Browse publications by year: 2025

  1. Jiang B, Li J, Liu L, Du X, Jiang H, Hu J, et al.
    Ann Hematol, 2025 Mar 10.
    PMID: 40063243 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-025-06235-y
    The COMMODORE study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of gilteritinib versus salvage chemotherapy (SC) treatment in a predominantly Asian population with relapsed/refractory (R/R) FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-mutated(mut+) acute myeloid leukemia (AML); here we present an exploratory analysis of the study stratified by region (China, South-East Asia and Russia). COMMODORE was a Phase 3, open-label, randomized (1:1), multicenter trial. There were 151, 50, and 33 patients in the China, South-East Asia, and Russia cohorts, respectively. Patients treated with gilteritinib had prolonged median overall survival (OS) versus SC-treated patients in all regions (China: 10.0 vs. 5.7 months, HR [95% CI]: 0.614 [0.385, 0.981]; South-East Asia: 7.8 vs. 4.7 months, HR [95% CI]: 0.887 [0.427, 1.843]; Russia: 8.8 vs. 2.6 months, HR [95% CI]: 0.271 [0.111, 0.662]). Improvements in event-free survival (EFS) were observed in the gilteritinib versus SC arms across all cohorts (China: 2.1 vs. 0.8 months; HR [95% CI]: 0.645 [0.427, 0.974]; South-East Asia 2.4 vs. 
  2. Mohamad Matrol AA, Koh M, Tan WPE, Ong HC, Ramanaidu LP, Saw SN
    J Vis Exp, 2025 Feb 21.
    PMID: 40063512 DOI: 10.3791/67674
    This study aims to validate the accuracy of low-cost fitness smartwatches by comparing their data with gold-standard measurements for cardiovascular and physical activity parameters. The study enrolled 50 subjects, 26 undergoing validation testing for heart rate, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and sleep data against polysomnography (PSG). Additionally, 24 subjects participated in the 3-Minute Walk Test (3MWT) and Stairs Climbing (SC), with step counts validated against manual video calculations. Results showed no significant difference between the device's measurements and gold standard values for shallow sleep, deep sleep, REM time, mean heart rate, minimum heart rate, and SpO2. However, the device significantly underestimated manually counted steps (p = 0.009 (3MWT); p = 0.012 (SC)), total sleep duration (p = 0.004), and wake time (p = 8.94 × 10-8) while overestimating maximum heart rate (p = 0.011). These findings highlight the importance of accurate validation and interpretation of wearable device data in clinical contexts. Given these limitations, excluding the device's readings in future analyses is recommended to maintain data reliability and research integrity. This study underscores the need for ongoing validation and improvement of wearable technology to ensure its reliability and effectiveness in healthcare.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Polysomnography/instrumentation; Polysomnography/methods; Fitness Trackers
  3. Zhao J, Najm AA, Mahmood I, Ming ZY, Dutta PP, Talib WH, et al.
    PLoS One, 2025;20(3):e0312600.
    PMID: 40063647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0312600
    Exploring the possibility of familiar dietary sources as additional diabetes treatments is crucial, especially considering the financial difficulties related to diabetes mellitus. Using both in vitro and in silico techniques, this work aims to assess the antidiabetic benefits of extract from Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal. The evaluations encompass the ability to scavenge DPPH radicals, inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, inhibition of DPP-4, cytotoxicity, and glucose absorption kinetics. With an IC50 value of 0.69 ±  0.14 mg/ml, S. lasiocarpum showed encouraging DPPH inhibition. IC50 values of 2.123 ±  0.14 mg/ml inhibited the enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPP-4. Furthermore, a notable increase (P 
    MeSH terms: alpha-Glucosidases/metabolism; Animals; Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry; Cell Line; Computer Simulation; Glucose/metabolism; Humans; Picrates; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/chemistry; Rats; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/pharmacology; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/chemistry; Molecular Docking Simulation*; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/pharmacology; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/chemistry
  4. Lai YL, Ang TF, Bhatti UA, Ku CS, Han Q, Por LY
    PLoS One, 2025;20(3):e0317306.
    PMID: 40063649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317306
    Underwater vision is essential in numerous applications, such as marine resource surveying, autonomous navigation, objective detection, and target monitoring. However, raw underwater images often suffer from significant color deviations due to light attenuation, presenting challenges for practical use. This systematic literature review examines the latest advancements in color correction methods for underwater image enhancement. The core objectives of the review are to identify and critically analyze existing approaches, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and areas for future research. A comprehensive search across eight scholarly databases resulted in the identification of 67 relevant studies published between 2010 and 2024. These studies introduce 13 distinct methods for enhancing underwater images, which can be categorized into three groups: physical models, non-physical models, and deep learning-based methods. Physical model-based methods aim to reverse the effects of underwater image degradation by simulating the physical processes of light attenuation and scattering. In contrast, non-physical model-based methods focus on manipulating pixel values without modeling these underlying degradation processes. Deep learning-based methods, by leveraging data-driven approaches, aim to learn mappings between degraded and enhanced images through large datasets. However, challenges persist across all categories, including algorithmic limitations, data dependency, computational complexity, and performance variability across diverse underwater environments. This review consolidates the current knowledge, providing a taxonomy of methods while identifying critical research gaps. It emphasizes the need to improve adaptability across diverse underwater conditions and reduce computational complexity for real-time applications. The review findings serve as a guide for future research to overcome these challenges and advance the field of underwater image enhancement.
    MeSH terms: Algorithms; Color*; Image Enhancement/methods; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods; Water
  5. Tran L, Cucé F, Thanh An N, Dila KAS, Nam NH, Cat DLN, et al.
    J Infect Dev Ctries, 2025 Feb 28;19(2):208-220.
    PMID: 40063748 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.19329
    INTRODUCTION: Various digital applications (apps) have been developed as an aid to address the novel issues caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Vietnam has experienced a proliferation of apps for this purpose. This review aims to evaluate all Vietnamese COVID-19 apps, analyzing their features, functionality, advantages, disadvantages, and ethical issues to inform developers, communities, and governments on the most desirable features of COVID-19 apps and the user's opinions.

    METHODOLOGY: A systematic search was conducted on October 1, 2022, on PubMed, Scopus, Google, and the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News's official website to identify COVID-19 apps available in Vietnam. The apps were evaluated through user reviews and content analysis of their specific features and drawbacks.

    RESULTS: Thirty Vietnam-based COVID-19 mobile apps were identified on the Apple and Google Play Store. Their functions were recorded and analyzed using a dedicated tool for appraising mobile applications. Although useful, many specific COVID-19 features were dispersed and duplicated between the apps. The most comprehensive apps still lack important functionalities, such as vaccination information. The most serious user concerns were privacy breaches during data recording and storage, technical issues, and non-user-friendly interfaces.

    CONCLUSIONS: The panorama of current COVID-19 apps in Vietnam is complex and includes many apps. Their overlap in features and functions could create a dispersion of mobile users that could undermine the apps' usefulness and effectiveness in combating the pandemic in Vietnam. An app that integrates the most useful features and addresses the main issues could facilitate user experience and usage uptake.

    MeSH terms: Humans; Vietnam; Mobile Applications*
  6. Abu Bakar A, Payne H, Tickner N, Muhd Helmi MA, Jacobs TG, Lyall H
    Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2025 Apr 01;44(4):319-325.
    PMID: 40063966 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004605
    BACKGROUND: There is a lack of data regarding suitable dosage when administering intravenous ganciclovir (GCV) or oral valganciclovir (valGCV) to preterm and low birthweight infants with cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease.

    METHODS: Data were collected for infants born before 32 weeks gestation and/or weighing less than 1.8 kg treated for CMV disease with GCV or valGCV between 2016 and 2023.

    RESULTS: Twenty-four infants (58% males and 48% Asian ethnicity) with a median gestation of 31 weeks [interquartile range (IQR): 26.6-36.1], median weight of 950 g (IQR: 470-1692) and median age of 45 days (IQR: 6-84) at initiation of treatment were included. Seventeen infants were treated for symptomatic postnatal CMV and 7 for symptomatic congenital CMV. Most infants receiving GCV had 6 mg/kg twice daily dosing and most receiving valGCV had 16 mg/kg twice daily dosing. Fourteen infants had drug concentrations measured with combined geometric mean minimum blood plasma concentration (Cmin) of 2.44 mg/L and maximum blood plasma concentration of 7.98 mg/L for doses of 6 mg/kg GCV and 16 mg/kg valGCV, which is higher compared with term infants. The estimated area under the curve at 12 hours (AUC0-12h) was 54.34 mg × h/L, which doubled the value for term infants in a previous study. Notably, AUC0-12h had an inverse relationship with gestational age and weight. Infants with lower gestation and higher Cmin showed a higher tendency for more than 1 adverse effect.

    CONCLUSIONS: GCV and valGCV use among preterm and very low birthweight infants with CMV disease resulted in a higher incidence of adverse events, increased AUC0-12h and elevated Cmin compared with term infants. Further pharmacokinetic studies are necessary to determine the ideal dosage in this population.

    MeSH terms: Administration, Oral; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight*; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature*; Male; Retrospective Studies
  7. Orsmond A, Krishnan G, Palmer LJ, De Sousa SMC, McCormack A
    Pituitary, 2025 Mar 10;28(2):39.
    PMID: 40064730 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-025-01498-0
    PURPOSE: Pituitary tumours are relatively common, and familial in approximately 5% of cases. However, germline genetic contributions to pituitary tumour development are incompletely characterised. Preliminary evidence suggests pituitary tumours may be promoted by variants in pituitary organogenesis genes. Our study aimed to identify rare germline variants in pituitary organogenesis genes that may contribute to pituitary tumour development.

    METHODS: A familial case of pituitary disease was investigated. We also examined 36 pituitary organogenesis genes in 134 individuals with pituitary tumours using a targeted next-generation sequencing panel, identifying and characterising variants with a population allele frequency  C, p.(D129A). In our broader study, we identified an additional individual with the FGFR1 D129A variant and demonstrated enrichment compared to a control population derived from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). We also observed 66 rare germline variants in pituitary organogenesis genes amongst 54/134 individuals (40%). However, compared to control data, the study cohort exhibited no enrichment for other rare variants in FGFR1, FGF-related genes, or other pituitary embryogenesis genes.

    CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the FGFR1 D129A variant may be associated with pituitary tumorigenesis but the role of other pituitary embryogenesis genes remains unclear. Additional independent cohorts and functional studies are required.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
  8. Aldousari S, Almarzouq A, Hassan A, Shahin A, Bubishate S, Bahbahani B
    J Robot Surg, 2025 Mar 11;19(1):108.
    PMID: 40064737 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-025-02274-9
    To show the feasibility of performing human telesurgery robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) between two countries using low-latency ultra-long-distance connectivity. This study described the outcomes of performing RARP on a man in his 60's with localized intermediate-risk prostatic adenocarcinoma located in Kuwait City while the surgeon (SA) was approximately 7000 kilometers (Km) away at Toumai robotic surgical system (TRSS) headquarters in Shanghai. Operative and connectivity details were reported. RARP was performed in December 2024. There were no major clinical or technical problems encountered during the procedure. The average round-trip latency (RTL) was 181.4 milliseconds (ms) using fiber optic broadband network with 5G network as back-up. On the Shanghai end two wired broadband networks were employed as back-up to ensure patient safety. There was an experienced fellowship-trained robotic surgeon (AA) in the operating room in Kuwait capable of taking over in case of clinical or connectivity issues. There were no reported complications. The patient was discharged on postoperative day (POD) 2. Final pathology described Gleason score 7(3 + 4), ISUP 2, and negative surgical margins (pT2Nx). The catheter was removed on POD 9, and the patient was continent a week later. His serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) was undetectable seven weeks post-operatively. This study described the feasibility of human RARP telesurgery between two countries using low-latency, long-distance fiber optic broadband network with 5G network as back-up with successful clinical outcomes. There is a need to establish robust legal and regulatory framework to allow wider international expansion of telesurgery.
    MeSH terms: Adenocarcinoma/surgery; China; Feasibility Studies; Humans; Kuwait; Male; Middle Aged; Telemedicine
  9. Wan Jusoh WSA, Awaluddin SM, Sahril N, Hamid N, Shamsudin N, Abd Wahab N, et al.
    Contracept Reprod Med, 2025 Mar 11;10(1):18.
    PMID: 40065430 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-025-00347-6
    BACKGROUND: Family planning is a fundamental strategy to enhance the well-being of women, their partners, and children however, disparities among certain groups of women of reproductive age (WR) persist. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of unmet family planning needs among WR in Malaysia and its associated factors.

    METHODS: Data from the 2022 national health survey were utilized. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a standard questionnaire on contraceptive use among the eligible WR who provided written consent. Unmet needs refer to fecund WR who are not using any contraceptive method but wish to either limit childbearing (cease having children) or space pregnancies (delay their next birth).

    RESULTS: Out of 1,987 eligible WR, 1,877 respondents were interviewed, resulting in an 86.6% response rate. This study focused on 1,236 WR who were currently married or in a union and fecund. The prevalence of unmet family planning needs was 26.7% (95% CI: 22.6, 31.3) with 20.7% (95% CI: 17.1, 24.8) attributed to unmet needs for limiting and 6.0% (95% CI: 3.9, 9.3) for spacing. Unmet family planning needs were associated with WR who resided in Peninsular Malaysia (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.36, 4.30), those employed in the private sector (aOR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.66), and those aged 35 years and above (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.66).

    CONCLUSIONS: Unmet family planning needs are prevalent in Malaysia and associated with specific WR groups. An in-depth study should follow these findings to identify barriers in accessing family planning services, which are currently available.

  10. Ngu CYV, Tang IP, Narayanan P
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2025 Feb;77(2):821-827.
    PMID: 40065941 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-024-05259-6
    Cochlear implant surgery is an auditory prosthesis that helps to restore the hearing in people who have severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. In view of the variations in individual's cochlear size, appropriate selection of cochlear electrode is important to enable appropriate pitch detection in cochlear implant surgery. In traditional 24 mm electrodes were used in earlier the days. Longer electrode with deeper insertion were always recommended for stimulation of lower frequencies of hearing at apex of cochlear. However, it was avoided to prevent possibility of electrode insertion injury. We are using an indirect measuring method in measuring cochlear duct length by uploading patient's computed topography images of cochlear onto a validated software named "OTOPLAN" prior to cochlear implant surgery. This software can provide information on the morphology of cochlear, which includes width, height, and diameter as well as the cochlear duct length. In results, we recruited 30 patients from age 2-76 years old, who are fitted into the inclusion criteria with total of forty-five cochlear reviewed in 3 years duration. Our patients show an average cochlear duct length of 33.5 mm with a range of 30.1-36.0 mm. Majority of patients were implanted with 28 mm electrode. Patients had an average of 83% of cochlear duct covered with inserted electrode with average 77.8-92.7%. Identification of variation of cochlear anatomy and electrode selection gives an optimal pre-operative planning and appropriate electrode selection in cochlear implant surgery.

    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-024-05259-6.

  11. Shen Y, Cao J, Zhou E, Wang L, Zhang K, Xue Y, et al.
    Natl Sci Rev, 2025 Apr;12(4):nwaf042.
    PMID: 40065991 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaf042
    Gallium-based liquid metals, when combined with magnetic agents, emerge as intelligent materials with potential applications in soft robotics within biomedical engineering. However, concerns have arisen from the residual presence of liquid metal, raising long-term biological risks. Herein, we propose a containment method that involves the rolling of magnetic liquid-metal droplets in lyophilized powders, resulting in the formation of intact hydrogel coatings upon hydration. These hydrogel coatings adhere to the liquid-metal surface, forming a cohesive network through hydrogen bonding between carboxylic acid groups and siloxane linkages from silanol groups. This synergy of physical and chemical interactions enables hydrogel coatings with exceptional stretchability, fracture energy and interfacial bonding to liquid metals. Consequently, the hydrogel-coated containment capsule of magnetic liquid metal exhibits remarkable resilience to cyclic compression, enduring strains of ≤85%, while also withstanding impacts from heights of >14 m. Moreover, the containment capsules demonstrate large deformation capabilities, dexterous locomotion and wireless heating under the control of static and alternating magnetic fields. They showcase the capability for remote thermal ablation operations on ex vivo porcine stomachs and in vivo rabbit models.
  12. Artemchuk V, Garbuz I, Jamil Alsayaydeh JA, Shkarupylo V, Oliinyk A, Bin Yusof MF, et al.
    Heliyon, 2025 Feb 28;11(4):e42802.
    PMID: 40066024 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42802
    Energy resilience in renewable energy sources dissemination components such as batteries and inverters is crucial for achieving high operational fidelity. Resilience factors play a vital role in determining the performance of power systems, regardless of their operating environment and interruptions. This article introduces a Unified Resilience Model (URM) using Deep Learning (DL) to enhance power system performance. The proposed model analyzes environmental factors impacting the resilience of batteries and energy storage devices. This deep learning approach trains performance-impacting factors using previously known low resilience drain data. The learning output is utilized to augment various strengthening factors, thereby improving resilience. Drain mitigation and performance improvements are combined for direct impact verification. This process validates the model's fidelity in enhancing power system performance, with a specific focus on the impact of weather factors.
  13. Arshad M, Mehmood A, Salleh Z, Akhtar SS, Khan S, Inc M
    Heliyon, 2025 Feb 28;11(4):e42724.
    PMID: 40066045 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42724
    The equations describe the behavior of steady state flow in porous medium generally results in elliptic partial differential equations with coefficient represents the permeability of the medium. This article presents the extension of mortar mixed method for second order nonlinear elliptic equations that describes flow in porous media. The domain is decomposed into non-overlapping regions with each partitioned independently. The grids on subdomains are allowed to be non-matching across the subdomains internal boundaries. The fixed point argument (FPA) is employed to establish the existence and uniqueness of discrete problem, and optimal order error estimates are provided for approximations. The computational results are given to validate the theory.
  14. Cheah Y, Yee LW, Yiaw YH, Lim LY, Shakri NM
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2025 Jan;77(1):261-264.
    PMID: 40066419 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-024-05165-x
    Penetrating neck injury is an emergency requiring urgent radiological and surgical attention. Delay in treatment results in significant morbidity and mortality. While computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a commonly used diagnostic tool, it has limitations and may fail to detect high-density foreign bodies or active bleeding due to compression by blood clots. Here, we present a case of a 39-year-old male with a penetrating neck injury complicated by vascular injury secondary to unrevealed foreign body. Despite being haemodynamically stable and CTA suggesting vascular injury without active bleeding, exploration of the neck revealed multiple puncture wounds with bamboo fragments penetrating the left external jugular vein (EJV) and internal jugular vein (IJV). Haemostasis was achieved by ligation of left IJV and EJV. Maintaining a high index of suspicion and anticipating intraoperative haemorrhage are critical aspects of managing any penetrating neck wound.
  15. Salari N, Gholami A, Jalili F, Zereshki E, Heidarian P, Shohaimi S, et al.
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2025 Jan;77(1):216-223.
    PMID: 40066425 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-024-05146-0
    The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has increased worldwide in recent years, becoming a significant public health concern. One of the most important complications experienced by individuals with OSA is excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). This study aims to investigate the prevalence of EDS in patients with OSA through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, and the Google Scholar search engine were systematically searched for studies investigating the prevalence of EDS in people with OSA up to December 2023. Data analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 2), employing a random effects model. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the I² index. In review of 15 studies with a combined sample size of 42,924 individuals found that the global prevalence of EDS in patients with OSA was 39.9% (95% CI: 34.4-45.7). The regression results indicated that as the sample size increased, the prevalence of EDS in patients with OSA decreased (p 
  16. Henry Dusim GA, Muhamad F, Lai KW
    Biomater Adv, 2025 Feb 27;172:214245.
    PMID: 40054229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214245
    Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are renowned for their biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, making them ideal for bone tissue engineering. However, their brittleness and low tensile strength limit their use in load-bearing applications. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has emerged as a promising reinforcement material due to its high tensile strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The incorporation of 2 wt% BC into CPCs increased compressive strength from 5 MPa to 12 MPa, representing a 2.4-fold enhancement, while also improving toughness and promoting cellular interactions through its nanofibrillar structure. Additionally, hybrid composites combining BC with collagen, chitosan, or polycaprolactone (PCL) exhibit synergistic effects, further enhancing mechanical properties and biodegradability. These advancements highlight the potential of BC-reinforced CPCs for clinical applications in bone repair and regeneration. Despite these improvements, limited research addresses tensile and flexural properties, which are critical for load-bearing applications, as well as the effects of BC on injectability and setting time for minimally invasive procedures. Emerging innovations, such as electroactive BC-reinforced CPCs for stimulating bone healing, hold significant potential but remain underexplored. Future research should focus on optimising mechanical properties, validating clinical performance, and developing hybrid formulations to expand their use in load-bearing bone repairs.
  17. Li X, Xu M, Liu X, She Q, Lau WJ, Yang L
    Water Res, 2025 Feb 26;278:123400.
    PMID: 40054378 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.123400
    Nanofiltration (NF) membranes hold great promise for lithium (Li) recovery from brines, with numerous studies focusing on improving Li/Mg separation performance. However, real brine environments pose significant challenges, as fouling and scaling severely hinder Li recovery efficiency. Despite their critical impact, these challenges have received limited attention. This study addresses these issues through surface engineering of polyamide (PA) NF membranes, achieving a positively charged, ultra-smooth surface. The engineered membrane demonstrated exceptional fouling and scaling resistance during real brine treatment, exhibiting only a 12 % flux decline over 12 h, compared to 28 % and 20 % for the control and commercial NF270 membranes, respectively. This superior antifouling performance enabled sustained high Li flux (>80 mM·m⁻2·h⁻1) while reducing the Mg/Li mass ratio from 4.1 in the feed to 1.4 in the permeate. Additionally, the membrane displayed remarkable resistance to scaling in synthetic brine containing high concentrations of Ca2+ and SO42-. Systematic evaluations in both synthetic and real brines revealed that the enhanced process stability arises from the synergistic effects of reduced surface roughness and optimized surface charge, which together minimize foulant adhesion and mitigate scaling. These findings mark a significant advancement toward the practical implementation of membrane-based Li recovery, underscoring the critical importance of addressing fouling and scaling in real brine environments.
  18. Yue CS, Ng KH, Yow VLX, Ong LY
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2025 Mar;32(13):8145-8159.
    PMID: 40055270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36151-7
    Copolymerization is a cooperative polymerization that involves two or more different monomers that are incorporated into the same polymer chain. It allows the development of unlimited range of polymers, tunable properties and surface modifications. In this study, the oil-free base treated soybean waste was used as a biomass precursor and it was copolymerized with acrylamide through the free radical polymerization with potassium persulfate as initiator. The adsorption characteristic of the newly prepared acrylamide-soybean copolymer towards Pb(II) was studied by the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption conditions were optimized in terms of pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time. The Freundlich isotherm model can fit well the adsorption data obtained towards Pb(II). In comparison, the pseudo-second-order is the better fit kinetic system that explained the adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) onto the acrylamide-soybean copolymer. The adsorption capacity of the acrylamide-soybean copolymer was determined to be 22.12 mg g-1, which is comparable with the absorption capacity of other grafted polymers.
    MeSH terms: Adsorption; Kinetics; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Polymerization
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