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Fulltext The Relationship Between Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in a Cross-Sectional Study in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United States

Zhang F, Harapan H, Rajamoorthy Y, Lu Y, Wagner AL

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2023 May;35(4):308-310.
PMID: 37119037 DOI: 10.1177/10105395231171957
Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia/epidemiology
Fulltext Rediscovery of Lobonychiumpalpiplus Roewer, 1938 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Epedanidae) in Sabah, Malaysia

Zhang C, Martens J

Zookeys, 2018.
PMID: 30271242 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.785.26389

Lobonychiumpalpiplus Roewer, 1938, originally reported from Indonesian Borneo, is redescribed based on the specimens from Malaysia. The genitalia of this species are described for the first time and a new genital terminology is proposed. The rediscovery expands the known distribution of the species to Malaysian Borneo.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Activity evaluation of cocoa pod borer sex pheromone in cacao fields

Zhang A, Kuang LF, Maisin N, Karumuru B, Hall DR, Virdiana I, et al.

Environ Entomol, 2008 Jun;37(3):719-24.
PMID: 18559177

The previously identified female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella, was re-evaluated for its attractive activity in different field conditions. It was found that lures containing 100-mug of synthetic sex pheromone blend, (E,Z,Z)- and (E,E,Z)-4,6,10-hexadecatrienyl acetates, and the corresponding alcohols in a ratio of 40:60:4:6 in a polyethylene vial attracted male C. cramerella moths in Sabah and peninsular Malaysia and in Sumatra and Sulawesi, Indonesia, suggesting that the same pheromone strain existed in a wide stretch of the Indo-Malayan archipelago. Of the three kinds of trap designs tested, the Delta traps were more effective than Pherocon V scale traps. Male captures were not significantly different among traps baited with 100-, 300-, or 1,000-mug doses of sex pheromone. A release rate study of pheromone formulation conducted in the laboratory showed that volatile active ingredients were desorbed from polyethylene vials following first-order kinetics, which indicates a satisfactory "half-life time" of a 100-mug loading is approximately 6 wk under laboratory conditions. A satisfactory attractiveness of the lure with a 100-mug loading was approximately 1-2 mo in the fields.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Fulltext Prevalence, source and severity of work-related injuries among "foreign" construction workers in a large Malaysian organisation: a cross-sectional study

Zerguine H, Tamrin SBM, Jalaludin J

Ind Health, 2018 Jun 01;56(3):264-273.
PMID: 29398685 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0205

Malaysian construction sector is regarded as critical in the field of health because of the high rates of accidents and fatalities. This research aimed to determine the prevalence, sources and severity of injuries and its association with commitment to safety among foreign construction workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 323 foreign construction workers from six construction projects of a large organization in Malaysia, using a simple random sampling method. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire to assess work-related injuries and safety commitment. The collected data was analysed by SPSS 22.0 using descriptive statistics and χ2 test. The prevalence of work-related injuries in a one year period was 22.6%, where most of the injuries were of moderate severity (39.7%) and falls from heights represented the main source (31.5%). The majority of the foreign construction workers had perceived between moderate and high safety commitment, which was significantly associated with work-related injuries. The results also showed a significant association of work-related injuries with the company's interest in Safety and Health, Safety and Health training, and safety equipment. Thus, the implementation of new procedures and providing relevant trainings and safety equipment; will lead to a decrease in injury rates in construction sites.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia/ethnology
Fulltext Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palm: The Pathogen, Disease Incidence, and Control Methods

Zakaria L

Plant Dis, 2023 Mar;107(3):603-615.
PMID: 35819350 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0358-FE

Basal stem rot of oil palm caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most serious disease of oil palm in Malaysia, Indonesia, and other oil-palm-producing countries. Economic losses caused by the disease can be up to USD500 million a year. For many years, basal stem rot was found to infect older palm trees of more than 25 to 30 years in age. Only in the 1950s, the disease began to appear in much younger palm trees, 10 to 15 years old, and, in the last decade or so, palm trees as young as 1 year were infected by the disease. The highest incidence occurs in coastal areas of Southeast Asia but the disease has now infected oil palm in inland areas, mainly oil palm planted in peat soils. Disease incidence is also high in areas previously growing coconut or forest. Basal stem rot infection and spread occur through root-to-root contact, and basidiospores that colonize the roots also play a role. In the early stages of infection by G. boninense, the pathogen behaves as a biotroph and later as a necrotroph, secreting cell-wall-degrading enzymes and triggering host defense responses. Genes, gene products, and metabolic pathways involved in oil palm defense mechanisms against G. boninense have been identified and these metabolites have the potential to be used as markers for early detection of the disease. Integrated disease management used to control basal stem rot includes cultural practices, chemical control, and application of biocontrol agents or fertilizers. Early detection tools have also been developed that could assist in management of basal stem rot infections. Development of resistant or tolerant oil palm is still at an early stage; therefore, the existing integrated disease management practices remain the most appropriate methods for managing basal stem rot of oil palm.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Fulltext Site specific ground response spectra of Bakun

Zainap Lamat, Yuhani Jamian, Mohd Agus Adib Eskandar

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(105):23-28.
MyJurnal

Sarawak has experienced several earthquakes of local origin and was also affected by long-distance earthquake that originated from Southern Philippine and the Straits of Macassar, Sulu Sea and Celebes Sea. The objectives for this study were to conduct site specific ground response analysis and develop design response spectra for Bakun area by using 1-D equivalent linear ground response analysis. The site characterisation was carried out utilising the soil profile and soil property data of the selected site. Local surface fault ruptures were investigated for possible hazards due to intraplate earthquakes. Earthquake ground motion records were selected based on characteristics of the controlling earthquakes for an area and the maximum magnitude faults were considered for risk assessment. The site-specific response spectra represent the predicted surface ground motions that reflect the levels of strong motion amplitude and frequency content at a particular site. The site-specific ground response analysis for Bakun site found that the peak ground acceleration at bedrock was amplified from 0.16 g to 0.33 g at the ground surface.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Fulltext RNA-seq data from whole rice grains of pigmented and non-pigmented Malaysian rice varieties

Zainal-Abidin RA, Zainal Z, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Abu-Bakar N, Ab Razak MSF, Simoh S, et al.

Data Brief, 2020 Jun;30:105432.
PMID: 32280737 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105432

Pigmented rice is enriched with antioxidants, macro- and micronutrients. A comprehensive investigation of the gene expression patterns among the pigmented rice varieties would help to understand the cellular mechanism and biological processes of rice grain pigmentation. Hence, we performed RNA sequencing and analysis on the whole grain of dehusked mature seeds of selected six Malaysian rice varieties with varying grain pigmentations. These varieties were black rice (BALI and Pulut Hitam 9), red rice (MRM16 and MRQ100) and white rice (MR297 and MRQ76). Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 sequencer was used to generate total raw nucleotides of approximately 53 Gb in size. From 353,937,212 total paired-end raw reads, 340,131,496 total clean reads were obtained. The raw reads were deposited into European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) database and can be accessed via accession number PRJEB34340. This dataset allows us to identify and profile all expressed genes with functions related to nutritional traits (i.e. antioxidants, folate and amylose content) and quality trait (i.e. aroma) across both pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties. In addition, the transcriptome data obtained will be valuable for discovery of potential gene markers and functional SNPs related to functional traits to assist in rice breeding programme.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Fulltext Data on genome resequencing of pigmented and non-pigmented Malaysian rice varieties

Zainal-Abidin RA, Zainal Z, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Sew YS, Simoh S, Ab Razak S, et al.

Data Brief, 2020 Aug;31:105806.
PMID: 32566707 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105806

The genomics and genetic data of pigmented and non-pigmented Malaysian rice varieties are still limited. Hence, we performed the genome resequencing of two black rice varieties (Bali, Pulut Hitam 9), two red rice varieties (MRM16, MRQ100) and two white rice varieties (MR297 and MRQ76) using Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform with 30x sequencing coverage. We aimed to identify and annotate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the genome of these four pigmented and two non-pigmented rice varieties. The potential SNPs will be used in developing the functional SNP markers related to nutritional (i.e. antioxidant, folate, amylose) and quality (i.e. aromatic) traits. Raw data of the pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties have been deposited into the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) database with accession number PRJEB29070 and PRJEB32344, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Pengintegrasian VRML dengan Java dalam simulasi sistem masa nyata proses kisar hujung maya

Zainal Rasyid Mahayuddin, Haslina Arshad, Che Hassan Che Haron

Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.

Kertas kerja ini membincangkan pendekatan dalam mengintegrasikan Java dan persekitaran VRML yang telah diaplikasikan dalam mensimulasi masa nyata bagi proses kisar hujung maya. Pendekatan yang menggunakan Routing ini adalah sangat penting untuk komunikasi dan penghantaran mesej antara VRML dan Java. Dalam pendekatan ini, nod Script digunakan bagi memanggil dan menghubungkan kelas Java dengan entiti-entiti yang sepatutnya di dalam persekitaran VRML. Simulasi bahan termesin bagi proses kisar hujung dalam sistem ini dilaksanakan melalui satu kaedah baru iaitu dengan penggunaan nod penaikan bagi penjanaan objek 3D dan nod PositionInterpolator serta CoordinateInterpolator bagi animasi bahan termesin. Melalui kaedah ini simulasi bagi proses kisar hujung dapat dipaparkan secara maya dan pada masa yang sama graf haus rusuk bagi perkakas pemotong melawan masa pemotongan dapat dijana serentak.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs levels and occurrences in Southeast Asia: A review

Zain SMSM, Latif MT, Baharudin NH, Anual ZF, Mohd Hanif N, Khan MF

Sci Total Environ, 2021 Aug 20;783:146929.
PMID: 34088111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146929

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are toxic compounds derived from anthropogenic sources that stay in the environment for long periods. Ambient air has become the most important pathway for the transfer of PCDDs/PCDFs from emission sources to the environment. This review intends to summarise the information available on atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs in the countries of Southeast Asia to provide a detailed description of the trends in PCDDs/PCDFs emissions, key sources, and levels in urban, rural, and industrial air as reported in peer-reviewed literature since 2000 and by the United Nations Environment Programme. As the largest country in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is the major PCDDs/PCDFs emitter, accounting for 72.81% of the total release of PCDDs/PCDFs in the air from all available inventories in this region, while Brunei Darussalam is the lowest emitter, contributing to less than 0.02%. Open burning processes have become the largest source of ambient PCDDs/PCDFs in the region (69.62%), followed by waste incineration (10.69%), and ferrous and non-ferrous metal production (8.78%). PCDDs/PCDFs levels in rural areas ranged between 10 and 38 fg TEQ m-3; however, where open burning waste has occurred, the levels rose to 12-29 times higher. In urban areas, ambient levels were 15 times greater than in rural areas, varying from 23 to 565 fg TEQ m-3. Atmospheric concentrations near industrial palm oil and waste incinerator sites were between 64 and 1530 fg TEQ m-3. The non-cancer risk of ambient exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs through inhalation is low among populations near facilities emitting PCDDs/PCDFs. The lack of local technical capacity, the high economic costs, and the lack of established human resource capacities have been the major challenges in conducting ambient PCDDs/PCDFs studies in most countries in the region.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Fulltext Partial mtDNA sequencing data of vulnerable Cephalopachus bancanus from the Malaysian Borneo

Zahidin MA, Jalil NA, Naharuddin NM, Abd Rahman MR, Gani M, Abdullah MT

Data Brief, 2019 Aug;25:104133.
PMID: 31321260 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104133

Tarsier is an endangered nocturnal primate in the family Tarsiidae and is an endemic to Sundaic islands of Philippine (Carlito syrichta), Sulawesi (Tarsius tarsier-complex) and Borneo (Cephalopachus bancanus). Recent records indicated that most molecular studies were done on the Eastern Tarsier and little information for the other group of tarsiers. Here, we present a partial cytochrome b data set of C. bancanus in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Standard mist nets were deployed at strategic locations in various habitat types. A total of 18 individuals were caught, measured and weighed. Approximately, 2 × 2 mm of tissue samples were taken and preserved in molecular grade alcohol. Out of 18, only 11 samples were screened with partial mtDNA (cytochrome b) and the DNA sequences were registered in the GenBank (accession numbers: KY794797-KY794807). Phylogenetic trees were constructed with 20 additional mtDNA sequences downloaded from GenBank. The data are valuable for the management authorities to regulate the type of management units for the metapopulation to sustain population genetics integrity of tarsiers in the range countries across the Sunda Shelf.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Fulltext Analysis of hair samples using microscopical and molecular techniques to ascertain claims of rare animal species

Zafarina Z, Panneerchelvam S

Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Jul;16(3):35-40.
PMID: 22589663 MyJurnal

An unidentified animal species named the Jenglot and claimed to be a rare living animal species was recently found in the deep jungle of Irian Jaya, Indonesia; brought to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by a businessman; and exhibited in a local museum. The owner of the Jenglot carcasses had made a request to perform DNA analysis on the Jenglot to ascertain its species.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Fulltext Factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia

Yunitasari E, Al Faisal AH, Efendi F, Kusumaningrum T, Yunita FC, Chong MC

BMC Pediatr, 2022 Dec 21;22(1):727.
PMID: 36539759 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03728-x

BACKGROUND: Complementary foods with breastfeeding are foods or drinks given to children aged 6-23 months to meet their nutritional needs. The non-optimal provision of complementary feeding influences malnutrition in children of this age.
AIMS: To analyze the factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional design was employed using data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 502,800 mothers with children aged 6-23 months were recruited through multistage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression test to determine the correlation between predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors and complementary feeding practices.
RESULTS: A prevalence values of analysis showed that approximately 71.14%, 53.95%, and 28.13% of the children met MMF, MMD, and MAD, respectively. The probability of achieving minimum dietary diversity (MDD) was high in the following: children aged 18-23 months (odds ratio [OR] = 9.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.29-12.58), children of mothers with higher education (OR = 5.95; 95% CI = 2.17-16.34), children from households with upper wealth index (OR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.85-3.48), children of mothers who received childbirth assistance by professionals (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.20-2.20), and children of mothers who had access to the Internet (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.06-1.50). Moreover, children from households with the upper wealth index (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.03-1.91), children whose mothers were employed (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.02-1.39) living in urban areas (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.06-1.54) and children of mothers who received childbirth assistance by professionals (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.98-1.82) were more likely to meet Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF). Finally, children aged 18-23 months (OR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.81-3.17), of mothers with higher education (OR = 3.15; 95% CI = 0.94-10.60), from households with upper wealth index (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.05-2.90) and born with professional childbirth assistance (OR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.21-2.75) were significantly associated with minimum acceptable diet (MAD).
CONCLUSIONS: The findings revealed that the prevalence of MDD and MAD in Indonesia was low. Strategies such as improving health services, economic conditions, and education level of mothers are needed to improve infant and young child feeding in Indonesia.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia/epidemiology
Fulltext Incidence, clearance, persistence and factors related with high-risk anal HPV persistence in South-East Asian MSM and transgender women

Yunihastuti E, Teeratakulpisarn N, Jeo WS, Nilasari H, Rachmadi L, Somia IKA, et al.

AIDS, 2020 11 01;34(13):1933-1941.
PMID: 32773478 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002654

OBJECTIVES: Persistent anal high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is a major risk factor for anal cancer among MSM and transgender women (TGW). We aimed to estimate incidence, clearance, and persistence of anal HR-HPV in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM and TGW, and to assess factors for HR-HPV persistence.
DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.
METHODS: MSM and TGW aged at least 18 years, were enrolled from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, then followed up 6-monthly for 12 months. Anal swabs were collected at every visit for HR-HPV genotypes to define anal HR-HPV incidence, clearance, and persistence. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with HR-HPV persistence.
RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-five MSM and TGW were included in this study, of whom 72.3% were HIV-positive. The incidence of anal HR-HPV persistence was higher in HIV-positive than HIV-negative MSM participants (28.4/1000 vs. 13.9/1000 person-months). HIV-positive participants had HR-HPV lower clearance rate than HIV-negative participants (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.7). The overall persistence of HR-HPV was 39.9% in HIV-positive and 22.8% HIV-negative participants. HPV-16 was the most persistent HR-HPV in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants. HIV infection (aOR 2.87; 95% CI 1.47-5.61), living in Kuala Lumpur (aOR 4.99; 95% CI 2.22-11.19) and Bali (aOR 3.39; 95% CI 1.07-10.75), being employed/freelance (aOR 3.99; 95% CI 1.48-10.77), and not being circumcised (aOR 2.29; 95% CI 1.07-4.88) were independently associated with anal HR-HPV persistence.
CONCLUSION: HIV-positive MSM and TGW had higher risk of persistent anal HR-HPV infection. Prevention program should be made available and prioritized for HIV-positive MSM and TGW where resources are limited.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia/epidemiology
Fulltext Clinical manifestation and genetic analysis of familial rare disease genodermatosis xeroderma pigmentosum

Yuniati R, Sihombing NRB, Nauphar D, Tiawarman B, Kartikasari DS, Dewi M, et al.

Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2021 May;10(2):114-121.
PMID: 33996357 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.03143

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypersensitivity of the skin to ultraviolet radiation and other carcinogenic agents. This ailment is characterized by increased photosensitivity, skin xerosis, early skin aging, actinic keratosis, erythematous lesions, and hyperpigmentation macules. In this serial case report, we presented four cases with XP from two families in Indonesia. Both families were referred from rural referral health centers, and each family has two affected siblings. They had freckle-like pigmentation on the face, trunk, and extremities, which progressed since childhood. One patient of family 2 died because of an infectious disease. Histopathological examination using cytokeratine (CK), CD10, and Ber-EP4 staining from available tissue biopsy of one affected case of family 1 identified basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the cheek and melanoma on the right eye. Mutation analysis found ERCC2, c2047C>T and XPC, c1941T>A in the first and second families, respectively. We suppose that this is the first case report of XP in Indonesia that incorporates clinical examination, genetic analysis, and extensive histopathological examination, including immunohistochemistry staining, and a novel pathogenic variant of XPC was found in the second family.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
GC-MS metabolomics revealed protocatechuic acid as a cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing compound from black rice brans

Yuliana ND, Tuarita MZ, Khatib A, Laila F, Sukarno S

Food Sci Biotechnol, 2020 Jun;29(6):825-835.
PMID: 32523792 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00725-2

GC-MS metabolomics was used to discriminate the phytochemicals profile of Indonesian white, red, and black rice brans, and Japanese white rice brans. This technique was used for the first time to identify compounds in rice brans having cytotoxic activity against WiDr colon cancer cells. Orthogonal Projection to the Latent Structure (OPLS) analysis showed that protocatechuic acid (PA) was a discriminating factor found in black rice brans which strongly correlated with its cytotoxicity (IC50 8.53 ± 0.26 µM). Real time-PCR data demonstrated that PA cytotoxicity at different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 µg/mL) was mediated through different pathways. Bcl-2 expression was downregulated at all tested concentrations indicating apoptosis stimulation. At 1-10 ppm concentration, PA activated both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways since the expression of p53, Bax, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were upregulated. At a higher dose (25 and 50 µg/mL), PA possibly involved in pyroptosis-mediated pro-inflammatory cell death by upregulating the expression of caspase-1 and caspase-7.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Social policy and population growth in South-East Asia

You Poh Seng Rao B, Shantakumar G

Int Labour Rev, 1974 May-Jun;109(5-6):459-70.
PMID: 12307191
Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Redescription of the Indo-West Pacific cardinalfishes (Perciformes: Apogonidae) Rhabdamia spilota Allen Kuiter 1994 and R. gracilis (Bleeker 1856)

Yoshida T, Motomura H

Zootaxa, 2018 Jan 31;4377(2):178-190.
PMID: 29690063 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4377.2.2

Rhabdamia spilota Allen Kuiter 1994 (Apogonidae), a poorly known cardinalfish previously known only from the Philippines, Indonesia and the Red Sea, is redescribed on the basis of 70 specimens (20.9-61.2 mm standard length) (including types), from the Indo-West Pacific (Red Sea, Andaman Sea, Japan, South China Sea, the Philippines, Indonesia, New Caledonia, and Australia). Because most reports of the similar species R. gracilis (Bleeker 1856), following its original description, were based on misidentifications, R. gracilis is also redescribed (based on 98 Indo-West Pacific specimens from Seychelles, Maldives, Andaman Sea, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Caledonia, and Australia, 27.9-59.3 mm standard length); a lectotype is designated for it. Rhabdamia spilota differs from R. gracilis in having 27-33 (mode 30-31) developed gill rakers [vs. 22-27 (mode 24) in the latter], 27-33 (30) gill rakers including rudiments [vs. 23-27 (24-25)], a black stripe from the jaw tips to the anterior margin of the orbit (vs. black pigments only at snout and tip of lower jaw), 3-6 reddish brown to blackish blotches on the opercle and anterior of body (vs. blotches absent), and indistinct black pigment restricted to caudal fin outer margins (vs. pigment scattered over entire fin). Rhabdamia gracilis exhibits sexual dichromatism, female specimens larger than 41.3 mm SL having one or two black stripes on the lateral surface of the body; the stripes are absent in males and smaller females. No evidence of sexual dichromatism was found in R. spilota.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Applicability assessment of empty fruit bunches from palm oil mills for use as bio-solid refuse fuels

Yoo HM, Park SW, Seo YC, Kim KH

J Environ Manage, 2019 Mar 15;234:1-7.
PMID: 30599325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.035

Palm kernel shells (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and trunks are by-products of the palm oil industry and form approximately 50 wt % of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). In particular, EFB accounts for approximately 20 wt % of FFB. Although large amounts of EFB are generated from palm oil mills every year in Indonesia and Malaysia, EFB is treated as waste because commercial technologies for thermo-chemical conversion of EFB into renewable energy are still under development. A robust conversion method can transform EFB into an appealing renewable energy source. In order to secure this renewable energy source, Korea can import EFB as biomass. This paper investigates literature on the status of utilization of EFB, by-products from palm oil mills in order to identify the best available technological process to use EFB as bio-solid refuse fuels (SRF). Meanwhile, physico-chemical analyses (proximate, elemental, and calorific value analyses), biomass and heavy metal content were measured in order to assess whether EFB would be suitable for use as a bio-SRF, in accordance with the Korean quality standard for SRF. According to the analysis results, EFB showed applicability to use as bio-SRF; main analysis results - moisture (9.63 wt %), ash (5.94 wt %), biomass content (97.82 wt %) and calorific value (3668 kcal kg).

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia
Differentiating sibling species of Zeugodacus caudatus (Insecta: Tephritidae) by complete mitochondrial genome

Yong HS, Song SL, Lim PE, Eamsobhana P, Suana IW

Genetica, 2016 Oct;144(5):513-521.
PMID: 27502829

Zeugodacus caudatus is a pest of pumpkin flowers. It has a Palearctic and Oriental distribution. We report here the complete mitochondrial genome of the Malaysian and Indonesian samples of Z. caudatus determined by next-generation sequencing of genomic DNA and determine their taxonomic status as sibling species and phylogeny with other taxa of the genus Zeugodacus. The whole mitogenome of both samples possessed 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes-PCGs, 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA genes) and a control region. The mitogenome of the Indonesian sample (15,885 bp) was longer than that of the Malaysian sample (15,866 bp). In both samples, TΨC-loop was absent in trnF and DHU-loop was absent in trnS1. Molecular phylogeny based on 13 PCGs was concordant with 15 mitochondrial genes (13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes), with the two samples of Z. caudatus forming a sister group and the genus Zeugodacus was monophyletic. The Malaysian and Indonesian samples of Z. caudatus have a genetic distance of p = 7.8 % based on 13 PCGs and p = 7.0 % based on 15 mitochondrial genes, indicating status of sibling species. They are proposed to be accorded specific status as members of a species complex.

Matched MeSH terms: Indonesia

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