was inspected. The 24-hour water absorption value for OPS pretreated with 20% and 50% PVA solution was about 4% compared to 23% for untreated OPS. OPSGPC produced from OPS treated with 50% PVA solution produced the highest compressive strength of about 30 MPa in ambient cured condition. The pretreatment with alkaline solution did not have a significant positive effect on the water absorption of OPS aggregate and the compressive strength of OPSGPC. The result revealed that a maximum compressive strength of 32 MPa could be obtained at a temperature of 65°C and curing period of 4 days. This investigation also found that an A/FA ratio of 0.45 has the optimum amount of alkaline liquid and it resulted in the highest level of compressive strength.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext Application of polypyrrole multi-walled carbon nanotube composite layer for detection of mercury, lead and iron ions using surface plasmon resonance technique

Sadrolhosseini AR, Noor AS, Bahrami A, Lim HN, Talib ZA, Mahdi MA

PLoS One, 2014;9(4):e93962.
PMID: 24733263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093962

Polypyrrole multi-walled carbon nanotube composite layers were used to modify the gold layer to measure heavy metal ions using the surface plasmon resonance technique. The new sensor was fabricated to detect trace amounts of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and iron (Fe) ions. In the present research, the sensitivity of a polypyrrole multi-walled carbon nanotube composite layer and a polypyrrole layer were compared. The application of polypyrrole multi-walled carbon nanotubes enhanced the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensor for detecting ions in an aqueous solution due to the binding of mercury, lead, and iron ions to the sensing layer. The Hg ion bonded to the sensing layer more strongly than did the Pb and Fe ions. The limitation of the sensor was calculated to be about 0.1 ppm, which produced an angle shift in the region of 0.3° to 0.6°.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Preparation of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse by microwave assisted activation for the remediation of semi-aerobic landfill leachate

Foo KY, Lee LK, Hameed BH

Bioresour Technol, 2013 Apr;134:166-72.
PMID: 23500574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.139

This study evaluates the sugarcane bagasse derived activated carbon (SBAC) prepared by microwave heating for the adsorptive removal of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate from the semi-aerobic landfill leachate. The physical and chemical properties of SBAC were examined by pore structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time and solution pH on the adsorption performance were investigated in a batch mode study at 30°C. Equilibrium data were favorably described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate of 138.46 and 12.81 mg/g, respectively, while the adsorption kinetic was best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results illustrated the potential of sugarcane bagasse derived activated carbon for the adsorptive treatment of semi-aerobic landfill leachate.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Electro polymerized 4-vinyl pyridine on 2B pencil graphite as ionophore for cadmium (II)

Wee Ling JL, Khan A, Saad B, Ab Ghani S

Talanta, 2012 Jan 15;88:477-83.
PMID: 22265529 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.018

A new poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) based cadmium (Cd)-ion selective electrode (ISE) was developed. The 4-vinyl pyridine (4VP) was first polymerized electrochemically on the surface of graphite, later characterized by FTIR, SEM/EDX and then optimized as ISE for Cd. At optimal pH 6.4, slope of 27.7±0.8mVdecade(-1), linear concentration range of 1×10(-7) to 1.0×10(-1)M Cd(2+) and limit of detection (S/N=3) of 2.51×10(-8)M were obtained. The ISE was very selective towards Cd(2+), with K(pot)<1×10(-2) in the presence of the usual cations and anions in water samples. Response time and shelf life of less than 1min and 90 days, respectively, were observed. Its application was tested in various types of samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Metal ion removal from aqueous solution using physic seed hull

Mohammad M, Maitra S, Ahmad N, Bustam A, Sen TK, Dutta BK

J Hazard Mater, 2010 Jul 15;179(1-3):363-72.
PMID: 20362390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.014

The potential of physic seed hull (PSH), Jantropha curcas L. as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) metal ions from aqueous solution has been investigated. It has been found that the amount of adsorption for both Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) increased with the increase in initial metal ions concentration, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and the solution pH (in acidic range), but decreased with the increase in the particle size of the adsorbent. The adsorption process for both metal ions on PSH consists of three stages-a rapid initial adsorption followed by a period of slower uptake of metal ions and virtually no uptake at the final stage. The kinetics of metal ions adsorption on PSH followed a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted in the three adsorption isotherms-Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The data best fit in the Langmuir isotherm indication monolayer chemisorption of the metal ions. The adsorption capacity of PSH for both Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) was found to be comparable with other available adsorbents. About 36-47% of the adsorbed metal could be leached out of the loaded PSH using 0.1M HCl as the eluting medium.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Adsorption of copper (II), chromium (III), nickel (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by meranti sawdust

Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Oct 30;170(2-3):969-77.
PMID: 19520510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.066

The present study proposed the use of meranti sawdust in the removal of Cu(II), Cr(III), Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions from synthetic aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption studies showed that meranti sawdust was able to adsorb Cu(II), Cr(III), Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the concentration range 1-200mg/L. The adsorption was favoured with maximum adsorption at pH 6, whereas the adsorption starts at pH 1 for all metal ions. The effects of contact time, initial concentration of metal ions, adsorbent dosage and temperature have been reported. The applicability of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm was tried for the system to completely understand the adsorption isotherm processes. The adsorption kinetics tested with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models yielded high R(2) values from 0.850 to 0.932 and from 0.991 to 0.999, respectively. The meranti sawdust was found to be cost effective and has good efficiency to remove these toxic metal ions from aqueous solution.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Molecular insights into 14-membered macrolides using the MM-PBSA method

Yam WK, Wahab HA

J Chem Inf Model, 2009 Jun;49(6):1558-67.
PMID: 19469526 DOI: 10.1021/ci8003495

Erythromycin A and roxithromycin are clinically important macrolide antibiotics that selectively act on the bacterial 50S large ribosomal subunit to inhibit bacteria's protein elongation process by blocking the exit tunnel for the nascent peptide away from ribosome. The detailed molecular mechanism of macrolide binding is yet to be elucidated as it is currently known to the most general idea only. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to study their interaction at the molecular level, and the binding free energies for both systems were calculated using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method. The calculated binding free energies for both systems were slightly overestimated compared to the experimental values, but individual energy terms enabled better understanding in the binding for both systems. Decomposition of results into residue basis was able to show the contribution of each residue at the binding pocket toward the binding affinity of macrolides and hence identified several key interacting residues that were in agreement with previous experimental and computational data. Results also indicated the contributions from van der Waals are more important and significant than electrostatic contribution in the binding of macrolides to the binding pocket. The findings from this study are expected to contribute to the understanding of a detailed mechanism of action in a quantitative matter and thus assisting in the development of a safer macrolide antibiotic.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Biosorption of cadmium (II) ions by immobilized cells of Pycnoporus sanguineus from aqueous solution

Mashitah MD, Yus Azila Y, Bhatia S

Bioresour Technol, 2008 Jul;99(11):4742-8.
PMID: 17981460

Biosorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution onto immobilized cells of Pycnoporus sanguineus (P. sanguineus) was investigated in a batch system. Equilibrium and kinetic studies were conducted by considering the effect of pH, initial cadmium (II) concentration, biomass loading and temperature. Results showed that the uptake of cadmium (II) ions increased with the increase of initial cadmium (II) concentration, pH and temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models were used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures. Langmuir isotherm model described the experimental data well followed by Redlich-Peterson and Freundlich isotherm models. Biosorption kinetics data were fitted using pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion. It was found that the kinetics data fitted well the pseudo-second-order followed by intraparticle diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (Delta G0), standard enthalpy (Delta H0) and standard entropy (Delta S0) were evaluated. The result showed that biosorption of cadmium (II) ions onto immobilized cells of P. sanguineus was spontaneous and endothermic nature.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Batch removal of malachite green from aqueous solutions by adsorption on oil palm trunk fibre: equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies

Hameed BH, El-Khaiary MI

J Hazard Mater, 2008 Jun 15;154(1-3):237-44.
PMID: 18022316

Oil palm trunk fibre (OPTF)--an agricultural solid waste--was used as low-cost adsorbent to remove malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions. The operating variables studied were contact time, initial dye concentration, and solution pH. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by three isotherms, namely the Freundlich isotherm, the Langmuir isotherm, and the multilayer adsorption isotherm. The best fit to the data was obtained with the multilayer adsorption. The monolayer adsorption capacity of OPTF was found to be 149.35 mg/g at 30 degrees C. Adsorption kinetic data were modeled using the Lagergren pseudo-first-order, Ho's pseudo-second-order and Elovich models. It was found that the Lagergren's model could be used for the prediction of the system's kinetics. The overall rate of dye uptake was found to be controlled by external mass transfer at the beginning of adsorption, then for initial MG concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, and 300 mg/L the rate-control changed to intraparticle diffusion at a later stage, but for initial MG concentrations 200 and 250 mg/L no evidence was found of intraparticle diffusion at any period of adsorption. It was found that with increasing the initial concentration of MG, the pore-diffusion coefficient increased while the film-diffusion coefficient decreased.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext Solution structures, dynamics, and ice growth inhibitory activity of peptide fragments derived from an antarctic yeast protein

Shah SH, Kar RK, Asmawi AA, Rahman MB, Murad AM, Mahadi NM, et al.

PLoS One, 2012;7(11):e49788.
PMID: 23209600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049788

Exotic functions of antifreeze proteins (AFP) and antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGP) have recently been attracted with much interest to develop them as commercial products. AFPs and AFGPs inhibit ice crystal growth by lowering the water freezing point without changing the water melting point. Our group isolated the Antarctic yeast Glaciozyma antarctica that expresses antifreeze protein to assist it in its survival mechanism at sub-zero temperatures. The protein is unique and novel, indicated by its low sequence homology compared to those of other AFPs. We explore the structure-function relationship of G. antarctica AFP using various approaches ranging from protein structure prediction, peptide design and antifreeze activity assays, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies and molecular dynamics simulation. The predicted secondary structure of G. antarctica AFP shows several α-helices, assumed to be responsible for its antifreeze activity. We designed several peptide fragments derived from the amino acid sequences of α-helical regions of the parent AFP and they also showed substantial antifreeze activities, below that of the original AFP. The relationship between peptide structure and activity was explored by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. NMR results show that the antifreeze activity of the peptides correlates with their helicity and geometrical straightforwardness. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation also suggests that the activity of the designed peptides can be explained in terms of the structural rigidity/flexibility, i.e., the most active peptide demonstrates higher structural stability, lower flexibility than that of the other peptides with lower activities, and of lower rigidity. This report represents the first detailed report of downsizing a yeast AFP into its peptide fragments with measurable antifreeze activities.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Hepatitis B virus peptide inhibitors: solution structures and interactions with the viral capsid

Muhamad A, Ho KL, Rahman MB, Tejo BA, Uhrín D, Tan WS

Org Biomol Chem, 2015 Jul 28;13(28):7780-9.
PMID: 26100394 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00449g

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a health problem globally despite the availability of effective vaccines. In the assembly of the infectious virion, both the preS and S regions of the HBV large surface antigen (L-HBsAg) interact synergistically with the viral core antigen (HBcAg). Peptides preS and S based on the L-HBsAg were demonstrated as potential inhibitors to block the viral assembly. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the solution structures of these peptides and study their interactions with HBcAg. The solution structures of these peptides were solved using (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR spectroscopy. Peptide preS has several structured regions of β-turns at Ser7-Pro8-Pro9, Arg11-Thr12-Thr13 and Ser22-Thr23-Thr24 sequences whereas peptide S has only one structured region observed at Ser3-Asn4-His5. Both peptides contain bend-like structures surrounding the turn structures. Docking studies revealed that both peptides interacted with the immunodominant region of HBcAg located at the tip of the viral capsid spikes. Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR experiments identified several aromatic residues in peptides preS and S that interact with HBcAg. This study provides insights into the contact regions of L-HBsAg and HBcAg at atomic resolution which can be used to design antiviral agents that inhibit HBV morphogenesis.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Controlled release of a plant growth regulator, alpha-naphthaleneacetate from the lamella of Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide nanocomposite

bin Hussein MZ, Zainal Z, Yahaya AH, Foo DW

J Control Release, 2002 Aug 21;82(2-3):417-27.
PMID: 12175754

Formation of the so-called organic-inorganic nanohybrid material was exploited for the preparation of a controlled release formulation. The inorganic Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used as a matrix, hosting an active agent or a guest, alpha-naphthaleneacetate (NAA), a plant growth regulator by self-assembly technique. The reverse process, i.e., the deintercalation or release of the guest, NAA was found to be rapid initially, followed by a more sustained release thereafter and this behavior was dependent on the pH of the release medium, the aqueous solution. The mechanism of release has been interpreted on the basis of the ion-exchange process between the NAA anion intercalated in the lamella host and nitrate or hydroxyl anions in the aqueous solution.

Matched MeSH terms: Solutions
Fulltext Crystal deposits in cornea from the use of vitamin C eye drops

Choong YY, Arumugam G

Med J Malaysia, 1999 Dec;54(4):526-7.
PMID: 11072476

There are a number of differential diagnoses for crystal deposits in the cornea. With the presence of a corneal epithelial defect, the differential diagnosis can be narrowed down to either infective causes or deposits from topical medications. This report describes a case of crystal deposits in the cornea from the use of Vitamin C eye drops.

Matched MeSH terms: Ophthalmic Solutions

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