Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 35 in total

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  1. Fulltext Quantitative analysis of electroplated nickel coating on hard metal
    Wahab HA, Noordin MY, Izman S, Kurniawan D
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:631936.
    PMID: 23997678 DOI: 10.1155/2013/631936
    Electroplated nickel coating on cemented carbide is a potential pretreatment technique for providing an interlayer prior to diamond deposition on the hard metal substrate. The electroplated nickel coating is expected to be of high quality, for example, indicated by having adequate thickness and uniformity. Electroplating parameters should be set accordingly for this purpose. In this study, the gap distances between the electrodes and duration of electroplating process are the investigated variables. Their effect on the coating thickness and uniformity was analyzed and quantified using design of experiment. The nickel deposition was carried out by electroplating in a standard Watt's solution keeping other plating parameters (current: 0.1 Amp, electric potential: 1.0 V, and pH: 3.5) constant. The gap distance between anode and cathode varied at 5, 10, and 15 mm, while the plating time was 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Coating thickness was found to be proportional to the plating time and inversely proportional to the electrode gap distance, while the uniformity tends to improve at a large electrode gap. Empirical models of both coating thickness and uniformity were developed within the ranges of the gap distance and plating time settings, and an optimized solution was determined using these models.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating/methods*
  2. Emulsion liquid membrane modeling for chromium removal from electroplating wastewater using TOMAC as a carrier
    Othman N, Noah NFM, Sulaiman RNR, Jusoh N, Tan WT
    Water Environ Res, 2021 Sep;93(9):1669-1679.
    PMID: 33704848 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1551
    Hexavalent chromium, emanating primarily from the electroplating industries, can be reduced to the less toxic trivalent variety by several methods, including emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). In this work, studies on the continuous removal of chromium from authentic electroplating wastewater by ELM are reported. The effects of treat ratio, external feed phase, and stripping agent concentration were examined. A mathematical boundary breakage model was used to study the extraction efficiency of chromium through the ELM process. The model representing the prediction of ELM extraction performance for chromium was validated through the comparison between the simulation and experimental results. The result showed the simulation model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental result. Almost 100% of 40 ppm chromium in the external feed phase was extracted within 3 to 5 min using 0.022 M TOMAC as extractant, 1.0 M acidic thiourea in the internal phase, and 1 to 5 of treat ratio. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Hexavalent chromium, emanating primarily from electroplating industries, can be reduced to the less toxic trivalent using ELM process. The developed method was tested for its applicability with predominant species of Cr2 O7 2- in real rinse electroplating wastewater. The extraction efficiency (%) of Cr (VI) was almost 100% for 40 ppm Cr in the external feed phase within 3 to 5 min. The result showed the simulation model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental result.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating*
  3. Fulltext Enhancement of mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of electrodeposited Ni-P-TiC composite coatings
    Fayyaz O, Khan A, Shakoor RA, Hasan A, Yusuf MM, Montemor MF, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2021 Mar 05;11(1):5327.
    PMID: 33674680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84716-6
    In the present study, the effect of concentration of titanium carbide (TiC) particles on the structural, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of Ni-P composite coatings was investigated. Various amounts of TiC particles (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L-1) were co-electrodeposited in the Ni-P matrix under optimized conditions and then characterized by employing various techniques. The structural analysis of prepared coatings indicates uniform, compact, and nodular structured coatings without any noticeable defects. Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation results demonstrate the increase in the hardness with an increasing amount of TiC particles attaining its terminal value (593HV100) at the concentration of 1.5 g L-1. Further increase in the concentration of TiC particles results in a decrease in hardness, which can be ascribed to their accumulation in the Ni-P matrix. The electrochemical results indicate the improvement in corrosion protection efficiency of coatings with an increasing amount of TiC particles reaching to ~ 92% at 2.0 g L-1, which can be ascribed to a reduction in the active area of the Ni-P matrix by the presence of inactive ceramic particles. The favorable structural, mechanical, and corrosion protection characteristics of Ni-P-TiC composite coatings suggest their potential applications in many industrial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  4. Fulltext The effect of agitation speed on the co-deposition of Ni–SiC composite coating
    Nur Azam Badarulzaman, Lee, Chung Heung, Ahmad Azmin Mohamad, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, Purwadaria, Sunara
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2007(1):83-86.
    MyJurnal
    Ni–SiC composite coatings were electrodeposited from a Watts-type bath containing 5 g/l SiC particles in suspension. The particles were dispersed with the aid of mechanical agitation at 75 rpm and 150 rpm. EDX analysis confirmed the existence of Ni and SiC in the coatings. The effects of agitation speed on hardness properties of the coatings were investigated. SEM results showed that lower agitation speed could improve the amount of co-deposited SiC particles and increase the hardness of the composite coatings. The bonding between the Ni metal matrix and the SiC ceramic particles was compact.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  5. Fulltext Seed/catalyst-free vertical growth of high-density electrodeposited zinc oxide nanostructures on a single-layer graphene
    Aziz NS, Mahmood MR, Yasui K, Hashim AM
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2014 Feb 26;9(1):95.
    PMID: 24568668 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276X-9-95
    We report the seed/catalyst-free vertical growth of high-density electrodeposited ZnO nanostructures on a single-layer graphene. The absence of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and heat has resulted in the formation of nanoflake-like ZnO structure. The results show that HMTA and heat are needed to promote the formation of hexagonal ZnO nanostructures. The applied current density plays important role in inducing the growth of ZnO on graphene as well as in controlling the shape, size, and density of ZnO nanostructures. High density of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods comparable to other methods was obtained. The quality of the ZnO nanostructures also depended strongly on the applied current density. The growth mechanism was proposed. According to the growth timing chart, the growth seems to involve two stages which are the formation of ZnO nucleation and the enhancement of the vertical growth of nanorods. ZnO/graphene hybrid structure provides several potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics such as photovoltaic devices, sensing devices, optical devices, and photodetectors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  6. Fulltext Recovery of heavy metals from spent etching waste solution of printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing
    Ali, A.H.M., Sobri, S., Salmiaton, A., Faizah, M.Y.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(2):375-386.
    MyJurnal
    The process of etching is the most crucial part of the work of manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCB). In the etching process by nitric acid, a spent etching waste solution of composition 250 g/L HNO3, 30-40 g/L Cu, 30-40 g/L Sn, 30-40 g/L Pb and 20-25 g/L Fe is produced. High metal concentrations in the spent etching waste solution make it a viable candidate for the recovery of metals. Recovery of metals from spent etching waste solution is a significant concern as the recent growth in production of printed circuit boards has generated a drastic increase of spent etching waste solution each year. This study concerns itself with the recovery of metals from spent etching waste. In this study a dilution was made in order to increase the pH of the solution as spent etching waste solution has high acidity, and the electrowinning method was performed to recover metals from the spent etching waste solution. Glassy carbon and platinum were used as cathode and anode in order to investigate the electrodeposition of metals and cyclic voltammetry investigation suggests that the deposition of metals on glassy carbon electrodes occurs at four different overpotentials mainly at -0.15 V, -0.35 V, -0.45 V and -0.75 V. Microscopy observation demonstrates that there is a deposition of metals by applying the potentials in a set of current-time transient study for a duration of 60 seconds and the metals recovered formed as aggregates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  7. Fulltext Electrodeposition of white copper-tin alloys from alkaline cyanide solutions
    Hariyanti, Purwadaria, S., Zainal Arifin Ahmad
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2007(1):159-164.
    MyJurnal
    Electrodeposition of white copper-tin alloys (including white miralloys) has been done onto planar mild steel substrates from alkaline cyanide solutions at 65 0 C. The chemical composition of the coating is influenced by plating bath composition and current density. White miralloy can be produced from the test solution containing 10 g/l CuCN2 - , 45 g/l Na2SnO3, 25 g/l NaCN, and 12 g/l NaOH at current density about 5 mA/cm 2 . The local compositions of the coating cross section were analyzed using EDX installed in a FESEM operated at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. The phases formed during co-deposition process were identified using XRD at 25 mA current and 35 kV voltage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  8. Fulltext Cu-Ni alloys coatings for corrosion protection on mild steel in 0.5 M NaCl solution
    Mohammad Hafizudden Mohd Zaki, Yusairie Mohd, Nik Norziehana Che Isa
    Science Letters, 2016;11(2):20-29.
    MyJurnal
    Mild steel is the most common metal used in industry. However, mild steel easily corrodes when exposed to environment. One way to protect mild steel from corrodes is by coating it with more noble metal like copper and its alloys. In this study, copper and Cu-Ni alloys were successfully coated on the mild steel substrate by electrodeposition technique using alkaline citrate solutions containing Cu and Ni ions precursors. The reaction and mechanisms of the electrodeposition of copper and Cu-Ni alloys on the mild steel substrate were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry methods. Surface morphology of the coatings was examined by FESEM. The elemental compositions of the coatings were confirmed by EDAX analysis. The molar ratios of Cu-Ni solutions have affected the formation of the coatings. Corrosion study shows that copper coated mild steel can improve the corrosion resistance of the mild steel in 0.5 M NaCl. Cu-Ni coating prepared from Cu60-Ni40 showed the highest corrosion resistance. The order of the corrosion resistance of the samples in 0.5 M NaCl at 25 oC is Cu60-Ni40> Cu75- Ni25> Cu90-Ni10> Cu100> mild steel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  9. Fulltext Electrodeposition of Ginseng/Polyaniline Encapsulated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Microcapsule Coating on Stainless Steel 316L at Different Deposition Parameters
    Lukman SK, Al-Ashwal RH, Sultana N, Saidin S
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2019;67(5):445-451.
    PMID: 31061369 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00847
    Electrodeposition is commonly used to deposit ceramic or metal coating on metallic implants. Its utilization in depositing polymer microcapsule coating is currently being explored. However, there is no encapsulation of drug within polymer microcapsules that will enhance its chemical and biological properties. Therefore, in this study, ginseng which is known for its multiple therapeutic effects was encapsulated inside biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microcapsules to be coated on pre-treated medical grade stainless steel 316L (SS316L) using an electrodeposition technique. Polyaniline (PANI) was incorporated within the microcapsules to drive the formation of microcapsule coating. The electrodeposition was performed at different current densities (1-3 mA) and different deposition times (20-60 s). The chemical composition, morphology and wettability of the microcapsule coatings were characterized through attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle analyses. The changes of electrolyte colors, before and after the electrodeposition were also observed. The addition of PANI has formed low wettability and uniform microcapsule coatings at 2 mA current density and 40 s deposition time. Reduction in the current density or deposition time caused less attachment of microcapsule coatings with high wettability records. While prolonging either one parameter has led to debris formation and melted microcapsules with non-uniform wettability measurements. The color of electrolytes was also changed from milky white to dark yellow when the current density and deposition time increased. The application of tolerable current density and deposition time is crucial to obtain a uniform microcapsule coating, projecting a controlled release of encapsulated drug.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating/instrumentation; Electroplating/methods*
  10. Fulltext Green synthesis of in situ electrodeposited rGO/MnO2 nanocomposite for high energy density supercapacitors
    Rusi, Majid SR
    Sci Rep, 2015;5:16195.
    PMID: 26537363 DOI: 10.1038/srep16195
    This paper presents the preparation of in situ electrodeposited rGO/MnO2 nanocomposite as a binder-free electrode for supercapacitor application. The work describes and evaluates the performance of prepared electrode via green and facile electrodeposition technique of in situ rGO/MnO2-glucose carbon nanocomposites. The carbon content in the composite electrode increased after GO and D (+) glucose solution has been added in the deposition electrolyte. This study found that a suitable concentration of D (+) glucose in the deposition electrolyte can slow down the nucleation process of MnO2 particles and lead to uniform and ultrathin nanoflakes structure. The optimize electrode exhibited low transfer resistance and resulted on excellent electrochemical performance in three electrolyte systems viz. Na2SO4, KOH and KOH/K3Fe(CN)6 redox electrolytes. The optimum energy density and power density were 1851 Whkg(-1) and 68 kWkg(-1) at current density of 20 Ag(-1) in mixed KOH/K3Fe(CN)6 electrolyte.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  11. Electrodeposited Ge Nanostructures Prepared by Different Non-Aqueous Solutions and their Application in Lithium Ion Battery: A Review
    Nadarajah K, Khan AF, Rahim NA
    Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2016;10(1):26-43.
    PMID: 27018271
    BACKGROUND: Germanium (Ge) nanostructures exhibit wide range of potential applications in the field of nanoscale devices due to their excellent optical and electrical properties and have gained significant interest due to the Bohr exciton radius. Bohr radius of Ge (24.3 nm) is larger than that of Si (4.9 nm), leading to quantum size effects and nanostructures with controllable bandgaps.

    METHODS: This article provides a comprehensive review on various electrolytes for electrodeposition procedures developed to obtain the Ge nanostructures of desired structure, diameter, and density. We discuss the growth mechanisms and influence of different parameters such as type of solution, concentration, and value of applied potential or current density.

    RESULTS: The ionic liquids can be used for the development of Ge nanostructures and provide extensive electrochemical windows for electrodeposition. The obtained SixGe1-x structures also exhibited strong color change (from red to blue) at room temperature during the electrodeposition, which is likely to be due to a quantum size effect.

    CONCLUSION: The main advantages of the ionic liquids are 'it does not decompose', easy to purify and dry. Moreover, it exhibits fairly extensive electrochemical windows greater than 5 V for electrodeposition. Electrodeposition of SixGe1-x nanostructures from ionic liquids is quite a favorable process. The 3DOM Ge electrode is a promising material for nextgeneration lithium ion battery because of its high irreversible specific capacity. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited.

    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  12. Fulltext Polymer Ligands Derived from Jute Fiber for Heavy Metal Removal from Electroplating Wastewater
    Rahman ML, Fui CJ, Ting TX, Sarjadi MS, Arshad SE, Musta B
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Oct 29;12(11).
    PMID: 33137923 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112521
    Industrial operations, domestic and agricultural activities worldwide have had major problems with various contaminants caused by environmental pollution. Heavy metal pollution in wastewater also a prominent issue; therefore, a well built and economical treatment technology is demanded for pollution-free wastewater. The present work emphasized pure cellulose extracted from jute fiber and further modification was performed by a free radical grafting reaction, which resulted in poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA)-grafted cellulose and poly(acrylonitrile)-grafted cellulose. Subsequently, poly(hydroxamic acid) and poly(amidoxime) ligands were prepared from the PMA-grafted cellulose and PAN-grafted cellulose, respectively. An adsorption study was performed using the desired ligands with heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, chromium and nickel ions. The binding capacity (qe) with copper ions for poly(hydroxamic acid) is 352 mg g-1 whereas qe for poly(amidoxime) ligand it was exhibited as 310 mg g-1. Other metal ions (chromium, cobalt and nickel) show significance binding properties at pH 6. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm study was also performed. The Freundlich isotherm model showed good correlation coefficients for all metal ions, indicating that multiple-layers adsorption was occurred by the polymer ligands. The reusability was evaluated and the adsorbents can be reused for 7 cycles without significant loss of removal performance. Both ligands showed outstanding metals removal capacity from the industrial wastewater as such 98% of copper can be removed from electroplating wastewater and other metals (cobalt, chromium, nickel and lead) can also be removed up to 90%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  13. Fulltext Single cultures of acinetobacter sp. and cellulosimicrobium sp. grown in pineapple waste: adaption study and potential in reducing cod from real textile wastewater
    Nor Habibah Mohd Rosli, Wan Azlina Ahmad
    Science Letters, 2018;12(1):30-43.
    MyJurnal
    Wastewater from industrial plants such as textile, electroplating and petroleum refineries contains various substances that tend to increase the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater. Therefore, it is desired to develop a process suitable for treating the wastewater to meet the regulatory limits. This work was conducted to investigate the potential of adapted single culture of A. baumannii, A.calcoaceticus and C.cellulans in reducing COD in real textile wastewater. The study was carried out by adapting each single culture (10% inoculums) to increasing concentration (1%, 2.5 %, 5%, 7.5 % and 10%) of textile wastewater. Then it was introduced to the textile effluent without pH adjustment for five days and the COD values were measured. The textile wastewater was supplemented with pineapple waste for bacterial growth and metabolism. Results obtained showed that pineapple waste was a good nutrient supply for the growth of the bacteria and the best concentration of textile wastewater for adaptation was at 2.5%. The results also showed that A.calcoaceticus shows highest COD reduction with 67% removal whereas A. baumannii and C.cellulans with 60% and 58% removal respectively. The outcome supported that the single culture used in this study showed considerably high reduction of COD from real textile wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  14. Recovering heavy metals from electroplating wastewater and their conversion into Zn2Cr-layered double hydroxide (LDH) for pyrophosphate removal from industrial wastewater
    Fu D, Kurniawan TA, Avtar R, Xu P, Othman MHD
    Chemosphere, 2021 May;271:129861.
    PMID: 33736203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129861
    This work incorporated technological values into Zn2Cr-layered double hydroxide (LDH), synthesized from unused resources, for removal of pyrophosphate (PP) in electroplating wastewater. To adopt a resource recovery for the remediation of the aquatic environment, the Zn2Cr-LDH was fabricated by co-precipitation from concentrated metals of plating waste that remained as industrial by-products from metal finishing processes. To examine its applicability for water treatment, batch experiments were conducted at optimum M2+/M3+, pH, reaction time, and temperature. To understand the adsorption mechanisms of the PP by the adsorbent, the Zn2Cr-LDH was characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses before and after adsorption treatment. An almost complete PP removal was attained by the Zn2Cr-LDH at optimized conditions: 50 mg/L of PP, 1 g/L of adsorbent, pH 6, and 6 h of reaction. Ion exchange controlled the PP removal by the adsorbent at acidic conditions. The PP removal well fitted a pseudo-second-order kinetics and/or the Langmuir isotherm model with 79 mg/g of PP adsorption capacity. The spent Zn2Cr-LDH was regenerated with NaOH with 86% of efficiency for the first cycle. The treated effluents could comply with the discharge limit of <1 mg/L. Overall, the use of the Zn2Cr-LDH as a low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment has contributed to national policy that promotes a zero-waste approach for a circular economy (CE) through a resource recovery paradigm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  15. Fulltext The effect of Saccharin concentration on the electrochemical behaviour of electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Cobalt-Iron coating
    Nik Rozlin Nik Masdek, Wan Muhammad Aniq Aiman, Mardziah Che Murad, Zuraidah Salleh, Koay Mei Hyie
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(103):191-200.
    MyJurnal
    In the electrodeposition system, adding saccharin alters the properties of the metal deposits by changing the electrode kinetics of the deposited surface. In this study, nanocrystalline cobalt-iron (CoFe) coating was synthesised using the electrodeposition technique with different saccharin concentrations. The results obtained showed that the coating thickness increased while the grain size decreased from 51 nm to 40 nm when the saccharin concentration increased from 0 to 2 g/L. The nanocrystalline CoFe coating produced with 2 g/L of saccharin concentration resulted in the smallest particle size of 71.22 nm and the highest microhardness of 251.86 HV. From the salt spray test (24 and 48 hours) it was found that the use of saccharin at higher concentration of 2 g/L improves the corrosion resistance of the nanocrystalline CoFe coating significantly due to the change of surface morphology as well as the decrease in grain size.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  16. Synergistic green extraction of nickel ions from electroplating waste via mixtures of chelating and organophosphorus carrier
    Sulaiman RNR, Othman N
    J Hazard Mater, 2017 Oct 15;340:77-84.
    PMID: 28711835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.060
    The discharge of electroplating waste containing nickel ions has led to environmental issues owing to the toxicity problem mainly to the aquatic organisms and humans. Liquid-liquid extraction offers a great potential treatment for nickel removal with several advantages of simple, high efficiency and high separation factor. In this study, a green synergistic liquid-liquid extraction of nickel ions from electroplating waste solution using chelating oxime (LIX63) and organophosphorus (D2EHPA) carriers individually as well as their synergistic mixture has been studied. The result demonstrated that about 83% of nickel ions have been successfully extracted via the mixture system of 0.08M LIX63 +0.02M D2EHPA with the maximum synergistic enhancement factor, Rmax of 29.56. Meanwhile, the back extraction study also revealed that HNO3 was the most suitable stripping agent while the diluent screening also showed that palm oil has high potential to be incorporated as a diluent in the green synergistic liquid-liquid extraction of nickel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  17. Fulltext Hydroxyl Functionalized Pyridinium Ionic Liquids: Experimental and Theoretical Study on Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties
    Lethesh KC, Evjen S, Raj JJ, Roux DCD, Venkatraman V, Jayasayee K, et al.
    Front Chem, 2019;7:625.
    PMID: 31620423 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00625
    Structurally modified hydroxyl functionalized pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs), liquid at room temperature, were synthesized and characterized. Alkylated N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyridinium ILs were prepared from alkylpyridines via corresponding bromide salts by N-alkylation (65-93%) and final anion exchange (75-96%). Pyridinium-alkylation strongly influenced the IL physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Experimental values for the ILs physicochemical properties (density, viscosity, conductivity, and thermal decomposition temperature), were in good agreement with corresponding predicted values obtained by theoretical calculations. The pyridinium ILs have electrochemical window of 3.0-5.4 V and were thermally stable up to 405°C. The IL viscosity and density were measured over a wide temperature range (25-80°C). Pyridine alkyl-substitution strongly affected the partial positive charge on the nitrogen atom of the pyridinium cations, as shown by charge distribution calculations. On-going studies on Mg complexes of the new ILs demonstrate promising properties for high current density electrodeposition of magnesium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  18. Penentuan Isotop Uranium dan Torium dalam Monazit, Xenotim dan Zirkon Menggunakan Spektrometri Alfa
    Amran B. Ab. Majid, Mohd Zahari Abdullah, Zaharuddin Ahmad
    Sains Malaysiana, 1996;25.
    The determination technique for U (238U, 235U, 234U) and Th (232Th, 230Th, 228Th) isotopes using alpha spectrometry was developed. The developed technique involved digestion, dissolution, coprecipitation, solvent extraction and electrodeposition methods. The NBS River Sediment and Rocky Flats Soil Standard Reference Materials were analysed to determine the accuracy of the technique. A good accuracy and high percentage recovery of the carrier (70 - 90%) indicated that the developed technique was suitable for U and Th isotopes determination. The technique was used to determine the U and Th concentration in monazite, xenotime and zircon samples. The results showed that the U and Th total concentrations were in the range of 21.03 to 171.25 Bq/g and 27.48 to 242.87 Bq/g respectively.
    Kaedah penguraian, pemelarutan, pemendakan bersama, ekstraksi pelarut dan pemendapan elektrik telah dikaji dan digunakan untuk mendapatkan suatu teknik yang terbaik dalam penentuan isotop uranium 234U, 235U & 238U) dan torium 228Th, 230Th & 232Th) menggunakan sistem spektrometri alfa. Kepekatan isotop U dan Th dalam bahan rujukan piawai River Sediment dan Rocky Flats Soil (NBS) telah dianalisis untuk menentukan kejituan teknik yang dibangunkan. Kajian ini mendapati kepekatan isotop yang diperolehi adalah menghampiri nilai teraku (sijil) dan peratus perolehan semula pembawa yang besar (70-90%). Ini menunjukkan teknik yang dibangunkan sesuai digunakan untuk penentuan isotop uranium dan torium. Seterusnya teknik yang dibangunkan telah digunakan untuk menentukan kandungan uranium dan torium dalam sampel monazit, xenotim dan zirkon tempatan. Kepekatan jumlah isotop uranium yang diperolehi didapati berada dalam julat 21.03 - 171.25 Bq/g manakala kepekatan jumlah isotop torium pula terletak antara 27.48 - 242.87 Bq/g.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  19. Fulltext Crystallization of Electrodeposited Germanium Thin Film on Silicon (100)
    Abidin MSZ, Matsumura R, Anisuzzaman M, Park JH, Muta S, Mahmood MR, et al.
    Materials (Basel), 2013 Nov 06;6(11):5047-5057.
    PMID: 28788375 DOI: 10.3390/ma6115047
    We report the crystallization of electrodeposited germanium (Ge) thin films on n-silicon (Si) (100) by rapid melting process. The electrodeposition was carried out in germanium (IV) chloride: propylene glycol (GeCl₄:C₃H₈O₂) electrolyte with constant current of 50 mA for 30 min. The measured Raman spectra and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) images show that the as-deposited Ge thin film was amorphous. The crystallization of deposited Ge was achieved by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 980 °C for 1 s. The EBSD images confirm that the orientations of the annealed Ge are similar to that of the Si substrate. The highly intense peak of Raman spectra at 300 cm(-1) corresponding to Ge-Ge vibration mode was observed, indicating good crystal quality of Ge. An additional sub peak near to 390 cm(-1) corresponding to the Si-Ge vibration mode was also observed, indicating the Ge-Si mixing at Ge/Si interface. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) reveals that the intermixing depth was around 60 nm. The calculated Si fraction from Raman spectra was found to be in good agreement with the value estimated from Ge-Si equilibrium phase diagram. The proposed technique is expected to be an effective way to crystallize Ge films for various device applications as well as to create strain at the Ge-Si interface for enhancement of mobility.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating
  20. Effect of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration to pores size diameter of silicon membrane
    Burham N, Hamzah AA, Majlis BY
    Biomed Mater Eng, 2014;24(6):2203-9.
    PMID: 25226919 DOI: 10.3233/BME-141032
    This paper studies parameters which affect the pore size diameter of a silicon membrane. Electrochemical etching is performed in characterise the parameter involved in this process. The parameter has been studied is volume ratio of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethanol as an electrolyte aqueous for electrochemical etch. This electrolyte aqueous solution has been mixed between HF and ethanol with volume ratio 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 and 9:1. As a result, the higher volume of HF in this electrolyte gives the smallest pore size diameter compared to the lower volume of HF. These samples have been dipped into HF and ethanol electrolyte aqueous with supplied 25 mA/cm2 current density for 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes. The samples will inspect under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to execute the pore formations on silicon membrane surface.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electroplating/methods
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