Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 71 in total

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  1. Acute ingestion of hydrogen-rich water does not improve incremental treadmill running performance in endurance-trained athletes
    Ooi CH, Ng SK, Omar EA
    Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2020 May;45(5):513-519.
    PMID: 31675478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0553
    There is emerging evidence that hydrogen-rich water (H2-water) has beneficial effects on the physiological responses to exercise. However, few studies investigate its ergogenic potential. This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of H2-water ingestion on physiological responses and exercise performance during incremental treadmill running. In a double-blind crossover design, 14 endurance-trained male runners (age, 34 ± 4 years; body mass, 63.1 ± 7.2 kg; height, 1.72 ± 0.05 m) were randomly assigned to ingest 2 doses of 290-mL H2-water or placebo on each occasion. The first bolus was given before six 4-min submaximal running bouts, and the second bolus was consumed before the maximal incremental running test. Expired gas, heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded; blood samples were collected at the end of each submaximal stage and post maximal running test. Cardiorespiratory responses, RPE, and blood gas indices were not significantly different at each submaximal running intensity (range: 34%-91% maximal oxygen uptake) between H2-water and placebo trials. No statistical difference was observed in running time to exhaustion (618 ± 126 vs. 619 ± 113 s), maximal oxygen uptake (56.9 ± 4.4 vs. 57.1 ± 4.7 mL·kg-1·min-1), maximal HR (184 ± 7 vs. 184 ± 7 beat·min-1), and RPE (19 ± 1 vs. 19 ± 1) in the runners between the trials. The results suggest that the ingestion of 290 mL of H2-water before submaximal treadmill running and an additional dose before the subsequent incremental running to exhaustion were not sufficiently ergogenic in endurance-trained athletes. Novelty Acute ingestion of H2-water does not seem to be ergogenic for endurance performance. A small dose of H2-water does not modulate buffering capacity during intense endurance exercise in athletes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running*
  2. Application of parallel ensemble Monte Carlo technique in charge dynamics simulation
    Othman A, Umar R, Gopir G
    Sains Malaysiana, 2008;37.
    In the past, simulating charge dynamics in solid state devices, such as current mobility, transient current drift velocities are done on mainframe systems or on high performance computing facilities. This is due to the fact that, such simulations are costly in terms of computational requirements when implemented on a single processor-based personal computers (PCs). When simulating charge dynamics, large ensembles of particles are usually preferred, such as exceeding 40000 particles, to ensure a numerically sound result. When implementing this type of simulation on a single processor PCs using the conventional ensemble or single particle Monte Carlo method, the computational time is very long even on the fast 2.0 MHz PCs. Lately, a more efficient, easily made available tools and cost effective solution to this problem is the application of an array of PCs employed in a parallel application. This is done using a computer cluster network in a master-slave model. In this paper we report the development of a LINUX cluster for the purpose of implementing parallel ensemble Monte Carlo modelling for solid states device. We have proposed the use of Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) standards when running the parallel algorithm of the ensemble MC simulation. Some results of the development are also presented in this paper.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  3. Use of Knowledge Transfer Theory to Improve Learning Outcomes of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills of University Students: Evidence From Taiwan
    Peng MY, Feng Y, Zhao X, Chong W
    Front Psychol, 2021;12:583722.
    PMID: 33854458 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.583722
    Previous studies have explored a multitude of factors influencing student learning outcomes based on various theories. Knowledge transfer theory was adopted to develop the antecedents of student learning outcomes in the complete learning process. This study aims to explore the conspicuousness between various factors within the structural model, such as knowledge transfer, student orientation, and absorptive capacity, by combining marketing and management concepts with higher education studies. This study takes Taiwanese University students as its research samples, and purposive sampling is adopted. A total of 873 questionnaires are collected in this study. PLS-SEM was used to verify the structural relationship in data analysis via running of SmartPLS. The results indicate that knowledge transfer and student orientation have significant impacts on students' absorptive capacity and learning outcomes and that students' prior knowledge has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between knowledge transfer and absorptive capacities. Based on these findings, the researchers propose feasible suggestions for related issues and future research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  4. Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environment
    Ping FW, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay A
    Indian J Med Res, 2011 Jan;133:96-102.
    PMID: 21321426
    Athletes in Malaysia need to perform in a hot and humid environment due to the climatic nature of the country. Chronic supplementation of Panax ginseng (PG) (a deciduous perennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family) enhances physical performance. As the ergogenic effect of acute supplementation of PG on endurance performance has not been explored in the Malaysian population especially in a hot and humid condition this study was taken up.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running*
  5. Fulltext Application of Markov chain in the PageRank algorithm
    Ravi Kumar, P., Alex Goh, K.L., Ashutosh, K.S.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(2):541-554.
    MyJurnal
    Link analysis algorithms for Web search engines determine the importance and relevance of Web pages. Among the link analysis algorithms, PageRank is the state of the art ranking mechanism that is used in Google search engine today. The PageRank algorithm is modeled as the behavior of a randomized Web surfer; this model can be seen as Markov chain to predict the behavior of a system that travels from one state to another state considering only the current condition. However, this model has the dangling node or hanging node problem because these nodes cannot be presented in a Markov chain model. This paper focuses on the application of Markov chain on PageRank algorithm and discussed a few methods to handle the dangling node problem. The Experiment is done running on WEBSPAM-UK2007 to show the rank results of the dangling nodes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  6. Perception of community pharmacists towards the barriers to enhanced pharmacy services in the healthcare system of Dubai: a quantitative approach
    Rayes IK, Hassali MA, Abduelkarem AR
    Pharm Pract (Granada), 2015 06 15;13(2):506.
    PMID: 26131039
    BACKGROUND: In many developing countries, pharmacists are facing many challenges while they try to enhance the quality of services provided to patients approaching community pharmacies.

    OBJECTIVE: To explore perception of community pharmacists in Dubai regarding the obstacles to enhanced pharmacy services using a part of the results from a nation-wide quantitative survey.

    METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to 281 full-time licensed community pharmacists in Dubai. The questionnaire had 5 inter-linked sections: demographic information, information about the pharmacy, interaction with physicians, pharmacists' current professional role, and barriers to enhanced pharmacy services.

    RESULTS: About half of the respondents (45.4%, n=90) agreed that pharmacy clients under-estimate them and 52.5% (n=104) felt the same by physicians. About 47.5% (n=94) of the respondents felt that they are legally unprotected against profession's malpractice. Moreover, 64.7% (n=128) stated that pharmacy practice in Dubai turned to be business-focused. In addition, 76.8% (n=252) found that one of the major barriers to enhanced pharmacy services is the high business running cost. Pharmacists screened tried to prove that they are not one of the barriers to optimized pharmacy services as 62.7% (n=124) disagreed that they lack appropriate knowledge needed to serve community and 67.7% (n=134) gave the same response when asked whether pharmacy staff lack confidence when treating consumers or not.

    CONCLUSIONS: Although being well established within the community, pharmacists in Dubai negatively perceived their own professional role. They stated that there are number of barriers which hinder optimized delivery of pharmacy services like under-estimation by pharmacy clients and other healthcare professionals, pressure to make sales, and high running cost.

    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  7. Light transmission and internal scattering in pulsed laser-etched partially-transparent silicon wafers
    Rohaizar MH, Sepeai S, Surhada N, Ludin NA, Ibrahim MA, Sopian K, et al.
    Heliyon, 2019 Nov;5(11):e02790.
    PMID: 31768436 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02790
    Continuing trend in silicon wafer thickness directed at cost reduction approaches basic boundaries created by: (a) mismatch between Al paste and Si wafer thermal expansion and (b) incomplete optical absorption. With its symmetrical front and back electrical contacts, the bifacial solar cell setup reduces stress due to mismatch thermal expansion, decreases metal use and increases high temperature efficiency. Efficiency improvement is accomplished in bifacial solar cells by capturing light from the back surface. Partially transparent wafers provide an option to improve near-infrared radiation absorption within Si wafer. To fully absorb optical radiation, three-dimensional texture of these kinds of wafers is essential. Pulsed laser interactions, thermal oxidation, and wet chemical etching are included in this research. A feature of its energy and pattern setup is the interaction of pulsed laser with Si, running at 1.064 μm wavelength and micro-second length. Two experimental settings were explored: (a) post-laser chemical etching with potassium hydro-oxide etching with thermal oxide as etching mask and (b) post-laser heat Si surface oxidation. Due to fast melting and recrystallization, laser pulsed processing inherently produces its own texture. Some of these spherically-shaped, randomly focused characteristics improve inner scattering and boost near-infrared absorption within the wafer. These characteristics are separated during chemical etching with the thermally-grown oxide layer as an etch mask. Comparison of optical absorption in both surfaces shows almost a rise in the magnitude of absorption in non-etched surfaces. Detailed optical (optical microscope and IR absorption), morphological (field emission scanning electron microscope) and heat imaging (far IR camera) analyses were performed to comprehend physical processes that contribute to near-IR absorption improvement. Such kinds of partially-transparent, three-dimensional textured Si wafers are anticipated to discover applications for bifacial solar cells as substrates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  8. Kinetic asymmetries during running in male youth
    Rumpf MC, Cronin JB, Mohamad IN, Mohamad S, Oliver JL, Hughes MG
    Phys Ther Sport, 2014 Feb;15(1):53-7.
    PMID: 23850007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.03.001
    A possible injury risk factor is limb asymmetry, which may differ across maturation given the adult growth spurt. The aim of this study is to quantify the magnitude of asymmetry in a number of kinetic variables during a running task in male youth of different maturity status.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology*
  9. Fulltext The comparison between concept mapping care plan and nursing care plan (nursing process)
    Rusnani Ab Latif, Akehsan Dahlan, Zamzaliza Ab Mulud, Mohd Zarawi Mat Nor
    Malaysian Journal of Medical Research, 2018;1(4):45-50.
    MyJurnal
    The major component in nursing education is attachmnet at clinical practices to give the students experience,
    responsibility and understanding in care of the patient. Nurse educators and the clinical nurse instructors are
    responsible for coordinating the education of nursing students in clinical area. Currently practice using nursing
    processes is more familiar to compare than concept mapping care plan among the nurses and nursing students.
    Nursing care plan or nursing process has been utilized at the clinical setting to assess the actual and potential
    health problems of the patients. However, the format of nursing care plans makes challenging to the students,
    especially for new students in semester one to gather the information based on patients problems. In addition,
    this nursing process evaluation is one of examination tools for them in running assessments. Therefore, the
    development of concept mapping care plan at clinical practices was used to evalaute the students academic
    achievement in clinical pratices. Concept mapping care plan was found to enhance the knowledge and
    understanding of the nursing students and also improving the quality of clinical education. Nursing students
    who have good skills will perform certain procedures better than students having fewer skills. This affects the
    quality of work in the future as either a higher quality or of poor quality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  10. Socio-economic and environmental factors influenced the United Nations healthcare sustainable agenda: evidence from a panel of selected Asian and African countries
    Saleem H, Jiandong W, Aldakhil AM, Nassani AA, Abro MMQ, Zaman K, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 May;26(14):14435-14460.
    PMID: 30868457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04692-3
    The objective of the study is to evaluate socio-economic and environmental factors that influenced the United Nations healthcare sustainable agenda in a panel of 21 Asian and African countries. The results show that changes in price level (0.0062, p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  11. Fulltext Effect of beverages and food source on wear resistance of composite resins
    Seow, L.L., Chong, S.Y., Lau, M.N., Tiong, S.G., Yew, C.C.
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2008;29(1):34-39.
    MyJurnal
    Certain beverages e.g. coffee, tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, alcoholic beverages, may affect the physical properties of composite resins. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effect of different beverages and chilli sauce on the wear resistance of composite resins, (2) evaluate effect of the duration of immersion in the beverages and chilli sauce on the wear resistance of composite resins.

    Materials and methods: Disc specimens were fabricated using two different types of composite resins: (i) Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE, USA, nano-filled composite, 40 specimens) and (ii) Solare P (GC Dental Products Corp, Japan, microhybrid composite, 40 specimens). After polymerization, all the specimens were polished using Enhance Polishing System (Dentsply International Inc.,USA). The specimens were air-dried before weighing using Sartorius BP 221S weighing balance (Sartorius AG, Goettingen, Germany). Ten specimens from each type of composite were immersed in distilled water (control group), Coca cola®, orange juice (Peel Fresh®) and chilli sauce (Maggi®) respectively. The duration of immersion was 6 hours and 1 week. A reciprocal compression-sliding system was used to evaluate the wear resistance of the specimens. The specimens were moved back and forth with a loaded counter-body (235g) against sand paper (P1000, 3M ESPE, USA) in running water. The weight of the specimens were measured after 6 hours of immersion and 20,000 wear cycles and also at 1 week of immersion with further 20,000 wear cycles. The wear resistances were tabulated as percentage of weight loss from the specimens. Results were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test (p= 0.05).
    Results: The results showed that Solare P has significantly lower wear resistance compared to Filtek Z350. There was no significant difference in wear resistance for Filtek Z350 when immersed in chili sauce, Coca-cola® and orange juice in comparison with control group for 6 hours and 1 week. Similar findings were observed for Solare P.

    Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that Solare P has poorer wear resistance than Filtek Z350. The soaking medium investigated and duration of immersion have no influence on the wear resistance of Solare P and Filtek Z350.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  12. Differential Effects of 7 and 16 Groups of Muscle Relaxation Training Following Repeated Submaximal Intensity Exercise in Young Football Players
    Sharifah Maimunah SM, Hashim HA
    Percept Mot Skills, 2016 Feb;122(1):227-37.
    PMID: 27420318 DOI: 10.1177/0031512515625383
    This study compares two versions of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) training (7 and 16 muscle groups) on oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rates, rating of perceived exertion and choice reaction time. Football (soccer) players (N = 26; M age = 13.4 yr., SD = 0.5) were randomly assigned to either 7 muscle groups PMR, 16 muscle groups PMR, or a control group. PMR training requires the participants to tense a muscle, hold the muscle contraction, and then relax it. Measurement was conducted prior to and after the completion of 12 sessions of PMR. The dependent variables were measured following four bouts of intermittent exercise consisting of 12 min. of running at 60% VO2max for 10 min. followed by running at 90% VO2max for 2 min. with a 3-min. rest for each bout. Lower VO2, heart rate, perceived exertion, and quicker reaction time were expected in both relaxation groups compared to the control group. The results revealed a significant reduction in heart rates and choice reaction time for both relaxation groups, but the longer version produced significantly quicker choice reaction time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology
  13. Fulltext Stress analysis of engine camshaft from light metal
    Sharuddin Mohd Dahuri, Nor Hakimah Ahmad Subri, Norashady Mohd Noor
    Journal of Engineering and Science Research, 2018;2(1):37-44.
    MyJurnal
    his paper presents the structure and static model of engine camshaft analysis. For the purposes of this analysis, the finite element method is used. Camshaft is one of the critical components for effective and precise work of internal combustion engines. This camshaft rotates at high speed causing pressure and vibration in the system. Camshafts are also subject to varying fatigue burden due to cam plunger contact. These precise values are required to be determined to prevent failure in the camshaft. The objective of the project is to model and to perform pressure analysis on the camshaft machine. In this project the standard engine cam shafts are modeled and analyzed using the CATIA V5R21 software respectively. This model is created by the basic requirements of the engine. It is done with an existing background, such as the power of acting on cam by means of a valve while running at maxi mum speed. Here the approach becomes fully CAE based. CAE - based approaches enrich Research and limit the time span. A study was conducted to predict the behavior of the different camshafts structure of the material using the finite three - dimensional pressure of the element. Four types of materials such as Steel, Titanium, Aluminum and Magnesium are taken into account. FEA Stress and maximum displacement decisions are calculated and compared to all of the above materials. The conclusion is to focus on the material suitable for the camshaft to reduce the maximum displacement and weight. Titanium materials become the best material for camshaft manufacturing based on analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  14. Race-day performance of horses with epiglottic entrapment, and following surgical correction using intra-oral curved bistoury hook in anaesthetised horses
    Shaw DJ, Rosanowski SM
    Vet J, 2019 Aug;250:24-27.
    PMID: 31383416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.015
    Epiglottic entrapment is a condition in racing horses, associated with abnormal respiratory noises and exercise intolerance. Epiglottic entrapment has been linked to both poor and superior athletic performance, leading to concerns regarding whether surgery is indicated, and whether surgical correction may have a deleterious effect on future race performance. The objective of the current study was to assess the race-day performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment and the effect of surgical correction on performance outcomes using an intra-oral technique in anaesthetised horses. A case-control study was conducted at the Singapore Turf Club from 2008 to 2011. Controls were selected 1:1 to cases, based on Malaysian Racing Authority number. The performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment was recorded and post-surgery race performance was described. Further, post-surgery race performance was compared between cases and with non-case controls. Twenty horses raced with epiglottic entrapment were retrospectively enrolled. There was a significant difference in racing performance in case horses racing with and without epiglottic entrapment (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  15. Fulltext Three closely related (2E,2'E)-3,3'-(1,4-phenyl-ene)bis-[1-(meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones]: supra-molecular assemblies in one dimension mediated by hydrogen bonding and C-H⋯π inter-actions
    Sim A, Chidan Kumar CS, Kwong HC, Then LY, Win YF, Quah CK, et al.
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2017 Jun 01;73(Pt 6):896-900.
    PMID: 28638654 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017007460
    In the title compounds, (2E,2'E)-3,3'-(1,4-phenyl-ene)bis-[1-(2-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one], C26H22O4 (I), (2E,2'E)-3,3'-(1,4-phenyl-ene)bis-[1-(3-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one], C26H22O4 (II) and (2E,2'E)-3,3'-(1,4-phenyl-ene)bis-[1-(3,4-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one], C28H26O6 (III), the asymmetric unit consists of a half-mol-ecule, completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The dihedral angles between the central and terminal benzene rings are 56.98 (8), 7.74 (7) and 7.73 (7)° for (I), (II) and (III), respectively. In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by pairs of C-H⋯π inter-actions into chains running parallel to [101]. The packing for (II) and (III), features inversion dimers linked by pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R2(2)(16) and R2(2)(14) ring motifs, respectively, as parts of [201] and [101] chains, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  16. Fulltext Haematological and plasma electrolyte changes after long distance running in high heat and humidity
    Singh R, Sirisinghe RG
    Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):84-7.
    PMID: 10414164
    To investigate the acute effects of an 18 km run on the haematological and plasma electrolyte parameters, in recreational runners under conditions of high temperatures and humidity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology*
  17. Fulltext Accuracy of handheld continuous - wave doppler ultrasound in the assessment of varicose veins
    Siow, LR, Naresh G, Nik Ritza Kosai, Harunarashid H, Sutton, PA, Zainal AA
    Journal of Surgical Academia, 2015;5(2):16-28.
    MyJurnal
    The incidence of varicose veins and the need for treatment has shown a tremendous increase over the years. Debilitating venous ulcers and dragging edemas of the lower limb with overall improvement in cosmetic results and availability of endovenous procedures has brought many patients forward for treatment. Continuous-wave handheld Doppler usage is limited by its diagnostic capabilities, thus the need to determine its real effectiveness. Benefits of using hand-held dopplers lies in its rapidity in assessment of patients, it's low running cost and short learning curve. This is important as duplex ultrasounds are not readily available in district hospitals. This study aims to determine the clinical effectiveness of hand-held continuous wave dopplers in the local setting especially in primary uncomplicated varicose articles veins. All electively referred patients with primary uncomplicated varicose veins who were referred to the Varicose Vein Clinic were evaluated with continuous-wave handheld Doppler (CWD) and duplex ultrasound (DUS) examination. The study duration was from the 1st of July to 31st of August 2013 (2 months). All patients in the study were independently evaluated with CWD and DUS in the clinic on the same day after adequate rest time. DUS was taken as the gold standard for evaluation of CWD specificity and sensitivity. The Chi-square and T-test was used to test for statistical significance. A total of 41 patients were evaluated in this study. The specificity of CWD when compared to DUS for diagnosing Sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ) was 100% and at the Sapheno-popliteal junction (SPJ) was 87%. Meanwhile sensitivity of CWD for SFJ was 75% and SPJ was 60%. The examination time with CWD was significantly faster than when compared with DUS examination with significant faster tracing times that can be achieved with CWD. CWD also significantly shorter reflux times when compared to DUS. Continuous-wave handheld doppler proves to be an indispensable clinical tool in the evaluation of SFJ and SPJ reflux in varicose veins. CWD assessment in this study was shown to be equal if not better for evaluating reflux when compared to DUS assessment for SFJ reflux. Main advantages for CWD also lie in its low running cost, rapidity in assessment and short learning curve when compared to duplex ultrasound examinations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  18. Observation of Two Excited B_{c}^{+} States and Measurement of the B_{c}^{+}(2S) Mass in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV
    Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Ambrogi F, Bergauer T, Brandstetter J, et al.
    Phys Rev Lett, 2019 Apr 05;122(13):132001.
    PMID: 31012626 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.132001
    Signals consistent with the B_{c}^{+}(2S) and B_{c}^{*+}(2S) states are observed in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV, in an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 143  fb^{-1}, collected by the CMS experiment during the 2015-2018 LHC running periods. These excited b[over ¯]c states are observed in the B_{c}^{+}π^{+}π^{-} invariant mass spectrum, with the ground state B_{c}^{+} reconstructed through its decay to J/ψπ^{+}. The two states are reconstructed as two well-resolved peaks, separated in mass by 29.1±1.5(stat)±0.7(syst)  MeV. The observation of two peaks, rather than one, is established with a significance exceeding five standard deviations. The mass of the B_{c}^{+}(2S) meson is measured to be 6871.0±1.2(stat)±0.8(syst)±0.8(B_{c}^{+})  MeV, where the last term corresponds to the uncertainty in the world-average B_{c}^{+} mass.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  19. Fulltext Sensor application for soil treatment and behaviour
    Syahrul Affandi Saidi, Syarifah Idrus Sofia Syed Mohd Yamin, Mohd Sharizan Md Sarip, Wan Azani Mustafa
    Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 2018;13(1):8-15.
    MyJurnal
    In Malaysia, it is estimated that almost 80 percent of the world's population today used palm oil in their daily lives. Malaysia is the second country exporting palm oil, about 39 percent of world palm oil output. Besides that, Malaysia also recorded about 44 per cent of world exports, making the palm industry very important for countries other than rubber and cocoa. However, to keep the palm industry running smoothly and constantly, there are many challenges to face. One is to maintain soil fertility because the soil can affect the growth of oil palm trees. With the use of this system, it will show the condition of soil behaviour to the farmer about the treatment given. Arduino board is used in this project which it is programmed to calculate and display the level of soil condition by using temperature sensor and soil moisture sensors as an input. This sensor will detect the level of soil moisture and temperature and it is easier for farmers to monitor the soil conditions. Controlled soil conditions can improve the soil's ability to maintain the fertility of palm trees and help plant growth suit to the weather and local climate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
  20. Fulltext Cost analysis of private primary care services hn three urban centres in Malaysia
    Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Nyunt-U, Soe, Cheah, Molly, Kwa, S.K., Rohaizat Yon, Ding, L.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2001;1(1):8-15.
    MyJurnal
    A study was undertaken amongst private primary care providers in three urban centres of Malaysia to understand the organizational structure of the facilities and to assess the cost of running such services. A total of 150 clinics were involved in the study. Data was collected through interviews with owners of the clinics using semi-structured questionnaires. Solo-practitioners owned 64.7% of the clinics while 35.3% of them were owned by group practice. This study showed that the mean number of patients visited the clinics daily was 49.3 with the average operating hours of 79.4 hours/week (range 28.0 - 168.0 hours/week). Group practice clinics operates 23.9 hours longer than solo-practice clinics. Group practice clinics were more likely to offer 24 hours service than solo-practice clinics. Most of the clinics were manned by a single doctor (57.3%), 30.0 % had two doctors and only 12.7% were run by more than two doctors. On average, group practice employed greater number of supporting staff than solo-practice clinics (6.0 vs 4.3 people). The mean annual cost to run each facility was found to be RM 444,698. The mean cost per patient was found to be RM 32.09 for solo-practice clinics and RM 38.55 for group practice. Wages represented the highest proportion in the recurrent cost (61.1%) followed by drugs (29.2%) and consumables (2.7%). Building cost (67.9%) and equipment cost (25.9%) were the major capital costs for the clinics. This study could serve as a basis to reimburse private primary care providers in the future health financing scheme in Malaysia. To improve efficiency and contain cost in primary care settings, efforts should be targeted towards cost of wages and drugs utilised by the providers in their daily practice.
    Key words: Private practice; primary care; costs; Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Running
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