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Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952 and Myxobolus selari n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting brain of commercial fishes in Terengganu, Malaysia

Samshuri MÁ, Borkhanuddin MH

Syst Parasitol, 2024 May 11;101(3):39.
PMID: 38733439 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-024-10162-3

Myxosporean infection in marine water fishes has drawn less attention than in freshwater fishes, which resulted in a higher taxonomic variety in freshwater in Malaysia. This study aimed to address the gap by conducting a myxosporean survey on two commercially significant marine fish species, Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes) (Eupercaria incertae sedis: Nemipteridae) and Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) (Carangiformes: Carangidae), collected from the northeastern part of peninsular Malaysia. During the examination of the organs, two distinct Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 species were discovered in the brain tissue of these fishes, despite the absence of any observable pathological signs. The two Myxobolus species were characterized through morphometry, morphology, and analysis of partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) gene. As a result, Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952, which infects 2.3% of N. furcosus, is synonymous with a myxobolid species commonly found in Japanese waters, based on its morphological traits, tissue tropism, and molecular diagnostics. Furthermore, a novel species, Myxobolus selari n. sp., was described, infecting the brain of one (11%) individual S. crumenophthalmus. This unique species displayed distinctive features, placing it within a well-supported subclade primarily comprising brain-infecting myxobolids. Maximum likelihood analysis further revealed the close relationships among these brain-infecting myxobolids, underscoring the significance of tissue tropism and host taxonomy for myxobolids. This study represents the initial documentation of Myxobolus species within the southern South China Sea, shedding light on the potential diversity of marine myxosporean in this region. This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7C400E35-7CB8-4DEE-92B7-F75FF3926441.
Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Micromelum minutum leaves using citric acid monohydrate-glycerol based deep eutectic solvents and evaluation of biological activities

Md Yusoff MH, Shafie MH

Anal Chim Acta, 2024 Dec 01;1331:343351.
PMID: 39532430 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343351

BACKGROUND: The extraction of polysaccharides using an acidic extraction media has been extensively reported, highlighting its effectiveness in yielding high-quality polysaccharides. A higher concentration of acidic solution could hydrolyze the structure of polysaccharide, while a low concentration reduces the extraction efficiency. Despite this challenges, deep eutectic solvents (DES) were introduced as an alternative extraction medium due to additional interactions such as inter and intra-molecular interactions, Van de Waals, hydrogen bond, and electrostatic interactions, which could improve the polysaccharide extraction efficiency and biological activities. Furthermore, the extraction conditions such as extraction medium and extraction parameters could affect the properties of polysaccharides as well as influence their structure-activity relationship for biological activities.
RESULTS: The result showed that the microwave-assisted extraction of Micromelum minutum leaf polysaccharide (MMLP) using DES as an extraction media (MMLP-DES) gave a higher yield (improvement of 101.20 %) than citric acid monohydrate (CAM) (MMLP-CAM) and required a lower percentage of microwave power (19.83 % less) and time (0.78 min less). The properties of MMLPs significantly differ based on their pH, molecular weight, viscosity, degree of esterification and monosaccharide molar ratio which influenced the biological activities. Compared to MMLP-CAM, MMLP-DES had a more branched and less linear structure. The bioactivities study revealed that MMLP-DES exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-α-amylase activities (i.e.
, DPPH: 74.52 %, FRAP: 2.87 mM FeSO4 and α-amylase inhibition: 86.23 %) compared to MMLP-CAM (i.e.
, DPPH: 49.33 %, FRAP: 1.49 mM FeSO4, and α-amylase inhibition: 81.76 %). The mechanism and structure-activity relationship of MMLPs on bioactivities were also hypothesized.
SIGNIFICANCE: Based on our previous study, the citric acid monohydrate-glycerol based DES as an extraction medium has enhanced the extraction yield of polysaccharides from M. minutum. This study highlights the DES combined with microwave-assisted extraction to improve the yield of MMLP and evaluate the biological activities compared to CAM as a classical solvent. In conclusion, the DES showed the advantages for extraction of polysaccharides with desired biological activities.
A review of in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic polysaccharides: Extraction methods, physicochemical and structure-activity relationships

Md Yusoff MH, Shafie MH

Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Dec;282(Pt 4):137143.
PMID: 39500430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137143

Nowadays, various plant polysaccharides have been successfully extracted which exhibited strong biological activities and might be useful for diabetes management. However, the effect of extraction methods, physicochemical and the structural-activity relationships of polysaccharides to exhibit antioxidants and antidiabetics were inadequate to explain their mechanism in action. The uses of advance extraction methods might be preferred to obtain higher antioxidants and antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides compared to conventional methods, but the determination of optimal extraction conditions might be crucial to preserve their structure and biological functions. Other than that, the physicochemical and structural properties of polysaccharides were closely related to their biological activities such as antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Therefore, this review addressed the research gap of the influence of extraction methods, physicochemical and structural relationships of polysaccharides to biological activities, pointing out the challenges and limitations as well as future prospects to the current findings.
Pioneering polysaccharide extraction with deep eutectic solvents: A review on impacts to extraction yield, physicochemical properties and bioactivities

Yusoff MHM, Shafie MH

Int J Biol Macromol, 2025 Feb 25.
PMID: 40015410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141469

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as promising solvents for polysaccharide extraction from various sources. The DES which is produced by combining hydrogen bond donors and acceptors offers sustainability, low toxicity, a wide range of solubility and tailored properties. This review examines DES features and their effectiveness as extraction media for polysaccharides, highlighting the mechanisms behind their enhanced extraction efficiency compared to classical solvents. Additionally, we discuss the mechanism behind the DES affecting the physicochemical and structural properties of the extracted polysaccharides. The review also explores the antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and immunomodulatory properties of DES-extracted polysaccharides compared to classical solvents which emphasize structural changes in the polymer complex. This review intends to shed insight into the prospects of green extraction technologies by providing information on the benefits of DES and its potential to modify polysaccharide characteristics and enhance their biological activities, which is covered in depth for the first time here.
Fulltext A rare case of massive systemic embolisation secondary to atrial myxoma- case report

Muhammad Amin AU

Med J Malaysia, 2013 Dec;68(6):471-2.
PMID: 24632916

We report a case of a 21 year old girl who presented with sudden onset of abdominal, back and bilateral leg pain, paralysis with unexpected collapse at home. Physical examination was suggestive of acute aortic occlusion. CTangiogram revealed multi-system thrombo-embolic shower. She proceeded to urgent aortic thrombectomy and fasciotomy of the bilateral lower limb. Further investigation revealed atrial myxoma and we report the patient's postoperative progress and eventual transfer to rehabilitation facility.
Potent microbial and tyrosinase inhibitors from stem bark of Bauhinia rufescens (Fabaceae)

Muhammad A, Sirat HM

Nat Prod Commun, 2013 Oct;8(10):1435-7.
PMID: 24354195

The stem bark extracts of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Fabaceae) yielded 6-methoxy-7-methyl-8-hydroxydibenz[b,f]oxepin, alpha-amyrin acetate, beta-sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside, 4-(2'-Hydroxyphenethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylphenol, menisdaurin and sequoyitol. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods and comparisons with the literature data. For the antimicrobial assay Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains were tested, while the tyrosinase inhibition assay utilized L-DOPA as a substrate for the tyrosinase enzyme. 6-Methoxy-7-methyl-8-hydroxydibenz[b,f]oxepin, a-amyrin acetate, beta-sitosterol 3-O-D-xylopyranoside, menisdaurin and sequoyitol showed weak to moderate activities with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values in the range of 112.5-900 microg/mL against all bacterial strains, while the MIC values for the fungal strains were in the range of 28.1-450 microg/mL. In the tyrosinase inhibition assay, a-amyrin acetate was found to be moderately active against tyrosinase with an inhibition of 62% at 0.1 mg/mL. This activity was lower than that of the positive control, kojic acid (85%).
The need for enhancement of research, development, and commercialization of natural medicinal products in Nigeria: lessons from the Malaysian experience

Muhammad BY, Awaisu A

Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 2008 Jan 22;5(2):120-30.
PMID: 20161927

The use of natural medicinal products in modern medicine as complementary and alternative therapies is of the increase globally. More so in developing and third world countries where the cost of research and development of synthetic drugs is prohibitive and technological facilities as well as expertise are lacking. These, coupled with the crumbling health care management systems in many of such countries make herbal medicines attractive alternatives. The potential medicinal values of these plant products are not being properly harnessed and research and development (R&D) in this area are lagging behind. R&D and consultancy services span from phytochemical analysis, standardization and quality control of herbs, and dosage forms design to preclinical and clinical trials. This paper tries to highlight all the necessary steps needed to conduct research and development in this area and proposes the nitty-gritty needed to impose statutory regulations on ensuring the quality, safety, efficacy, and commercial distribution of such products. The paper examines these important issues and highlights by way of examples, some of the steps taken and the positive achievements of the people and government of Malaysia towards self reliance in the area of natural medicinal plant research. It is primarily intended to map out strategies on how Nigeria in conjunction with research and academic institutions can be actively involved in natural products R&D, taking the Malaysian experience as a prototype. It is also aimed at urging government's efforts to encourage research in this area and impose regulations for commercial production and distribution of such products.
COX-2 inhibitors from stem bark of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Fabaceae)

Muhammad A, Sirat HM

EXCLI J, 2013;12:824-30.
PMID: 26600739

Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Bauhinia rufescens resulted in the isolation of a new cyanoglucoside and menisdaurin from methanol extract and oxepin from petroleum ether extract. The isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory potentials based on the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (COX-2) model. Cyanoglucoside exhibited the highest activity among the compounds with an inhibition activity of 49.34 % at 100 µM (IC50 0.46 µM) compared to the positive control, indomethacin (79.20 %, IC50 0.24 µM).
China's seaborne oil import and shipping emissions: The prospect of belt and road initiative

Muhammad S, Long X

Mar Pollut Bull, 2020 Sep;158:111422.
PMID: 32753206 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111422

China's seaborne foreign oil supply through the Malacca Strait is facing security challenges due to territorial disputes, pirate attacks, and geopolitics. To overcome these challenges, China plans to import oil through one of the corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)-the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). This study estimated and compared ship emissions and their externalities associated with seaborne oil supply from the top five oil suppliers to China through the existing shipping route via the Malacca Strait and proposed route via CEPC. Ship activity-based methodology is applied to estimate the emissions of air pollutants (CO2, NOx, SO2, PM10, and CO) during cruising, maneuvering, and hoteling periods. The results show that the total ship emissions of China's seaborne oil supply can be significantly reduced from 6.2 million tons to 2.1 million tons via the CPEC route. While external cost can be reduced up to 65.9% via the CPEC route.
Fulltext Fabrication and characterization of Mg-Zn alloys reinforced with carbon nanofiber for orthopaedics implant application: a study on the different compositions

Muhammad Al Kahfi Edrus, Muhammad Sallehuddin Mohd Azman, Herman Tuminoh, Ahmad Kafrawi Nasution, Muhammad Hanif Ramlee

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(4):252-258.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Biodegradable materials, such as Mg-based, Fe-based, and Zn-based, bring as much attention as bone-implant materials due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability characteristics. Among them, the Mg is the most abundant elements in human body and primarily found in the bones. However, the Mg has a lower mechanical properties and resistances to fracture compared to the other biodegradable and non-biodegradable metals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a possible biodegradable material made of Mg-Zn alloys reinforced with carbon nano fiber (CNF) and later tested with several testing procedures. Methods: The powder metallurgy method (PM) was utilized to fabricate a total of 24 samples of Mg-Zn alloys reinforced with 1.0%wt, 1.2%wt, 1.4%wt, 1.6%wt, 1.8%wt and 2.0%wt of CNF. The PM method was involved with the process of grinding using ball milling, compaction under 400MPa pressure and sintered under 400 °C. Compression testing was done to measure the mechanical strength meanwhile scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to identify the microstructural of samples. Results: From this study, it was found that Mg-Zn alloys with 1.6 wt% of CNF produce the highest Young's modulus (2687.91MPa) with acceptable yield strength (84.91MPa). For microstructural analysis, the results showed a compact surface for 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 wt% of CNF and non-homogeneous structure of all the samples. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has successfully shown the promising use of Mg-Zn-CNF composite as new materials for implant in terms of suitable strength and structure.
The first use of combination of Intrapleural Fibrinolytics (Alteplase & DNAse) for pleural infection in Malaysia

Muhammad Redzwan SRA

Med J Malaysia, 2019 04;74(2):176-178.
PMID: 31079131

The use of a combination of intrapleural fibrinolytics or tissue plasminogen activator(tPA) Alteplase and deoxyribonuclease (Dnase) has been increasing for cases of complicated pleural infection/parapneumonic effusion worldwide. Its efficacy and success rate in selected cases of complicated parapneumonic effusion unresponsive to antibiotics and chest drainage are well documented. This case report demonstrates the first use of combination intrapleural fibrinolytic (Alteplase) and DNAse (Pulmozyme) in Malaysia for a case of pleural infection/parapneumonic effusion.
Preventing Childhood Neurodisability

Muhammad Ismail HI

Malays J Med Sci, 2024 Apr;31(2):1-5.
PMID: 38694588 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2024.31.2.1

Globally 8.4% of children under 5 years old have a neurodisability. The important factors contributing to this are infection and inflammation, nutrition and quality of care especially during pregnancy and in the first 2 years of life. In an attempt to reduce neurodisability arising from these factors, WHO launched the 1,000 days initiative in 2014. Recent data from the National Health and Morbidity, and Malaysian National Neonatal Registry is a cause for concern. The rate of low weight babies has shown a significant increase during this period. The percentage of pregnant mothers with diabetes has doubled over the last 6 years. In addition, 20% of children under 5 years old are stunted and 46% have anaemia. All of these impact on neurological development, potentially increasing the incidence of developmental disorders and motor deficits.
An improved decision tree model through hyperparameter optimization using a modified gray wolf optimization for diabetes classification

Sam'an M, Farikhin, Munsarif M

Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 2025 Feb 13.
PMID: 39945511 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2025.2460178

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects blood sugar levels and vital organs in the body. Early detection is crucial given the increasing global prevalence of diabetes and the grave risk of complications if not properly managed. Thus, a good prediction system is necessary. Although the Decision Tree (DT) is commonly used for classification, it is less effective with large datasets. We propose hyperparameter optimization of the DT using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), which has exploration and both exploitation capabilities. However, the limited search space of GWO may hinder practical exploration and exploitation, leading to premature optimization. To address this, we propose a modified GWO (MGWO) by adding the Levy distribution function to enhance the movements of alpha, beta, and delta wolves. We also provide GA (Genetic Algorithm) as a comparative algorithm. The fitness value of MGWO is 0.8498, surpassing GWO (0.8373) and GA (0.8492). Evaluation results indicate that MGWO and GA yield similar and superior accuracy compared to GWO. The proposed method outperforms existing ones. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of varying the number of wolves on optimization performance and classification accuracy.
Fulltext Review of cyber security applications in nuclear power plants

Muhammad Adil Khattak, Muhammad Khairy Harmaini Shaharuddin, Muhammad Saiful Islam Haris, Muhammad Zuhaili Mohammad Aminuddin, Nik Mohamad Amirul Nik Azhar, Nik Muhammad Hakimi Nik Ahmad

Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 2017;7(1):43-54.
MyJurnal

It is essential to ensure the nuclear power plant system are not compromise and avoid
failure that can result in significant economic loss and physical damage to the public.
However, a very little attention was given to software and cybersecurity hazard. This
review paper discusses about the cybersecurity in nuclear power plant, history of
accident, implementation and future plan on cybersecurity deeply. About 51 published
studies (2006-2017) are reviewed in this paper. It is marked from the literature survey
articles that it is important for the cybersecurity of a nuclear power plant to be at par
with the evolution of hardware and software and to counter the increasing risk on
cyber vulnerabilities. Moreover, it should be addressed as a concern and major priority
for researches and policy-makers.
Fulltext A Case of Traumatic Distal End Radius Fracture With a Hemorrhagic Volar Wrist Ganglion Cyst

Firdaus M, Aslam F, Muhammad Nawawi RF

Cureus, 2024 Jun;16(6):e61923.
PMID: 38978947 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61923

Wrist ganglion cysts are the most common benign soft tissue swelling in the hand and wrist. They may arise from flexor and extensor tendon sheaths, interphalangeal joints, wrist joints, and even the neural tissues around the hand and wrist. Some volar wrist ganglion cysts arise from the radiocarpal joint and scaphotrapezial joint. It is uncommonly encountered as an incidental finding during the fixation of a distal radius fracture. In our case, a volar wrist hemorrhagic ganglion cyst was incidentally found during the fixation of the fracture. Prior to the injury, the patient had no complaints of swelling over her right wrist. The cyst was removed using microscopic magnification.
Fulltext Dataset on the safety behavior among Pakistani healthcare workers during COVID-19

Awais-E-Yazdan M, Ilyas MA, Aziz MQ, Waqas M

Data Brief, 2022 Apr;41:107831.
PMID: 35071698 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.107831

The dataset includes the particulars of 515 respondents on safety behavior during COVID-19. The questionnaires were adapted using Social Learning Theory and Social Exchange Theory. The variables included in dataset are Transactional Leadership (TSL), Transformational Leadership (TFL), Employee Well-Being (EWB) and Safety behavior (SB). Moreover, the dataset also contains the demographic profile of the respondents. Data was collected with the help of self-administered questionnaire from eight public hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan, namely Services Hospital Lahore, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, Government General Hospital Faisalabad, DHQ Hospital Chiniot, Municipal General Hospital Sargodha, DHQ Hospital Jhang, DHQ Hospital Multan and Sulehri Children & General Hospital Sialkot. This dataset could provide a significant insight for future research in employee safety behavior.
Fulltext A CMIP6 multi-model based analysis of potential climate change effects on watershed runoff using SWAT model: A case study of kunhar river basin, Pakistan

Waheed A, Jamal MH, Javed MF, Idlan Muhammad K

Heliyon, 2024 Apr 30;10(8):e28951.
PMID: 38655367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28951

The hydrological regimes of watersheds might be drastically altered by climate change, a majority of Pakistan's watersheds are experiencing problems with water quality and quantity as a result precipitation changes and temperature, necessitating evaluation and alterations to management strategies. In this study, the regional water security in northern Pakistan is examined about anthropogenic climate change on runoff in the Kunhar River Basin (KRB), a typical river in northern Pakistan using Soil and Water Assessment tool (SWAT) and flow durarion curve (FDC). Nine general circulation models (GCMs) were successfully utilized following bias correction under two latest IPCC shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) emission scenarios. Correlation coefficients (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients (NSE), and the Percent Bias (PBIAS) are all above 0.75. The conclusions demonstrate that the SWAT model precisely simulates the runoff process in the KRB on monthly and daily timescales. For the two emission scenarios of SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, the mean annual precipitation is predicted to rise by 3.08 % and 5.86 %, respectively, compared to the 1980-2015 baseline. The forecasted rise in mean daily high temperatures is expected to range from 2.08 °C to 3.07 °C, while the anticipated increase in mean daily low temperatures is projected to fall within the range of 2.09 °C-3.39 °C, spanning the years 2020-2099. Under the two SSPs scenarios, annual runoff is estimated to increase by 5.47 % and 7.60 % due to climate change during the same period. Future socioeconomic growth will be supported by a sufficient water supply made possible by the rise in runoff. However, because of climate change, there is a greater possibility of flooding because of increases in both rainfall and runoff. As a result, flood control and development plans for KRB must consider the climate change's possible effects. There is a chance that the peak flow will move backwards relative to the baseline.
Fulltext Cydonia oblonga M., A Medicinal Plant Rich in Phytonutrients for Pharmaceuticals

Ashraf MU, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Bukhari SN

Front Pharmacol, 2016;7:163.
PMID: 27445806 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00163

Cydonia oblonga M. is a medicinal plant of family Rosaceae which is used to prevent or treat several ailments such as cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, ulcer, respiratory, and urinary infections, etc. Cydonia oblonga commonly known as Quince is rich in useful secondary metabolites such as phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, sugars, organic acids, and glycosides. A wide range of pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, antidepressant, antidiarrheal, hypolipidemic, diuretic, and hypoglycemic have been ascribed to various parts of C. oblonga. The polysaccharide mucilage, glucuronoxylan extruded from seeds of C. oblonga is used in dermal patches to heal wounds. This review focuses on detailed investigations of high-valued phytochemicals as well as pharmacological and phytomedicinal attributes of the plant.
Simvastatin nanoparticles loaded polymeric film as a potential strategy for diabetic wound healing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Tufail S, Siddique MI, Sarfraz M, Sohail MF, Shahid MN, Omer MO, et al.

Curr Drug Deliv, 2021 Jul 20.
PMID: 34288836 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210720150929

INTRODUCTION: The pleiotropic effects of statins are recently explored for wound healing through angiogenesis and lymph-angiogenesis that could be of great importance in diabetic wounds.
AIM: Aim of the present study is to fabricate nanofilm embedded with simvastatin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-SIM-NPs) has been reported herein to explore the efficacy of SIM in diabetic wound healing.
METHODS: The NPs, prepared via ionic gelation, were 173nm ± 2.645 in size with a zeta potential -0.299 ± 0.009 and PDI 0.051 ± 0.088 with excellent encapsulation efficiency (99.97%). The optimized formulation (CS: TPP, 1:1) that exhibited the highest drug release (91.64%) was incorporated into polymeric nanofilm (HPMC, Sodium alginate, PVA), followed by in vitro characterization. The optimized nanofilm was applied to the wound created on the back of diabetes-induced (with alloxan injection 120 mg/kg) albino rats.
RESULTS: The results showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the wound healing process compared to the diabetes-induced non-treated group. The results highlighted the importance of nanofilms loaded with SIM-NPs in diabetic wound healing through angiogenesis promotion at the wound site.
CONCLUSION: Thus, CS-SIM-NPs loaded polymeric nanofilms could be an emerging diabetic wound healing agent in the industry of nanomedicines.
Fulltext The non-Newtonian maxwell nanofluid flow between two parallel rotating disks under the effects of magnetic field

Ahmadian A, Bilal M, Khan MA, Asjad MI

Sci Rep, 2020 Oct 13;10(1):17088.
PMID: 33051520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74096-8

The main feature of the present numerical model is to explore the behavior of Maxwell nanoliquid moving within two horizontal rotating disks. The disks are stretchable and subjected to a magnetic field in axial direction. The time dependent characteristics of thermal conductivity have been considered to scrutinize the heat transfer phenomena. The thermophoresis and Brownian motion features of nanoliquid are studied with Buongiorno model. The lower and upper disk's rotation for both the cases, same direction as well as opposite direction of rotation is investigated. The subsequent arrangement of the three dimensional Navier Stoke's equations along with energy, mass and Maxwell equations are diminished to a dimensionless system of equations through the Von Karman's similarity framework. The comparative numerical arrangement of modeled equations is further set up by built-in numerical scheme "boundary value solver" (Bvp4c) and Runge Kutta fourth order method (RK4). The various physical constraints, such as Prandtl number, thermal conductivity, magnetic field, thermal radiation, time relaxation, Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters and their impact are presented and discussed briefly for velocity, temperature, concentration and magnetic strength profiles. In the present analysis, some vital characteristics such as Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are considered for physical and numerical investigation. The outcomes concluded that the disk stretching action opposing the flow behavior. With the increases of magnetic field parameter [Formula: see text] the fluid velocity decreases, while improving its temperature. We show a good agreement of the present work by comparing with those published in literature.

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