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  1. Fulltext Concurrent validity of the Arabic version of General Medication Adherence Scale using two validated indirect adherences measures in Saudi patients with non-communicable diseases
    Islam MA, Nisa ZU, Almuzel AI, Al Afif HS, Al Rabia LH, Iqbal MS, et al.
    Saudi Pharm J, 2021 Aug;29(8):874-878.
    PMID: 34408547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.07.002
    Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent validity of the Arabic version of the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) using two validated scales namely Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS) and Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) in Saudi patients with non-communicable diseases.

    Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for 2 months in out-patient departments at a tertiary care hospital in Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The study collected data from patients with chronic illnesses through convenience sampling. Pearson correlation (ρ) was conducted to report concurrent validity of GMAS. A correlation coefficient value ≥ 0.5 with p-value  SAR 10,000, i.e., USD 2666.2 (56.4%). The mean adherence scores obtained from MARS, ARMS and GMAS were 7.09, 19.9, and 27.4. The correlation (ρ) between GMAS and MARS scores was 0.65, and between GMAS and ARMS scores was -0.79, p 

  2. Fulltext Association between fruit and vegetable intake and body mass index of postgraduate students at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    Rui Fen Teoh, Norhasniza Yaacob, Sitti Junaina Musa, Muhammad Asyaari Zakaria, Hui Yuan Lau, Wun Chin Leong, et al.
    Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine, 2021;5(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Background: The Malaysian Dietary Guidelines recommended that at least two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables be consumed daily. However, is there a relationship between daily fruit and vegetable intake and body mass index (BMI)? The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and BMI among postgraduate students in the health sciences. Methodogy: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 44 postgraduate students from the 2019/2020 batch of health sciences took partn in this study. Respondents were asked to complete three parts of the questionnaire: socio-demographic data, anthropometric measurements, and self-administered questions. Results: The majority of respondents are female (n=44, 77.3%), and they are mainly Malay (n=22, 50.0%). The average BMI of all respondents is 23.76±4.83. This study found that majority of respondents did not meet the recommended daily fruit (n=31, 70.5%) and vegetable intake (n=23, 52.3%). Discussion: The study discovered a significant relationship (p0.05) between gender, age, BMI, waist circumference, and daily fruit intake. Moreover, neither daily fruit nor vegetable intake predicted changes in BMI. Conclusion: This study found that the consumption of fruits and vegetables among postgraduate students was unsatisfactory and lower than recommended guidelines.
  3. Fulltext Evaluation on the Mechanical Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash Stabilized Soil via Geopolymer Process
    Abdila SR, Abdullah MMAB, Ahmad R, Rahim SZA, Rychta M, Wnuk I, et al.
    Materials (Basel), 2021 May 26;14(11).
    PMID: 34073169 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112833
    This study intended to address the problem of damaged (collapsed, cracked and decreased soil strength) road pavement structure built on clay soil due to clay soil properties such as low shear strength, high soil compressibility, low soil permeability, low soil strength, and high soil plasticity. Previous research reported that ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and fly ash can be used for clay soil stabilizations, but the results of past research indicate that the road pavement construction standards remained unfulfilled, especially in terms of clay's subgrade soil. Due to this reason, this study is carried out to further investigate soil stabilization using GGBS and fly ash-based geopolymer processes. This study investigates the effects of GGBS and ratios of fly ash (solid) to alkaline activator (liquid) of 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1, cured for 1 and 7 days. The molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the ratio of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was fixed at 10 molar and 2.0 weight ratio. The mechanical properties of the soil stabilization based geopolymer process were tested using an unconfined compression test, while the characterization of soil stabilization was investigated using the plastic limit test, liquid limit test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the highest strength obtained was 3.15 MPA with a GGBS to alkaline activator ratio of 1.5 and Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio of 2.0 at 7 days curing time. These findings are useful in enhancing knowledge in the field of soil stabilization-based geopolymer, especially for applications in pavement construction. In addition, it can be used as a reference for academicians, civil engineers, and geotechnical engineers.
  4. Fulltext Monitoring Aedes population using ovitrap index and larval abundance in an urban university residence
    Emma Aishah, A., Muhammad Firdaus, M.F., Nur Syafiqah, T., Rozana, M.S., Sugasini, S.L., Syamsa Rizal, A., et al.
    Medicine & Health, 2020;15(2):224-235.
    MyJurnal
    Ovitrap autosidal berperanan penting dalam pemantauan dan kawalan vektor denggi, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Beberapa jenis ovitrap ini telah digunakan di Malaysia termasuklah Mosquito Larvae Trapping Device (MLTD) yang diperkenalkan oleh Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kepadatan larva Aedes dan pembolehubah meteorologi setempat di sebuah penempatan pelajar di Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. MLTD (n=30) dengan umpan larutan baja NPK (5:5:5) organik telah digunakan. Pengumpulan larva dan penyelenggaraan ovitrap telah dilakukan setiap minggu selama lapan minggu. Pemeliharaan larva dan penentuan spesies telah dijalankan di makmal. Daripada sejumlah 2,152 larva Aedes, 85% merupakan Ae. albopictus manakala selebihnya Ae. aegypti. Ae. albopictus lebih banyak dikumpulkan di luar berbanding di dalam bangunan (purata larva per ovitrap, 9.28 lawan 6.08). Sebaliknya, Ae. aegypti lebih banyak dikumpulkan di dalam berbanding di luar bangunan (1.72 lawan 0.86). Ovitrap indeks yang paling tinggi adalah semasa minggu kelima (90%) dan keenam (93%). Minggu pertama menunjukkan ovitrap indeks yang paling rendah (30%). Analisis mendapati korelasi positif antara kepadatan larva Aedes dan suhu maksimum (r=0.830, p=0.011), manakala kelembapan relatif minimum menunjukkan korelasi negatif (r=-0.778, p=0.023). Pemantauan rutin bagi peringkat pramatang vektor denggi boleh memberikan maklumat mengenai kepadatan dan naik turun populasi nyamuk setempat. Apabila digandingkan dengan faktor meteorologi sejajar, maklumat ini dapat memberi panduan bagi perlaksanaan kawalan vektor sebagai sebahagian strategi pencegahan denggi.
  5. Fulltext Associations between knowledge on optimal control of serum phosphate, perceived social support, dietary phosphorus intake and phosphate compliance among hemodialysis patients
    Muhammad Darwish Asyraf Mohd Isa, Fiona Jie Wei Lai, Shen Yi Chong, Nur Amrina Rasyada Ismail, Kar Fei Chan, Yoke Mun Chan
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(106):140-147.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Hyperphosphatemia is common among hemodialysis patients, often accompanies with unfavourable clinical outcomes. Several factors affect phosphate compliance among hemodialysis patients, with lack of such infor- mation at the local context. Thus, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the associations of sociodemographic factors, knowledge on optimal control of serum phosphate, perceived social support from family, dietary phospho- rus intake and phosphate compliance among hemodialysis patients. Methods: Structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socioeconomic factors, knowledge, family social support and dietary phosphorus intakes of hemodialysis patients, with serum phosphate level was used as the surrogate marker for phosphate compliance. Results: A total of 76 patients (Mean age of 52 years old) were recruited. Hyperphosphatemia was prevalent with ap- proximately 60% of the patients failed to achieve the target. Approximately 90% of the patients perceived low level of family social support. Young patients had significant higher serum phosphate compared to their older counterparts (r = -0.297, p =0.009). Serum phosphate was positively correlated with dietary intake of phosphorus, dialysis vintage (r = 0.301, p = 0.006) and comorbidity score (r = 0.325, p = 0.008) while negatively correlated with dialysis dose (r = -0.582, p = 0.002) and family social support (r = -0.263, p = 0.024). Conclusion: The promising role of dietary phosphorus intake in managing hyperphosphatemia deserves further attention. Innovative approaches are needed to promote self-adherence on serum phosphate especially the younger patients. It is imperative to promote family social support in the management of hyperphosphatemia among hemodialysis patients.
  6. Fulltext A Taphonomic Study of Crocodylus porosus (Crocodylidae) and Tomistoma schlegelii (Gavialidae) Remains from Western Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: Applications for Public Education
    Ruhana Hassan, Nur Fatimah Mohd Azizi, Muhammad Amirul Arib Md Adzhar, Mohd Izwan Zulaini Abdul Gani, Rambli Ahmad, Charles Leh Moi Ung
    Trends in Undergraduate Research, 2018;1(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    This study documented details of the dentitions, skulls and other skeletal remains of Crocodylus porosus and Tomistoma schlegelii, from western part of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. The remains of both reptiles were exhumed, followed by standard cleaning procedures and then detail morphological assessments were carried out accordingly. Both species show similar structure of vertebral columns, but T. schlegelii has the following unique structures: a long and narrower snout, D-shaped eye sockets, long and sharp pointed protruding quadratojugal bones, straight maxillae and dentary, a smooth surfaced skull, elongated triangular suborbital fenestrae, round shaped internal nares and visible supraoccipital from a dorsal view. C. porosus has heterodont dentition with blunt-pointed and irregular size of teeth whereas T. schlegelii has almost homodont dentition with sharp and similar size teeth. This is the first collection of teeth, skulls and other skeletal remains of both species obtained from Sarawak, and the materials have been used regularly to educate the public through science exhibitions, hoping they will spark the interests of young budding scientists to be involved in wildlife taphonomic studies in the future.
  7. Fulltext A comparative accuracy of regularized and tension spline methods to estimate and model the surface water ph of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah
    Sharir,Aizat,Kamaruddin,, Nor,Atikah,Husna,Ahmad,Nasir,, Nur,Syafiqah,Rahim,, Norlin,Shuhaime,, Mohd,Akmal,Hashim,, Ahmad,Suhail,Khazali,, et al.
    Science Letters, 2021;15(2):117-132.
    MyJurnal
    ABSTRACT
    This research is conducted to assess the accuracy of spline interpolation methods to predict and
    model the surface water pH of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. In-situ sampling
    activities using pH-meter and Geographic Positioning Systems (GPS) were carried out during
    high tides and at noon in November 2018. The development of spatial models was constructed
    using Regularized and Tension spline methods. Then, validation of models was carried out to
    compare the observed and predicted values of pH using correlation analysis, regression analysis,
    and error analysis. The accuracy of the developed map was calculated using the overall accuracy
    equation. This research found that the regularized spline method had more accuracy in estimating
    surface water pH variability than the tension spline method. Pearson correlation coefficient (r),
    Coefficient of determination (R2
    ), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error
    (RMSE) were reported at 0.896, 0.803, 0.0265 and 0.0344 for the regularized spline method,
    respectively. The developed spatial model was then transformed into a map by adding map
    elements such as legend, title, north arrow, and scales for effective visualization. The developed
    map has an accuracy of 87.50%. The surface water pH was found at the range of 7-8. Low
    reading of pH is expected due to the addition of rainwater to the coastal water of Pulau Tuba,
    Langkawi, Kedah. The research outcomes would benefit government and non-government
    agencies to monitor the coastal and ocean acidification and the development of strategic policies
    and rules to reduce the impact of anthropogenic activities and climate changes for this area.
  8. Fulltext The Effect of Pharmacist’s Interventions on Anaemia Management among Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in Terengganu Tertiary Hospital
    Fong, Chui Wei, Wan Najiah Wan Mokhtar, Norlaila Kartina Malini Mamat, Muhammad Zaidi Sattar, Zaiha Harun, Tengku Nur Izzati Tengku Abd Kadir
    Malaysian Journal of Pharmacy, 2021;7(1):43-48.
    MyJurnal
    Pharmacist’s interventions in anaemia management have been shown to improve clinical and economic outcomes. To determine the outcome of hemoglobin (Hb) level after the implementation of ESA monitoring card and counselling, a prospective, single-blinded randomised controlled study involved patients attending the CAPD clinic in Terengganu tertiary hospital, Malaysia was carried out. Intervention group received ESA injection counselling based on a validated checklist and ESA monitoring card, while the standard care group only received standard care. Result showed a total of 118 eligible patients with 68 of them in the standard care group and 50 patients in the intervention group with an average age of 50.8 (±14.57) and 49.4 (±13.69) years, respectively. Mean Hb showed significant improvement in both standard care and interventional groups with p
  9. Fulltext Anti-Metastatic and Anti-Angiogenic Effects of Curcumin Analog DK1 on Human Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro
    Aziz MNM, Rahim NFC, Hussin Y, Yeap SK, Masarudin MJ, Mohamad NE, et al.
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2021 Jun 03;14(6).
    PMID: 34204873 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060532
    Osteosarcoma (OS) is a life-threatening malignant bone tumor associated with poor prognosis among children. The survival rate of the patient is still arguably low even with intensive treatment provided, plus with the inherent side effects from the chemotherapy, which gives more unfavorable outcomes. Hence, the search for potent anti-osteosarcoma agent with promising safety profile is still on going. Natural occurring substance like curcumin has gained a lot of attention due to its splendid safety profile as well as it pharmacological advantages such as anti-metastasis and anti-angiogenesis. However, natural curcumin was widely known for its poor cellular uptake, which undermines all potential that it possesses. This prompted the development of synthetically synthesized curcuminoid analog, known as (Z)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2- en-1-one (DK1). In this present study, in vitro scratch assay, transwell migration/invasion assay, HUVEC tube formation assay, and ex vivo rat aortic ring assays were performed in order to investigate the anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic potential of DK1. For further comprehension of DK1 mechanism on human osteosarcoma cell lines, microarray gene expression analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and proteome profiler were adopted, providing valuable forecast from the expression of important genes and proteins related to metastasis and angiogenesis. Based on the data gathered from the bioassays, DK1 was able to inhibit the metastasis and angiogenesis of human osteosarcoma cell lines by significantly reducing the cell motility, number of migrated and invaded cells as well as the tube formation and micro-vessels sprouting. Additionally, DK1 also has significantly regulated several cancer pathways involved in OS proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis such as PI3K/Akt and NF-κB in both U-2 OS and MG-63. Regulation of PI3K/Akt caused up-regulation of genes related to metastasis inhibition, namely, PTEN, FOXO, PLK3, and GADD45A. Meanwhile, NF-κB pathway was regulated by mitigating the expression of NF-κB activator such as IKBKB and IKBKE in MG-63, whilst up-regulating the expression of NF-κB inhibitors such as NFKBIA and NFKBIE in U-2 OS. Finally, DK1 also has successfully hindered the metastatic and angiogenic capability of OS cell lines by down-regulating the expression of pro-metastatic genes and proteins like MMP3, COL11A1, FGF1, Endoglin, uPA, and IGFBP2 in U-2 OS. Whilst for MG-63, the significantly down-regulated oncogenes were Serpin E1, AKT2, VEGF, uPA, PD-ECGF, and Endoglin. These results suggest that curcumin analog DK1 may serve as a potential new anti-osteosarcoma agent due to its anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic attributes.
  10. Fulltext Effect of Pharmacist-Led Intervention on Progression of Diabetic Complications at Two Tertiary Care Hospitals of Malaysia
    Iqbal MZ, Khan AH, Sulaiman SAS, Ibrahim A, Azmi NSBY, Iqbal MS, et al.
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2021 05 26;13(2):193-198.
    PMID: 34349479 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_488_20
    Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which can lead to different complications in patients if not treated properly. An appropriate intervention from health care providers is needed to stop and decrease the progression of diabetic complication in diabetic patients. This study aimed to measure the effect of pharmacist intervention on improvement in sign and symptoms and progression of diabetic complications in diabetic patients.

    Methodology: Diabetic patients were randomly selected and divided into two groups from two tertiary care hospitals. Control group contained those 200 patients who were receiving usual treatment from hospitals. In contrast, the intervention group included those 200 patients who were receiving conventional treatment from hospitals together with separate counselling sessions with pharmacists from Diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic departments. The study continued for 1 year and two follow-up visits for both groups. A prevalidated data collection form was used to measure the improvement in sign and symptoms and progression of diabetic complication in diabetic patients. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 was used to analyze the data.

    Results: The average hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values decreased up to 1.43% in the control group and 2.82% in the intervention group. The intervention group showed significant improvement in HbA1c between groups (P < 0.05). The results of univariate and multivariate regression analysis showed that a statistically significant (P < 0.001) improvement was observed in all the predictors of diabetic complications among in the intervention group when compared with the control group.

    Conclusion: Statistically significant reduction in the sign and symptoms of diabetic complications was observed in the intervention group at the end of 1 year. The progression of diabetic neuropathy was significantly reduced in the pharmacist intervention group.

  11. Fulltext Spermatogonial stem cells protein marker identification from in vitrodifferentiation of non-obstructive azoospermia (noa) testes biopsies cells: an approach in line with maqasid shariah to maintain the heredity.
    Azantee Yazmie Abdul Wahab, Roszaman Ramli, Syamsul Ahmad Ariffin, Afzan Mat Yusuf, Redzuan Abd Razak, Lokman Md Isa, et al.
    IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(102):149-156.
    MyJurnal
    Azoospermia is present in 15% of infertile cases and it is a major concern due to inability to produce sperm. Most of IVF (in-vitro fertilization) clinics abroad has been using sperm donation via sperm bank facilities as a solution for infertile couple to have their own offspring. In Islam, it is forbidden to use sample from male other than their spouse. It is according to maqasid syari’ah to ensure the heredity of the human being. Based on the latest technology, one approach of stem cell differentiation process had been established to produce mature cells from primitive or immature cells (stem cells). This technology is in line with the concept of maqasid syari’ah since we are using the cells from one person. We try to adopt this technology to study the potential of testicular cells from non-obstructive azoospermic (NOA) patient to undergo in vitrospermatogenesis.Samples were cultured in modified human embryonic stem cells (HESC) media with specific growth factors; basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Protein expressions were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining on day 49 and 90 of culture. Results show spermatogonial stem cell-like cells (SSC-like cells) colonies formed after 14 to 21 days, the cells were expanding successfully and were stable for 49 days duration. Then SSCs differentiated into later stage of spermatogenesis on day 90. Four specifics SSCs protein markers were identified on day 49; ITGA1, ITGB1, CD9 and GFRA1 whereas SCP3 and TP1 proteins were expressed on day 90. This in vitrospermatogenesis suggests a possible approach for future for Muslim NOA patients in order to have their own children.
  12. Fulltext DNA Barcoding Of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) Leucospilota from Pulau Tinggi, Johor
    Nursyamfarhani Akashah, Siti Najihah Solehin, Marsheilla Lia Janing, Nur Aina Yusra Manap, Nor Shahida Ab Rahman, Muhammad Abdul Latiff Abu Bakar, et al.
    Journal of Engineering and Health Sciences, 2020;4(1):95-110.
    MyJurnal
    Sea cucumber or locally known as gamat and timun laut is a well-known attraction
    of Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. Not only limited to Pulau Langkawi, sea
    cucumber can also be found in other coastal water areas of Malaysia. However,
    the species richness and genetic diversity of sea cucumber in Pulau Tinggi, Johor
    is still unknown to the marine scientific communities, especially for Holothuria
    (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota, the most dominant species in Malaysia.
    Therefore, this study aimed to generate DNA barcodes of H. leucospilota from
    Pulau Tinggi. Protein-coding cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) mtDNA gene was
    used as it is commonly and widely used for molecular species identification via
    DNA barcoding. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were
    incorporated to generate the DNA barcodes of CO1 mtDNA gene. The BLAST
    program confirmed the species status of the sea cucumber specimens as H.
    leuscospilota or locally known as bat puntil or white threads fish. The application
    for GenBank, NCBI, U.S. National Library of Medicine registration was
    successfully accepted on October 17, 2019 with accession numbers of MN580537
    and MN580538). The phylogenetic trees i.e neighbor joining tree (NJ, distancebased
    method), maximum parsimony tree (MP, character-based method) and
    maximum likehood tree (ML, character-based method) reconstructed using
    MEGA X software version 10.0.5 (BETA) further supported the species status of
    the sea cucumber specimens from Pulau Tinggi as H. leuscospilota. This is the
    first record of CO1 mtDNA barcodes of H. leuscospilota from Pulau Tinggi,
    Johor, Malaysia.
  13. Fulltext Effect of Berberis vulgaris L. root extract on ifosfamide-induced in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity
    Ilyas S, Tabasum R, Iftikhar A, Nazir M, Hussain A, Hussain A, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2021 01 18;11(1):1708.
    PMID: 33462261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80579-5
    Ifosfamide is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent having broad-spectrum efficacy against several tumors. However, nephro, hepato, neuro cardio, and hematological toxicities associated with ifosfamide render its use limited. These side effects could range from organ failure to life-threatening situations. The present study aimed to evaluate the attenuating efficiency of Berberis vulgaris root extract (BvRE), a potent nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and lipid-lowering agent, against ifosfamide-induced toxicities. The study design comprised eight groups of Swiss albino rats to assess different dose regimes of BvRE and ifosfamide. Biochemical analysis of serum (serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, and triglycerides) along with complete blood count was performed. Kidney, liver, brain, and heart tissue homogenates were used to find malondialdehyde, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase levels in addition to the acetylcholinesterase of brain tissue. The results were further validated with the help of the histopathology of the selected organs. HeLa cells were used to assess the effect of BvRE on ifosfamide cytotoxicity in MTT assay. The results revealed that pre- and post-treatment regimens of BvRE, as well as the combination therapy exhibited marked protective effects against ifosfamide-induced nephro, hepato, neuro, and cardiotoxicity. Moreover, ifosfamide depicted a synergistic in vitro cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells in the presence of BvRE. These results corroborate that the combination therapy of ifosfamide with BvRE in cancer treatment can potentiate the anticancer effects of ifosfamide along with the amelioration of its conspicuous side effects.
  14. Emerging challenges of air pollution and particulate matter in China, India, and Pakistan and mitigating solutions
    Anwar MN, Shabbir M, Tahir E, Iftikhar M, Saif H, Tahir A, et al.
    J Hazard Mater, 2021 08 15;416:125851.
    PMID: 34492802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125851
    This study examines point and non-point sources of air pollution and particulate matter and their associated socioeconomic and health impacts in South Asian countries, primarily India, China, and Pakistan. The legislative frameworks, policy gaps, and targeted solutions are also scrutinized. The major cities in these countries have surpassed the permissible limits defined by WHO for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide. As a result, they are facing widespread health problems, disabilities, and causalities at extreme events. Populations in these countries are comparatively more prone to air pollution effects because they spend more time in the open air, increasing their likelihood of exposure to air pollutants. The elevated level of air pollutants and their long-term exposure increases the susceptibility to several chronic/acute diseases, i.e., obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute respiratory distress, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. More in-depth spatial-temporal air pollution monitoring studies in China, India, and Pakistan are recommended. The study findings suggest that policymakers at the local, national, and regional levels should devise targeted policies by considering all the relevant parameters, including the country's economic status, local meteorological conditions, industrial interests, public lifestyle, and national literacy rate. This approach will also help design and implement more efficient policies which are less likely to fail when brought into practice.
  15. Fulltext Effect of Addition of Palm Oil Biodiesel in Waste Plastic Oil on Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, and Lubricity
    Awang MSN, Mohd Zulkifli NW, Abbas MM, Amzar Zulkifli S, Kalam MA, Ahmad MH, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2021 Aug 24;6(33):21655-21675.
    PMID: 34471769 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03073
    This research was aimed to examine the diesel engine's performance and emission of secondary fuels (SFs), comprising waste plastic oil (WPO) and palm oil biodiesel (POB), and to analyze their tribological properties. Their compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five SFs (10-50% POB in WPO) were prepared by mechanical stirring. The results were compared to blank WPO (WPO100) and Malaysian commercial diesel (B10). WPO90 showed the maximum brake power (BP) and brake torque (BT) among the SFs, and their values were 0.52 and 0.59% higher compared to B10, respectively. The increase in POB ratio (20-50%) showed a negligible difference in BP and BT. WPO70 showed the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption among the SFs. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased with POB composition. The maximum reductions in emission of hydrocarbon (HC, 37.21%) and carbon monoxide (CO, 27.10%) were achieved by WPO50 among the SFs. WPO90 showed the maximum reduction in CO2 emission (6.78%). Increasing the POB composition reduced the CO emissions and increased the CO2 emissions. All SFs showed a higher coefficient of friction (COF) than WPO100. WPO50 showed the minimal increase in COF of 2.45%. WPO90 showed the maximum reduction in wear scar diameter (WSD), by 10.34%, compared to B10. Among the secondary contaminated samples, SAE40-WPO90 showed the lowest COF, with 5.98% reduction compared to SAE40-WPO100. However, with increasing POB content in the secondary contaminated samples, the COF increased. The same trend was also observed in their WSD. Overall, WPO90 is the optimal SF with excellent potential for diesel engines.
  16. Fulltext Effects of γ-rays on electrical conductivity of polyvinyl alcohol-polypyrrole composite polymer films
    Mohd Hamzah Harun, Elias Saion, Noorhana Yahya, Anuar Kassim, Hussain, Muhammad Yousuf, Iskandar Shahrim Mustafa, et al.
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2007(1):1-12.
    MyJurnal
    The composite polymer films of polyvinyl alcohol/polypyrrole/chloral hydrate (PVA-PPy-CH) had been prepared. Effects of γ-rays on the electrical conductivity of the composite polymer films had been investigated by using Inductance Capacitance Resistance meter (LCR) meter at a frequency ranging from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. With the incorporation of chloral hydrate in the polymer sample, the conductivity increased indicates that it is capable to be used as dopant for polymerizing conjugated polymer. The electrical conductivity obtained increased as the dose increased, which is in the order of 10-5 Scm-1 indicates that γ-rays is capable to enhance the electrical conductivity of the composite polymer films. The parameter of s is in the range of 0.31 d s d 0.49 and obeyed simple power law dispersion ωs. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs reveal the formation of polypyrrole globules in polyvinyl alcohol matrix which increased as the irradiation dose was increased.
  17. Fulltext Heel effect: dose mapping and profiling for mobile c-arm fluoroscopy unit toshiba SXT-100A
    Husaini Salleh, Supian Samat, Mohd Khalid Matori, Muhammad Jamal Md Isa, Mohd Ramli Arshad, Shahrul Azlan Azizan, et al.
    Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2014;26(2):9-13.
    MyJurnal
    Heel Effect is the well known phenomena in x-ray production. It contributes the effect to image
    formation and as well as scattered radiation. But there is paucity in the study related to heel effect.
    This study is for mapping and profiling the dose on the surface of water phantom by using mobile
    C-arm unit Toshiba SXT-1000A. Based on the result the dose profile is increasing up to at least
    about 57% from anode to cathode bound of the irradiated area. This result and information can be
    used as a guide to manipulate this phenomenon for better image quality and radiation safety for
    this specific and dedicated fluoroscopy unit.
  18. Knowledge of Ebola virus disease among a university population: A cross-sectional study
    Salman M, Shehzadi N, Hussain K, Saleem F, Khan MT, Asif N, et al.
    Am J Infect Control, 2017 Feb 01;45(2):e23-e25.
    PMID: 28159068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.019
    This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of a Pakistani university population (students and employees) regarding Ebola virus disease. A total of 2,200 individuals were approached and 1,647 were enrolled in the study. We observed that the vast majority of study participants (91.8%) had inadequate knowledge of Ebola virus disease (knowledge score ≤ 12). Our findings highlight the need to increase the knowledge of Ebola virus disease by using multidimensional approach involving awareness campaigns, print, electronic, and social media.
  19. Fulltext Efficient Double Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions of 2,5-Dibromo-3-hexylthiophene: Anti-Tumor, Haemolytic, Anti-Thrombolytic and Biofilm Inhibition Studies
    Ikram HM, Rasool N, Zubair M, Khan KM, Abbas Chotana G, Akhtar MN, et al.
    Molecules, 2016 Jul 27;21(8).
    PMID: 27472312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080977
    The present study describes several novel 2,5-biaryl-3-hexylthiophene derivatives (3a-i) synthesized via a Pd(0)-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in moderate to good yields. The novel compounds were also analyzed for their anti-thrombolytic, haemolytic, and biofilm inhibition activities. In addition, the anti-tumor activity was also evaluated in vitro for newly-synthesized compounds, where 3-hexyl-2,5-bis(4-(methylthio)phenyl)thiophene exhibited the best anti-tumor activity against 4T1 cells with IC50 value of 16 μM. Moreover, 2,5-bis(4-methylphenyl)-3-hexylthiophene showed the highest activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 26.2 μM. On the other hand, the compound 2,5-bis(4-chloropheny)-3-hexylthiophene exhibited excellent biofilm inhibition activity. Furthermore, the compound 2,5-bis(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-hexylthiophene also exhibited better anti-thrombolytic and hemolytic activity results as compared to the other newly-synthesized compounds.
  20. Fulltext Pengaruh suhu ke atas perkembangan larva lalat Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) dan Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae): aplikasi dalam sains forensik
    Ahmad Firdaus Mohd Salleh, Anita Talib, Mohamed Abdullah Marwi, Noor Hayati Mohd Isa, Syamsa Rizal Abdullah, Raja Muhammad Zuha Raja Kamal Bashah, et al.
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2009;7(2):89-96.
    MyJurnal
    Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) dan Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) adalah merupakan dua spesies lalat penting yang boleh dijadikan sebagai penunjuk terbaik untuk menganggarkan selang masa kematian atau Post Mortem Interval (PMI) untuk kegunaan dalam sains forensik. Penentuan PMI adalah berdasarkan kepada saiz dan peringkat perkembangan larva. Kajian perkembangan telur, larva dan pupa lalat Ch. megacepahala dan Ch. rufifacies dijalankan di bawah suhu 27ºC, 30ºC dan 33ºC di makmal dengan menggunakan kebuk pertumbuhann serangga. Data daripada kajian digunakan untuk menghasilkan satu graf pertumbuhan dan Jam Darjah Terkumpul (ADH) bagi kedua-dua spesies. Ch. megacephala mengambil masa selama 9.15 hari pada suhu 27ºC, 8.54 hari (30ºC) dan 6.76 hari (33ºC) untuk melengkapkan satu kitar hidup. Pada C. rufifacies pula, kitar hidupnya lebih lama berbanding Ch. megacephala iaitu 9.92 hari pada suhu 27ºC, 9.13 hari (30ºC) dan 7.44 hari (33ºC). Telur bagi kedua-dua spesies menetas lebih cepat pada suhu 33ºC berbanding dua suhu yang lainnya. Nilai ADH yang rendah pada sesuatu suhu, menunjukkan sesuatu spesies lebih cepat melengkapkan suatu kitar hidup. Penemuan ini berguna dalam menganggarkan selang masa kematian bagi mayat yang dijumpai pada suhu persekitaran yang berlainan.
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