Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 32 in total

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  1. Flagellar motility mediates biofilm formation in Aeromonas dhakensis
    Lau TV, Puah SM, Tan JMA, Merino S, Puthucheary SD, Chua KH
    Microb Pathog, 2023 Apr;177:106059.
    PMID: 36878334 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106059
    Aeromonas dhakensis possesses dual flagellar systems for motility under different environments. Flagella-mediated motility is necessary for biofilm formation through an initial attachment of bacteria to the surface, but this has not been elucidated in A. dhakensis. This study investigates the role of polar (flaH, maf1) and lateral (lafB, lafK and lafS) flagellar genes in the biofilm formation of a clinical A. dhakensis strain WT187 isolated from burn wound infection. Five deletion mutants and corresponding complemented strains were constructed using pDM4 and pBAD33 vectors, respectively, and analyzed for motility and biofilm formation using crystal violet staining and real-time impedance-based assays. All mutants were significantly reduced in swimming (p violet assay (p violet assay, hence suggesting that both maf1 and lafB genes are involved in biofilm formation through flagella-mediated motility and surface attachment. Our study shows the role of flagella in A. dhakensis biofilm formation warrants further investigations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet*
  2. Optimization and mechanistic approach for removal of crystal violet and methylene blue dyes via activated carbon from pyrolyzed-ZnCl2 bamboo waste
    Hapiz A, Jawad AH, Wilson LD, ALOthman ZA, Abdulhameed AS, Algburi S
    Int J Phytoremediation, 2024;26(4):579-593.
    PMID: 37740456 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2256412
    In this study, bamboo waste (BW) was subjected to pyrolysis-assisted ZnCl2 activation to produce mesoporous activated carbon (BW-AC), which was then evaluated for its ability to remove cationic dyes, specifically methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), from aqueous environments. The properties of BW-AC were characterized using various techniques, including potentiometric-based point of zero charge (pHpzc), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas adsorption with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To optimize the adsorption characteristics (BW-AC dosage, pH, and contact time) of PBW, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed. The BW-AC dose of 0.05 g, solution pH of 10, and time of 8 min are identified as optimal operational conditions for achieving maximum CV (89.8%) and MB (96.3%) adsorption according to the BBD model. The dye removal kinetics for CV and MB are described by the pseudo-second-order model. The dye adsorption isotherms revealed that adsorption of CV and MB onto BW-AC follow the Freundlich model. The maximum dye adsorption capacities (qmax) of BW-AC for CV (530 mg/g) and MB (520 mg/g) are favorable, along with the thermodynamics of the adsorption process, which is characterized as endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption mechanism of CV and MB dyes by BW-AC was attributed to multiple contributions: hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, π-π attraction, and pore filling. The findings of this study highlight the potential of BW-AC as an effective adsorbent in wastewater treatment applications, contributing to the overall goal of mitigating the environmental impact of cationic dyes and ensuring the quality of water resources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet/chemistry
  3. Food-grade algae modified Schiff base-chitosan benzaldehyde composite for cationic methyl violet 2B dye removal: RSM statistical parametric optimization
    Agha HM, Abdulhameed AS, Jawad AH, Sidik NJ, Aazmi S, Wilson LD, et al.
    Int J Phytoremediation, 2024;26(4):459-471.
    PMID: 37583281 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2246596
    This work aims to apply the use of food-grade algae (FGA) composited with chitosan-benzaldehyde Schiff base biopolymer (CHA-BD) as a new adsorbent (CHA-BA/FGA) for methyl violet 2B (MV 2B) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The effect of three processing variables, including CHA-BA/FGA dosage (0.02-0.1 g/100 mL), pH solution (4-10), and contact duration (10-120 min) on the removal of MV 2B was investigated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) model. Kinetic and equilibrium dye adsorption profiles reveal that the uptake of MV 2B dye by CHA-BA/FGA is described by the pseudo-second kinetics and the Langmuir models. The thermodynamics of the adsorption process (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) reveal spontaneous and favorable adsorption parameters of MV 2B dye onto the CHA-BA/FGA biocomposite at ambient conditions. The CHA-BA/FGA exhibited the maximum ability to absorb MV 2B of 126.51 mg/g (operating conditions: CHA-BA/FGA dose = 0.09 g/100 mL, solution pH = 8.68, and temperature = 25 °C). Various interactions, including H-bonding, electrostatic forces, π-π stacking, and n-π stacking provide an account of the hypothesized mechanism of MV 2B adsorption onto the surface of CHA-BA/FGA. This research reveals that CHA-BA/FGA with its unique biocomposite structure and favorable adsorption properties can be used to remove harmful cationic dyes from wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet/chemistry
  4. Production of activated carbon from food wastes (chicken bones and rice waste) by microwave assisted ZnCl2 activation: an optimized process for crystal violet dye removal
    Mohd Radhuwan SN, Abdulhameed AS, Jawad AH, ALOthman ZA, Wilson LD, Algburi S
    Int J Phytoremediation, 2024;26(5):699-709.
    PMID: 37740478 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2260004
    A major worldwide challenge that presents significant economic, environmental, and social concerns is the rising generation of food waste. The current work used chicken bones (CB) and rice (R) food waste as alternate precursors for the production of activated carbon (CBRAC) by microwave radiation-assisted ZnCl2 activation. The adsorption characteristics of CBRAC were investigated in depth by removing an organic dye (crystal violet, CV) from an aquatic environment. To establish ideal conditions from the significant adsorption factors (A: CBRAC dosage (0.02-0.12 g/100 mL); B: pH (4-10); and C: duration (30-420), a numerical desirability function of Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized. The highest CV decolorization by CBRAC was reported to be 90.06% when the following conditions were met: dose = 0.118 g/100 mL, pH = 9.0, and time = 408 min. Adsorption kinetics revealed that the pseudo-first order (PFO) model best matches the data, whereas the Langmuir model was characterized by equilibrium adsorption, where the adsorption capacity of CBRAC for CV dye was calculated to be 57.9 mg/g. CV adsorption is accomplished by several processes, including electrostatic forces, pore diffusion, π-π stacking, and H-bonding. This study demonstrates the use of CB and R as biomass precursors for the efficient creation of CBRAC and their use in wastewater treatment, resulting in a greener environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet/chemistry
  5. Microbial biodegradation of recalcitrant synthetic dyes from textile-enriched wastewater by Fusarium oxysporum
    Thoa LTK, Thao TTP, Nguyen-Thi ML, Chung ND, Ooi CW, Park SM, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2023 Jun;325:138392.
    PMID: 36921772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138392
    The present study reported the improvement of biological treatment for the removal of recalcitrant dyes including aniline blue, reactive black 5, orange II, and crystal violet in contaminated water. The biodegradation efficiency of Fusarium oxysporum was significantly enhanced by the addition of mediators and by adjusting the biomass density and nutrient composition. A supplementation of 1% glucose in culture medium improved the biodegradation efficiency of aniline blue, reactive black 5, orange II, and crystal violet by 2.24, 1.51, 4.46, and 2.1 folds, respectively. Meanwhile, the addition of mediators to culture medium significantly increased the percentages of total removal for aniline blue, reactive black 5, orange II, and crystal violet, reaching 86.07%, 68.29%, 76.35%, and 95.3%, respectively. Interestingly, the fungal culture supplemented with 1% remazol brilliant blue R boosted the biodegradation up to 97.06%, 89.86%, 91.38%, and 86.67% for aniline blue, reactive black 5, orange II, and crystal violet, respectively. Under optimal culture conditions, the fungal culture could degrade these synthetic dyes concentration up to 104 mg/L. The present study demonstrated that different recalcitrant dye types can be efficiently degraded using microorganism such as F. oxysporum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  6. Fulltext Formation of biofilm by Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112 at different incubation temperatures and concentrations of sodium chloride
    Lee HY, Chai LC, Pui CF, Mustafa S, Cheah YK, Nishibuchi M, et al.
    Braz J Microbiol, 2013;44(1):51-5.
    PMID: 24159283 DOI: 10.1590/S1517-83822013005000004
    Biofilm formation can lead to various consequences in the food processing line such as contamination and equipment breakdowns. Since formation of biofilm can occur in various conditions; this study was carried out using L. monocytogenes ATCC 19112 and its biofilm formation ability tested under various concentrations of sodium chloride and temperatures. Cultures of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19112 were placed in 96-well microtitre plate containing concentration of sodium chloride from 1-10% (w/v) and incubated at different temperature of 4 °C, 30 °C and 45 °C for up to 60 h. Absorbance reading of crystal violet staining showed the density of biofilm formed in the 96-well microtitre plates was significantly higher when incubated in 4 °C. The formation of biofilm also occurs at a faster rate at 4 °C and higher optical density (OD 570 nm) was observed at 45 °C. This shows that storage under formation of biofilm that may lead to a higher contamination along the processing line in the food industry. Formation of biofilm was found to be more dependent on temperature compared to sodium chloride stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  7. Fulltext Biofilm forming ability and time course study of growth of Salmonella Typhi on fresh produce surfaces
    Tang, P.L., Pui, C.F., Wong, W.C., Noorlis, A., Son, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):71-76.
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to determine the biofilm formation ability by Salmonella Typhi on cucumber, mango and guava surface, as well as to determine the relationship between time contact and biofilm formation. Crystal violet assay was performed to quantify the biofilm formation based on the value of optical density at 570 nm of the destaining crystal violet at the specific interval time. The result showed that the attachment of the bacterial cells on the fresh produce surface increased with the contact time. The readings of OD570at time 12 h for cucumber, mango and guava surfaces were 0.824, 0.683 and 0.598, respectively, indicating that the biofilm formation by Salmonella Typhi on different fresh produce surface varied with time. Since the result showed that Salmonella Typhi formed biofilm on fresh produce surfaces, hygienic practice from farm to fork including handling, processing, distribution and storage of the fresh produce should be of concern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  8. Trichoderma asperellum cultured in reduced concentrations of synthetic medium retained dye decolourization efficacy
    Marcharchand S, Ting ASY
    J Environ Manage, 2017 Dec 01;203(Pt 1):542-549.
    PMID: 28693968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.068
    Trichoderma asperellum (Ta) was first cultured in synthetic medium (Potato Dextrose Broth, PDB) of various concentrations (100, 75, 50, 25%). The biomass was harvested and inoculated into dye solutions (crystal violet, CV; methyl violet, MV; malachite green, MG; and cotton blue, CB). Reduced concentrations (20, 50, 75%) affected growth rate but their decolourization efficacies remained unaffected. This was attributed to similar numbers and types of functional groups (hydroxyl, amine, ester-lipid, alkane groups) found on the surface of fungal biomass, as revealed by the Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Their production of NADH-reductase for degradation, and their biosorption activities were also unaffected. In general, Ta cultured in reduced concentrations (20, 50, 75%) retained the ability to perform biosorption and biodegradation, similar to cultures from control (100% PDB). This suggested that reduced nutrient levels (as a cost-feasible strategy) could be used to cultivate biomass of Ta for dye removal activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  9. Preparation and characterization of tungsten-loaded titanium dioxide photocatalyst for enhanced dye degradation
    Saepurahman, Abdullah MA, Chong FK
    J Hazard Mater, 2010 Apr 15;176(1-3):451-8.
    PMID: 19969415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.050
    Tungsten-loaded TiO(2) photocatalyst has been successfully prepared and characterized. TEM analysis showed that the photocatalysts were nanosize with the tungsten species forming layers of coverage on the surface of TiO(2), but not in clustered form. This was confirmed by XRD and FT-Raman analyses where tungsten species were well dispersed at lower loading (<6.5 mol%), but were in crystalline WO(3) at higher loadings (>12 mol%). In addition, loading with tungsten could stabilize the anatase phase from transforming into inactive rutile phase and did not shift the optical absorption to the visible region as shown by DRUV-vis analysis. PZC value of TiO(2) was found at 6.4, but the presence of tungsten at 6.5 mol% WO(3), decreased the PZC value to 3. Tungsten-loaded TiO(2) was superior to unmodified TiO(2) with 2-fold increase in degradation rate of methylene blue, and equally effective for the degradation of different class of dyes such as methyl violet and methyl orange at 1 mol% WO(3) loading.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet/chemistry
  10. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of methyl violet sorption by agricultural waste
    Hameed BH
    J Hazard Mater, 2008 Jun 15;154(1-3):204-12.
    PMID: 18023971
    In this work, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed hull (SSH), an agricultural waste, was evaluated for its ability to remove methyl violet (MV) from aqueous solutions. Sorption isotherm of MV onto the SSH was determined at 30 degrees C with the initial concentrations of MV in the range of 25-300 mg/L. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The equilibrium process was described well by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum SSH sorption capacity was found to be 92.59 mg/L at 30 degrees C. The kinetic data were studied in terms of the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The pseudo-second-order model best described the sorption process. A single-stage batch-adsorber design of the adsorption of MV onto SSH was studied based on the Freundlich isotherm equation. The results indicated that sunflower seed hull was an attractive candidate for removing methyl violet from aqueous solution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet/chemistry*
  11. Fulltext Antibacterial-Integrated Collagen Wound Dressing for Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers: An Evidence-Based Review of Clinical Studies
    N Amirrah I, Mohd Razip Wee MF, Tabata Y, Bt Hj Idrus R, Nordin A, Fauzi MB
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Sep 22;12(9).
    PMID: 32972012 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092168
    Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic wound frequently delayed from severe infection. Wound dressing provides an essential barrier between the ulcer and the external environment. This review aimed to analyse the effectiveness of antibacterial collagen-based dressing for DFU treatment in a clinical setting. An electronic search in four databases, namely, Scopus, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE(R), and ISI Web of Science, was performed to obtain relevant articles published within the last ten years. The published studies were included if they reported evidence of (1) collagen-based antibacterial dressing or (2) wound healing for diabetic ulcers, and (3) were written in English. Both randomised and non-randomised clinical trials were included. The search for relevant clinical studies (n) identified eight related references discussing the effectiveness of collagen-based antibacterial wound dressings for DFU comprising collagen impregnated with polyhexamethylene biguanide (n = 2), gentamicin (n = 3), combined-cellulose and silver (n = 1), gentian violet/methylene blue mixed (n = 1), and silver (n = 1). The clinical data were limited by small sample sizes and multiple aetiologies of chronic wounds. The evidence was not robust enough for a conclusive statement, although most of the studies reported positive outcomes for the use of collagen dressings loaded with antibacterial properties for DFU wound healing. This study emphasises the importance of having standardised clinical trials, larger sample sizes, and accurate reporting for reliable statistical evidence confirming DFU treatment efficiency.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  12. Fulltext The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of aqueous oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus
    Nur Fatihah Nordin, Hasnah Begum Said Gulam Khan, Kazi Ahsan Jamil, Nurul ‘Izzah Mohd Sarmin
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):34-34.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive staphylococci that form biofilms. Bacteria that dwell in bio-films tend to be highly resistant towards the action of antibiotics. S. aureus is a main cause of infections in the oral cavity such as angular cheilitis, endodontic infections, osteomyelitis of the jaw, parotitis and oral mucositis. Previous studies reported that S. aureus also spread to the other parts of the body through the circulatory system, which may lead to chronic infections. Hence the search for new antibacterial agents remains high and needs urgent attention to treat this problem. Plants offer a rich source of antimicrobial agents and bioactive compounds. In this study, aque-ous oil palm leaf extracts (OPLE) has been used as an alternative antibacterial agent against oral infections mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Many studies report the potential use of oil palm leaf extracts in treating bacterial infections such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus (isolated from other part of the body), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus sp. Although previous studies have documented the antimicrobial properties of oil palm leaf extracts, to date no study has been reported on the effect of oil palm leaf extract on oral microbes. Methods: The agar diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concen-tration (MBC) assay were conducted in order to observe the antibacterial activity of aqueous oil palm leaf extract. The crystal violet assay was used to determine the anti-biofilm activity of the extracts. Chlorhexidine and deionised distilled water were used as the positive and negative control respectively. For agar diffusion method, the diameter of inhibition zone was measured. Results: The inhibition zone of the tested bacteria was observed between 0-20mm. The MIC and MBC assay were used to know the lowest concentrations of the extract that inhibit the growth and killed the tested bacteria respectively. The MIC and MBC values for the tested bacteria were observed between 0-7.813mg/mL. While for anti-biofilm assays, OPLE aqueous extract acts as a potent anti-biofilm agent with dual actions, pre-venting and eradicating the biofilm of the tested bacteria. Conclusion: In conclusion, the tested plant extracts could serve as alternative natural antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent against oral infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  13. Fulltext The effect of synbiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 and Musa acuminata on Candida albicans biofilm formation
    Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin, Munirah Mokhtar, Noratikah Othman, Ahmad Faisal Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):37-37.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that is associated with oral carcinogenesis. In addition, biofilm formation has been one of the important virulence factors of the yeast. Streptococcus salivarius K12 is an oral probiotic while Musa acuminata is a well-known prebiotic. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of S. salivarius K12 and M. acuminata skin aqueous extract (synbiotic) on C. albicans with the hypothesis that S. salivariusK12 and M. acuminata inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation. Methods: To develop mono-species biofilm, C. albicans(ATCC MYA-4901 and cancer isolates, ALC2 and ALC3 strains) and S. salivarius K12 were standardised to 105 cells and 106 cells, respectively and grown in 96-well plate in nutrient broth (NB) or RPMI at 37 °C for 72 h. Polymicro-bial biofilms were developed by inoculating both microorganisms in the same well with similar cell number as in mono-species. To determine the effect of synbiotic, similar protocol was repeated by mixing with 800 mg mL-1 of M. acuminata skin extract and incubated at 37 °C for 72 h. The medium was replenished at every 24 h, aseptically. Finally, the biofilms were assessed using crystal violet assay and the optical density was measured at OD620nm. Results:C. albicans strain MYA-4901 and ALC3, when grown in polymicrobial with S. salivarius K12 in NB that is predominated by yeast-form C. albicans, exhibited decreased biofilms by 71.40±11.7% and 49.40±3.9%, respec-tively when compared to the expected biofilms. Meanwhile in RPMI, which C. albicans strain ATCC MYA-4901, ALC2 and ALC3 were predominated by hyphal-form showed decreased biofilms by 72.0±26.7%, 53.4±14.4% and 65.7±6.7%, respectively when compared to the expected biofilms. Conclusion:S. salivarius K12 and M. acuminata skin extract synbiotic inhibit biofilm formation of C. albicans yeast and hyphal forms thus supported the hypothesis of the present study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  14. Fulltext Suppression of non-Albicans candida species (NAC) biofilm formation by probiotic Streptococcus salivarius
    Sharmeen Nellisa Soffian, Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin, Munirah Mokhtar, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):41-41.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Candida spp. are most common opportunistic pathogenic yeast that inhabit human oral cavity, epider-mis, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina leading to candidiasis. The transition of this yeast from commensal to potent pathogen is facilitated by numbers of virulence factors including biofilm formation. While most reports on candidi-asis are associated with formation Candida albicans biofilms, however, non-albicans Candida species prevalence is of growing concern. Recently, the use of probiotics as antifungal and antibiofilm has gained an increasing attention. As such, we aim to evaluate the inhibitory effect of monomicrobial and polymicrobial of Streptococcus salivariuson six strains of NAC namely Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida lusitanaei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. Methods: Antifungal activity of S. salivarius on NAC species was performed using well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) and the diameter of inhibition zone were assessed. For formation of monomicrobial biofilm, standardized cell suspensions of NAC species (1 x 105 cells/ml) and probiotic Streptococcus salivarius (1 x 106 cells/ml) were grown in RPMI or nutrient broth media at 37°C for 72 h. Meanwhile to study polymicrobial biofilm of both NAC and S. salivarius, similar protocol was employed by inoculating both microorganisms with a similar cell density as in monomicrobial. Finally, biofilm formation was assessed through quantification of total biomass by crystal violet (CV) assay and the absorbance of adherent biofilm was measured in triplicate at 620nm. Results: Antifungal susceptibility testing of S. salivarius on all six NAC species discerned no zone of inhibition. Furthermore, our results showed variability of monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilm biomass between NAC species and growth medium. All six polymicrobial NB-grown and RPMI-grown exhibited decreased of the biofilm formation. C. parapsilosis co-cultured with S. salivarius in NB medium had shown lowest biofilm bio-mass by 75.51+_1.34% while in RPMI medium, C. lusitanaei demonstrated with most reduced biofilm biomass by 67.03+_5.19. Conclusion: Our study elucidated the antagonistic relationship between Streptococcus salivarius and non-albicans Candida by supressing the growth of polymicrobial biofilm and pseudohyphae/hyphae of NAC species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  15. Fulltext Biofilm architecture of Candida rugosa and effect of amphotericin b, caspofungin, fluconazole and voriconazole on its structure
    Sri Raja Rajeswari Mahalingam, Priya Madhavan, Chong, Pei Pei
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):2-2.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: One of the most common aetiology of opportunistic fungal infections in humans is Candida species. The virulence of Candida species is due to repertoire of factors, specifically, the ability to form biofilms. Medical devices such as intravenous catheters, prosthetic heart valves and surgical interventions provide pathogenic microorganisms with a surface to adhere to form biofilm. Fungi present as biofilms are often resistant to antifungal treatment because these biofilms offer a protective barrier that prohibits the drugs to get to the active site of the fungi. The objective of this study is to investigate the biofilm architecture of Candida rugosa (C.rugosa) at different developmental phases and to identify Sessile Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (SMICs) of amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole for the biofilm of C. rugosa. Methods: Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to visualize C. rugosa biofilms at different developmental phases. The antifungal susceptibility test was performed using serial doubling dilution. The growth kinetics of Candida biofilms was quantified using XTT reduction assay and crystal violet assay. Results: From the antifungal susceptibility test, the biofilms had SMIC of >16μg/mL for amphotericin B, 6µg/mL for caspofungin, >64μg/mL for fluconazole and >16μg/ mL for voriconazole. From the SEM micrographs, C. rugosa biofilm have a structure composed of an adherent yeast cells and blastopores with hyphal elements. There were significant alterations in the morphology after exposure to antifungal agents. The quantitative measurement of the matrix thickness of embedded yeast cells were obtained from CLSM micrographs. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ability of C. rugosa to form biofilms may attribute to one of the virulence factors that causes reduced susceptibility to antifungal agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  16. Fulltext Development of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Three Cationic Dyes in Environmental Samples
    Hakami AAH, Wabaidur SM, Ali Khan M, Abdullah Alothman Z, Rafatullah M, Siddiqui MR
    Molecules, 2020 Oct 06;25(19).
    PMID: 33036289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194564
    Lower dye concentrations and the presence of several dyes along with other matrices in environmental samples restrict their determination. Herein, a highly sensitive and rapid ultra-performance tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for simultaneous determination of cationic dyes, namely methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RB) and crystal violet (CV), in environmental samples. To preconcentrate environmental samples, solid-phase extraction cartridges were developed by using hydrogen peroxide modified pistachio shell biomass (MPSB). The surface morphological and chemical functionalities of MPSB were well characterized. The developed method was validated considering different validation parameters. In terms of accuracy and precision, the %RSD for all three dyes at all four concentration points was found to be between 1.26 and 2.76, while the accuracy reported in terms of the recovery was found to be 98.02%-101.70%. The recovery was found to be in the range of 98.11% to 99.55%. The real sample analysis shows that MB, RB, and CV were found in the ranges of 0.39-5.56, 0.32-1.92 and 0.27-4.36 μg/mL, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  17. Fulltext Evaluation of disease resistance and tolerance to elevated temperature stress of the selected tissue-cultured Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty 1985 under optimized laboratory conditions
    Azizi A, Mohd Hanafi N, Basiran MN, Teo CH
    3 Biotech, 2018 Aug;8(8):321.
    PMID: 30034985 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1354-4
    Information on the abiotic stress tolerance and ice-ice disease resistance properties of tissue-cultured Kappaphycus alvarezii is scarce and can pose a big hurdle to a wider use of tissue-cultured seaweed in the industry. Here, we reported on a study of seaweed-associated bacteria diversity in farmed and tissue-cultured K. alvarezii, and ice-ice disease resistance and elevated growth temperature tolerance of tissue-cultured K. alvarezii in laboratory conditions. A total of 40 endophytic seaweed-associated bacteria strains were isolated from 4 types of K. alvarezii samples based on their colony morphologies, Gram staining properties and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Bacteria strains isolated were found to belong to Alteromonas sp., Aestuariibacter sp., Idiomarina sp., Jejuia sp., Halomonas sp., Primorskyibacter sp., Pseudoalteromonas sp., Ruegeria sp., Terasakiella sp., Thalassospira sp. and Vibrio sp. Vibrio alginolyticus strain ABI-TU15 isolated in this study showed agar-degrading property when analyzed using agar depression assay. Disease resistance assay was performed by infecting healthy K. alvarezii with 105 cells/mL Vibrio sp. ABI-TU15. Severe ice-ice disease symptoms were detected in farmed seaweeds compared to the tissue-cultured K. alvarezii. Besides disease resistance, tissue-cultured K. alvarezii showed better tolerance to the elevated growth temperatures of 30 and 35 °C. In conclusion, our overall data suggests that tissue-cultured K. alvarezii exhibited better growth performance than farmed seaweeds when exposed to elevated growth temperature and ice-ice disease-causing agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  18. Characteristics and performance of a mesoporous cerium-aluminum-silver mixed oxide for removal of methyl Violet Dye
    Phatai P, Srisomang R
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1477-1485.
    In this study, the adsorption efficiency of methyl violet (MV) dye onto Ce0.3Al0.7 and Ce0.3Al0.7Agx (x = 0.1, 0.3 & 0.5) mixed oxides was investigated. The properties of mixed oxide were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). Characterization showed that synthesized mixed oxide with fluorite has a pure cubic structure of a mesoporous nature and a small grain size with rough surface. Batch adsorption experiments were used to study parameters including contact time and initial dye concentration. The results showed that these parameters affected the degree of MV dye adsorption. The dye adsorption of mixed oxides attained equilibrium at 120 min. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The adsorption behavior of MV dye onto Ce0.3Al0.7 was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9951), providing a maximum monolayer adsorptive capacity of 2.35 mg/g. Alternatively, the adsorption of MV dye onto Ce0.3Al0.7Ag0.1 (R2 = 0.7839), Ce0.3Al0.7Ag0.3 (R2 = 0.9301) and Ce0.3Al0.7Ag0.5 (R2 = 0.9396) followed the Freundlich isotherm. The possible adsorption mechanisms of MV dyes onto the Ce0.3Al0.7 and Ce0.3Al0.7Agx were also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  19. Fulltext Dihydrotestosterone, a robust promoter of osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation: understanding of time-mannered and dose-dependent control of bone forming cells
    Thu HE, Mohamed IN, Hussain Z, Shuid AN
    Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2017 Aug;20(8):894-904.
    PMID: 29085581 DOI: 10.22038/IJBMS.2017.9111
    OBJECTIVES: The present study was aimed to evaluate the time-mannered and dose-dependent effects of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) on the proliferation and differentiation of bone forming cells using MC3T3-E1 cells.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell proliferation was analyzed using MTS and phase contrast microscopic assays. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed through a series of in vitro experiments including crystal violet staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and Van Gieson (VG) staining. Taken together, the efficiency of bone mineralization was examined by using alizarin red s (ARS) staining, Von Kossa staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis.

    RESULTS: The resulting data revealed that 5α-DHT exhibits promising potential particularly at a dose of 0.1 ng/ml, in promoting the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells compared to the control group (CN). Moreover, a significantly higher ALP activity was evident in the experimental group treated with 5α-DHT compared to the CN group at various time intervals. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 5α-DHT also expressed a remarkably higher collagen deposition and mineralization (calcium and phosphate contents) compared to the CN group at various time intervals.

    CONCLUSION: Conclusively, we suggest that 5α-DHT exhibits outstanding potential of promoting proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts which could be the in vitro basis for the efficacy of 5α-DHT in the treatment of androgen-deficient male osteoporosis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
  20. Polypyrrole-magnetite dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction combined with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry for the determination of rhodamine 6G and crystal violet in textile wastewater
    Kamaruddin AF, Sanagi MM, Wan Ibrahim WA, Md Shukri DS, Abdul Keyon AS
    J Sep Sci, 2017 Nov;40(21):4256-4263.
    PMID: 28851082 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700659
    Polypyrrole-magnetite dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction method combined with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was developed for the determination of selected cationic dyes in textile wastewater. Polypyrrole-magnetite was used as adsorbent due to its thermal stability, magnetic properties, and ability to adsorb Rhodamine 6G and crystal violet. Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction parameters were optimized, including sample pH, adsorbent amount, extraction time, and desorption solvent. The optimum polypyrrole-magnetite dispersive micro-solid phase-extraction conditions were sample pH 8, 60 mg polypyrrole-magnetite adsorbent, 5 min of extraction time, and acetonitrile as the desorption solvent. Under the optimized conditions, the polypyrrole-magnetite dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction with ultraviolet-visible method showed good linearity in the range of 0.05-7 mg/L (R2  > 0.9980). The method also showed a good limit of detection for the dyes (0.05 mg/L) and good analyte recoveries (97.4-111.3%) with relative standard deviations violet, respectively. It can be concluded that this method can be adopted for the rapid extraction and determination of dyes at trace concentration levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gentian Violet
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